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Abstract
The psychological autopsy approach to studying suicide is becoming an increasingly used research method. It presents considerable methodological problems. In order to assist future researchers in this field and to help readers assess reports of psychological autopsy studies the authors have reviewed these issues on the basis of their own experience and those of other workers. The areas covered include research design, identification of subjects, sources of information and the particular issues concerned with approaching relatives and other informants, choice and recruitment of controls, the difficulties of conducting psychological autopsy interviews with relatives, problems for interviewers, the selection of appropriate measures to obtain information, and achieving valid and reasonably reliable conclusions from diverse information sources.
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“In addition, there are several limitations inherent to the psychological autopsy approach,23–25 including issues relating to the choice (and selective non-response) of control subjects and the reliance on proxy reports—the latter being prone to recall bias and measurement error.”
From Risk factors for suicide in adults: systematic review and meta-analysis of psychological autopsy studies (2022) · cites this paper as [23]
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Ethical issues and their practical application in a psychological autopsy study of suicide
Cooper, J. (1999) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2702.1999.00276.x · Cited by 59
Self-citationThe profile of suicide: changing or changeable?
Judd, F. K., Jackson, H. J., Komiti, A., Bell, R., & Fraser, C. (2010) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-010-0306-z · Cited by 55
“Whilst these studies have been informative, they are beset by significant methodological problems [9].”
BackgroundInfluentialLutz, P.-É., Chay, M.-A., Pacis, A., Chen, G. G., Aouabed, Z., Maffioletti, E., Théroux, J., Grenier, J., Yang, J., Aguirre, M., et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-21365-3 · Cited by 59
Suicide risk: structured professional judgement
Bouch, J., & Marshall, J. J. (2005) · Advances in Psychiatric Treatment · doi:10.1192/apt.11.2.84 · Cited by 58
“Psychological autopsy studies provide a methodology by which such suicides can be analysed (Hawton et al, 1998 ).”
Cortisol Response to Social Stress in Parentally Bereaved Youth
Dietz, L. J., Stoyak, S., Melhem, N., Porta, G., Matthews, K. A., Walker Payne, M., & Brent, D. A. (2013) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.08.016 · Cited by 57
“At study entry, caregivers and offspring reported on their history of psychiatric disorders before the time of proband death and a psychiatric assessment of the proband was conducted, using a psychological autopsy procedure (44) and the SCID-I (42).”
MethodNock, M. K., Dempsey, C. L., Aliaga, P., Brent, D. A., Heeringa, S. G., Kessler, R. C., Stein, M. B., Ursano, R. J., & Benedek, D. M. (2017) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291717001179 · Cited by 58
“Psychological autopsy studies are designed to systematically provide information about risk and protective factors for suicide, while overcoming the limitations noted above (Hawton et al. 1998; Conner et al. 2011; Conner et al. 2012).”
BackgroundStudying survivors of near-lethal suicide attempts as a proxy for completed suicide in prisons
Rivlin, A., Fazel, S., Marzano, L., & Hawton, K. E. (2012) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.01.022 · Cited by 61
Self-citationChachamovich, E., Haggarty, J., Cargo, M., Hicks, J., Kirmayer, L. J., & Turecki, G. (2013) · International Journal of Circumpolar Health · doi:10.3402/ijch.v72i0.20078 · Cited by 54
“The objective of a psychological autopsy is to gather information about the circumstances surrounding an individual’s death so as to understand the reasons behind the suicide (22).”
BackgroundInfluentialMen in despair: A qualitative psychological autopsy study of suicide in Northern Uganda
Kizza, D., Knizek, B. L., Kinyanda, E., & Hjelmeland, H. (2012) · Transcultural Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1363461512459490 · Cited by 54
“Psychological autopsy methods use interviews with relatives and significant others to generate a detailed picture of the deceased individuals’ lives and events leading to their death (Hawton et al., 1998; Owen et al., 2008).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialZhang, J., Wieczorek, W. F., Jiang, C. Q., Zhou, L., Jia, S., Sun, Y., Jin, S., & Conwell, Y. (2002) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1521/suli.32.4.370.22342 · Cited by 54
Suicidal ideation and temperament: An investigation among college students
Skala, K., Kapusta, N. D., Schlaff, G., Unseld, M., Erfurth, A., Lesch, O., Walter, H., Akiskal, K. K., & Akiskal, H. S. (2012) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.03.010 · Cited by 53
“Psychiatric disorders are present at the time of death in up to 90% of individuals who completed suicide (Hawton et al., 1998; Harris and Barraclough 1994; 1997) and half of the 10% without any Axis I disorder have at least one subthreshold Axis I diagnosis (Balázs et al.”
BackgroundViolent and criminal manifestations in dementia patients
Cipriani, G., Lucetti, C., Danti, S., Carlesi, C., & Nuti, A. (2015) · Geriatrics and gerontology international/Geriatrics & gerontology international · doi:10.1111/ggi.12608 · Cited by 54
Continuing social presence of the dead: exploring suicide bereavement through online memorialisation
Bailey, L., Bell, J., & Kennedy, D. (2014) · New Review of Hypermedia and Multimedia · doi:10.1080/13614568.2014.983554 · Cited by 59
“Hawton et al. (1998) and Cooper (1999) argue that the unburdening of this emotionally charged subject provides a starting point for looking back on the events leading up to the death.”
BackgroundThinking life is not worth living: A population survey of Great Britain
Thomas, H. V., Crawford, M., Meltzer, H., & Lewis, G. (2002) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-002-0556-5 · Cited by 49
Personality differences in attempted suicide versus suicide in adults 50 years of age or older.
Useda, J. D., Duberstein, P. R., Conner, K. R., Beckman, A. M., Franus, N., Tu, X. M., & Conwell, Y. (2007) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.75.1.126 · Cited by 49
Autópsias psicológicas e psicossociais de idosos que morreram por suicídio no Brasil
Cavalcante, F. G., & Minayo, M. C. D. S. (2012) · Ciência & Saúde Coletiva · doi:10.1590/s1413-81232012000800002 · Cited by 49
The Impact of Working with Disturbing Secondary Data: Reading Suicide Files in a Coroner's Office
Fincham, B., Scourfield, J., & Langer, S. (2008) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732307308945 · Cited by 50
“The project design follows the tradition of “psychological autopsy studies” (see Hawton et al., 1998), but unlike most such studies, we are seeking primarily sociological insights from qualitative data.”
BackgroundAddressing suicide as a public-health problem
Jenkins, R. (2002) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)07958-8 · Cited by 48
Effect of Parental Bereavement on Health Risk Behaviors in Youth
Hamdan, S. (2012) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2011.682 · Cited by 47
“Psychiatric assessment of the proband was conducted using a psychological autopsy procedure.(34) Functional status was determined using the Children’s Global Assessment Scale(28) or the Global Assessment Scale for adults.”
MethodSuicide in older people without psychiatric disorder
Harwood, D., Hawton, K. E., Hope, T., & Jacoby, R. J. (2006) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.1473 · Cited by 49
Self-citationThe suicidal process in male prisoners making near-lethal suicide attempts
Rivlin, A., Fazel, S., Marzano, L., & Hawton, K. E. (2011) · Psychology Crime and Law · doi:10.1080/1068316x.2011.631540 · Cited by 51
“…to study suicides in the community, aims to build a retrospective picture of the deceased’s mental state and problems at the time of death (Hawton et al., 1998; Isometsä, 2001) and it has been used in several studies in prisons (e.g. Bogue & Power, 1995; Dooley, 1990; Shaw et al., 2004;…”
MethodSelf-citationThe Homicide–Suicide Phenomenon: Findings of Psychological Autopsies
Knoll, J. L., & Hatters‐Friedman, S. (2015) · Journal of Forensic Sciences · doi:10.1111/1556-4029.12819 · Cited by 45
“Despite the advantages that the psychological autopsy method presented in this study, it also has inherent limitations (27).”
BackgroundAlcohol and Suicide in Postconflict Northern Uganda
Kizza, D., Hjelmeland, H., Kinyanda, E., & Knizek, B. L. (2012) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000119 · Cited by 50
“The time period between the suicide and the interview ranged from 51⁄2–19 months, which is in keeping with other psychological autopsy studies (Hawton et al., 1998; Henry & Greenfield, 2009; Owens et al., 2008).”
ResultDiferentes faces da depressão no suicídio em idosos
Cavalcante, F. G., Minayo, M. C. D. S., & Mangas, R. M. D. N. (2013) · Ciência & Saúde Coletiva · doi:10.1590/s1413-81232013001000023 · Cited by 44
Mann, J. J., & Currier, D. (2008) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59745-252-6_33 · Cited by 45
Suicide in Transgender Veterans: Prevalence, Prevention, and Implications of Current Policy
Tucker, R. P. (2019) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691618812680 · Cited by 50
Medical Care Utilization During 1 Year Prior to Death in Suicides Motivated by Physical Illnesses
Cho, J., Lee, W. J., Moon, K. T., Suh, M., Sohn, J., Ha, K. H., Kim, C., Shin, D.-C., & Jung, S. H. (2013) · Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health · doi:10.3961/jpmph.2013.46.3.147 · Cited by 44
“To reduce the incompleteness of data, further psychological autopsy studies including post-mortem examination and in-depth interviews with family members and close associates [33] would be needed.”
BackgroundSuicide and gambling: Psychopathology and treatment-seeking.
Séguin, M., Boyer, R., LESAGE, A. D., McGirr, A., Suissa, A. J., Tousignant, M., & Turecki, G. (2010) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/a0019041 · Cited by 43
Duko, B., & Ayano, G. (2018) · Annals of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12991-018-0193-3 · Cited by 42
Lu, C.-F., Jia, C.-X., Xu, A., Dai, A.-Y., & Qin, P. (2013) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.2190/om.66.3.b · Cited by 42
Chotai, J., & Renberg, E. S. (2002) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(00)00379-7 · Cited by 42
Suicide in Rural and Remote Areas of Australia
Kõlves, K., Milner, A. J., McKay, K., & Leo, D. D. (2012) · Griffith Research Online · Cited by 42
Karch, D. (2011) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph8083479 · Cited by 40
“Research on sex differences in incident characteristics and circumstances of suicide among older adults is hindered not only by low occurrence levels, but also by insufficient data sets and the limitations of study design methods such as the difficulty in conducting prospective studies in relation to low occurrence le…”
BackgroundAn, J., Phillips, M. R., & Conner, K. R. (2010) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000019 · Cited by 40
“Psychological autopsy studies aimed at identifying the factors associated with suicide rely heavily on data provided by proxy informants (Beskow, Runeson, & Asgard, 1990; Hawton et al., 1998).”
BackgroundOne-Hundred Cases of Suicide in Budapest
Zonda, T. (2006) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0227-5910.27.3.125 · Cited by 40
“Psychological autopsy raises several ethical problems (Beskow, Runeson, & Åsgård, 1990, 1991; Brent, 1989; Hawton et al., 1998; Runeson & Beskow, 1991; Shneidman, 1981), and in particular, many methodological and evaluation concerns and sources of error.”
BackgroundConner, K. R., Cerulli, C., & Caine, E. D. (2002) · Violence and Victims · doi:10.1891/vivi.17.2.115.33645 · Cited by 39
“The relatively low base rate of completed suicide (Gunnell, 2000) and the methodological limitations of postmortem research (Brent, Perper, Kolko, & Zelenak, 1988; Hawton et al., 1998) require that such research be complemented with investigations of non-lethal suicidal behaviors to illuminate factors potentially rele…”
BackgroundCohort-specific risk of suicide for different mental disorders in China
Tong, Y., & Phillips, M. R. (2010) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.109.070409 · Cited by 41
Suicide in Response to Changing Societies
Chan, K., Hung, S. F., & Yip, P. S. F. (2001) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s1056-4993(18)30030-0 · Cited by 41
Freuchen, A., Kjelsberg, E., & Grøholt, B. (2012) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/1753-2000-6-30 · Cited by 40
“Information may also be unreliable because the informant may be unaware of certain factors or may deliberately withhold information [48].”
BackgroundSuicide with psychiatric diagnosis and without utilization of psychiatric service
Law, Y. W., Wong, P. W. C., & Yip, P. S. F. (2010) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-10-431 · Cited by 38
“The methodology of using data provided by informants of suicide deceased has been criticised as having problems of recall bias [48].”
BackgroundMethodHagaman, A. K., Khadka, S., Wutich, A., Lohani, S. P., & Kohrt, B. A. (2018) · Culture Medicine and Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s11013-018-9585-8 · Cited by 38
Kizza, D., Knizek, B. L., Kinyanda, E., & Hjelmeland, H. (2012) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being · doi:10.3402/qhw.v7i0.18463 · Cited by 36
“The interviews took place 6 18 months after the suicide, which is in keeping with other psychological autopsy studies (Beskow, Runeson, & Åsgard, 1991; Hawton et al., 1998; Henry & Greenfield, 2009).”
ResultNear-lethal self-harm in women prisoners: contributing factors and psychological processes
Marzano, L., Fazel, S., Rivlin, A., & Hawton, K. E. (2011) · Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology · doi:10.1080/14789949.2011.617465 · Cited by 42
“Our objective in using the near-lethal self-harm methodology was to further understand the suicidal process in this high risk population by going beyond what can be achieved through psychological autopsy studies of completed suicides, in which access to psychological processes is usually impossible (Hawton et al., 199…”
MethodSelf-citationSweeney, L., Owens, C. V., & Malone, K. M. (2014) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/hsc.12124 · Cited by 35
“This is the main methodological limitation for all suicide research studies that rely on information provided by the bereaved family and friends, including the quantitative psychological autopsy approach (Hawton et al. 1998).”
BackgroundCortisol response to stress as a predictor for suicidal ideation in youth
Shalev, A., Porta, G., Biernesser, C. L., Zelazny, J. M., Payne, M. W., Melhem, N., & Brent, D. A. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.06.053 · Cited by 36
“A psychological autopsy was conducted to assess the deceased parents’ lifetime history of psychiatric disorders (20).”
BackgroundLiu, D., Yu, M., Duncan, J., Fondario, A., Kharrazi, H. H. K., & Nestadt, P. S. (2019) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12591 · Cited by 34
Dementia and suicidal behavior
Cipriani, G., Vedovello, M., Lucetti, C., Fiorino, A. D., & Nuti, A. (2013) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2013.07.016 · Cited by 36
Confucianism and Youth Suicide in Rural China
Zhang, J., & Liu, E. Y. (2011) · Review of Religious Research · doi:10.1007/s13644-011-0027-0 · Cited by 34
“As the means for obtaining comprehensive retrospective information about victims of completed suicide, PA may have some methodological weaknessess regarding identification of subjects, sources of information, issues concerned with approaching or interviewing informants, and achieving valid and reliable conclusions fro…”
BackgroundAge-adjusted relative suicide risk by marital and employment status over the past 25 years in Japan
Yamauchi, T., Fujita, T., Tachimori, H., Takeshima, T., Inagaki, M., & Sudo, A. (2012) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/pubmed/fds054 · Cited by 33
Depression and alcohol use disorders as precursors to death by suicide
Perez, J., Beale, E. E., Overholser, J. C., Athey, A. J., & Stockmeier, C. A. (2020) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2020.1745954 · Cited by 35
“The present research followed the recommended guidelines for psychological autopsy research (Hawton et al., 1998; Isomets€a, 2001; Snider et al., 2006; Zhang et al., 2018), including using several experienced clinicians as diagnosticians (Conner et al., 2012), integrating medical, psychological,…”
MethodTrapped in transition: findings from a UK study of student suicide
Stanley, N., Mallon, S. D., Bell, J., & Manthorpe, J. (2009) · British Journal of Guidance and Counselling · doi:10.1080/03069880903161427 · Cited by 33
“This approach has been used effectively by Hawton and colleagues (Hawton et al., 1998) in a number of studies but the approach tends to take an individualised, clinical approach which includes family history, retrospective diagnosis and the forensic exploration of motive and circumstance as key…”
MethodMarzano, L., Rivlin, A., Fazel, S., & Hawton, K. E. (2008) · Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jflm.2008.08.011 · Cited by 33
Self-citationAccess to health care prior to suicide: findings from a psychological autopsy study.
Owens, C. V., Lloyd, K. R., & Campbell, J. (2004) · PubMed · Cited by 33
Therapeutic Effects of Psychological Autopsies
Henry, M., & Greenfield, B. J. (2009) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0227-5910.30.1.20 · Cited by 32
“Conversely, interviewers may find it challenging to contain their own intense dysphoric affects during psychological autopsies (Beskow et al., 1990; Hawton et al., 1998).”
BackgroundInfluentialLife Will Never Be the Same Again: Examining Grief in Survivors Bereaved by Young Suicide
Bell, J., Stanley, N., Mallon, S. D., & Manthorpe, J. (2012) · Illness Crisis & Loss · doi:10.2190/il.20.1.e · Cited by 39
Psychopathology and Suicide among Quebec Physicians: A Nested Case Control Study
Gagné, P., Moamai, J., & Bourget, D. (2011) · Depression Research and Treatment · doi:10.1155/2011/936327 · Cited by 32
“[24] emphasized the value of the psychological autopsy method in furthering an understanding of factors contributing to suicide and noted that use of a control group would aid in identifying specific risk factors for suicide.”
BackgroundAggression in Suicide Among Adults Age 50 and Over
Conner, K. R., Conwell, Y., Duberstein, P. R., & Eberly, S. W. (2004) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00019442-200401000-00005 · Cited by 33
Challenges and Opportunities for Suicide Bereavement Research
Moore, M. M., Maple, M. J., Mitchell, A. M., & Cerel, J. (2013) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000191 · Cited by 38
Levi‐Belz, Y., & Beautrais, A. L. (2016) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000386 · Cited by 32
Mixed Methods Analysis of Sex Differences in Life Stressors of Middle-Aged Suicides
Stone, D. M., Holland, K. M., Schiff, L. B., & McIntosh, W. L. (2016) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2016.07.021 · Cited by 30
“Historically, psychological autopsy studies gathered information including suicide decedents’ psychological diagnoses and other life circumstances prior to suicide.(13) These studies tended to focus on youth, older adults, or specific subgroups (e.”
Public involvement in suicide prevention: understanding and strengthening lay responses to distress
Owens, C. V., Owen, G. J., Lambert, H., Donovan, J., Belam, J., Rapport, F., & Lloyd, K. R. (2009) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-9-308 · Cited by 31
“such a sensitive topic places great emotional strain on interviewers and arrangements will be made for regular debriefing and supervision [20,48,52].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSudden Unexpected Death in Alcohol Misuse—An Unrecognized Public Health Issue?
Templeton, A. H., Carter, K. L. T., Sheron, N., et al. (2009) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph6123070 · Cited by 30
“It can be done, however, and forms the basis of the psychological autopsy [25].”
BackgroundSuicide in a South African Town: A Cultural Psychological Investigation
Laubscher, L. (2003) · South African Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1177/008124630303300301 · Cited by 30
“Indeed, the language of epidemiology is frequently invoked, and depression (Barraclough, Bunch, Nelson, & Sainsbury, 1974; Hawton et al., 1998), schizophrenia (Harris & Barraclough, 1997), and personality disorders (Lineham, Rizvi, Welch, & Page, 2000) are frequently posited as the causative movers…”
BackgroundAlcohol and Other Contextual Factors of Suicide in Four Aboriginal Communities of Quebec, Canada
Laliberté, A., & Tousignant, M. (2009) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0227-5910.30.4.215 · Cited by 30
“Establishing a control group of men who had made past suicide attempts was discarded as a possible solution because of the difficulties in identifying explanatory variables due to strong similarities between matched groups (Hawton et al., 1998).”
BackgroundANDERSON, M., & JENKINS, R. (2006) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2850.2006.01011.x · Cited by 29
Tendência da mortalidade por suicídio na população brasileira e idosa, 1980-2006
Minayo, M. C. D. S., Pinto, L. W., de Assis, S. G., Cavalcante, F. G., & Mangas, R. M. D. N. (2012) · Revista de Saúde Pública · doi:10.1590/s0034-89102012000200012 · Cited by 56
The Role of Perfectionism in Student Suicide: Three Case Studies from the UK
Bell, J., Stanley, N., Mallon, S. D., & Manthorpe, J. (2010) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.2190/om.61.3.e · Cited by 32
“As our analyses were based on accounts from more than one observer, we were able to assimilate information from several sources thereby reducing problems associated with recall bias and increasing reliability and validity (Hawton et al., 1998).”
BackgroundMethodDifferences Between Suicide Victims Who Leave Notes and Those Who Do Not
Paraschakis, A., Michopoulos, I., Douzenis, A., Christodoulou, C., Koutsaftis, F., & Lykouras, L. (2012) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000150 · Cited by 28
Crawford, M., Kuforiji, B., & Ghosh, P. (2009) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2008.084145 · Cited by 29
A Prospective Study of Parentally Bereaved Youth, Caregiver Depression, and Body Mass Index
Weinberg, R. J., Dietz, L. J., Stoyak, S., Melhem, N., Porta, G., Payne, M. W., & Brent, D. A. (2013) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.12m08284 · Cited by 28
Suicidal communication signifies suicidal intent in Chinese completed suicides
Zhou, X. M., & Jia, S. H. (2012) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-012-0488-7 · Cited by 28
“The psychological autopsy analysis of the completed suicides to a large extent depends on the information recalled by informants and insiders [31] and therefore is vulnerable to distortions.”
BackgroundShame Behind the Masks: The Parents' Perspective on Their Sons' Suicide
Törnblom, A. W., Werbart, A., & Rydelius, P. (2013) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2013.805644 · Cited by 27
A Case Controlled Examination of the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide in the Second Half of Life
Orden, K. A. V., Smith, P. N., Chen, T., & Conwell, Y. (2015) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2015.1025121 · Cited by 29
“…and validity of assessment tools completed with proxy respondents, time between the individual’s death and collection of data, and the potential for recall bias for those coping with the suicide of a loved one (Hawton et al., 1998; Hjelmeland, Dieserud, Dyregrov, Knizek, & Leenaars, 2012).”
BackgroundWhen aspiration fails: A study of its effect on mental disorder and suicide risk
Zhang, J., Kong, Y., Gao, Q., & Li, Z. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.05.092 · Cited by 25
Youth suicide: A psychological autopsy study of completers and controls
Gagnon, A., Davidson, S. I., Cheifetz, P. N., Martineau, M., & Beauchamp, G. (2009) · Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies · doi:10.1080/17450120802270400 · Cited by 25
Törnblom, A. W., Sorjonen, K., Runeson, B., & Rydelius, P. (2020) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12614 · Cited by 26
Introducing the Psychological Autopsy Methodology Checklist
Conner, K. R., Chapman, B. P., Beautrais, A. L., Brent, D. A., Bridge, J. A., Conwell, Y., Falter, T., Holbrook, A., & Schneider, B. (2021) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12738 · Cited by 29
“…recommendations for conducting psychological autopsy research studies (Beskow et al., 1990; Brent, 1989; Clark & Horton-Deutsch, 1992; Conner et al., 2011, 2012; Ebert, 1987; Hawton et al., 1998; Isometsä, 2001; Kõlves et al., 2021; Pouliot & De Leo, 2006; Schneidman, 1981; Shaffer et al., 1972).”
DeJong, T. M., & Overholser, J. C. (2009) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1521/suli.2009.39.1.38 · Cited by 25
“In psychological on a history of psychiatric diagnosis (Conwell et al., 1996; Henriksson et al., 1993), a his-autopsy research, information is gathered from medical and psychiatric records, police tory of prior suicide attempts (Coryell et al., 2002), and the presence of stressful liferecords, and close family members…”
BackgroundCommunication of suicide intent by schizophrenic subjects: data from the Queensland Suicide Register
Leo, D. D., & Klieve, H. (2007) · International Journal of Mental Health Systems · doi:10.1186/1752-4458-1-6 · Cited by 23
Narratives of suicide in psychological autopsy: Bringing lay knowledge back in
Gavin, M., & Rogers, A. E. (2006) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638230600608735 · Cited by 24
“The methodology associated with psychological autopsy, however, is recognized as posing problems for reliability and validity (see e.g., Hawton et al., 1998; Werland & Botega, 2003).”
MethodSchneider, B., Wetterling, T., Georgi, K., Bartusch, B., Schnabel, A., & Blettner, M. (2008) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2008.04.018 · Cited by 24
Prevention of Suicidal Behaviour among Army Personnel: A Qualitative Study
Crawford, M., Sharpe, D., Rutter, D. R., & Weaver, T. D. (2009) · Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps · doi:10.1136/jramc-155-03-07 · Cited by 26
“Risk factors for suicide among soldiers have been explored using psychological autopsy studies [2].”
BackgroundMcPhedran, S., Eriksson, L., Mazerolle, P., & Johnson, H. (2018) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2018.02.005 · Cited by 23
Qualitative Evidence in Suicide: Findings from Qualitative Psychological Autopsy Studies
Hjelmeland, H., & Knizek, B. L. (2015) · Handbooks in health, work, and disability · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2920-7_21 · Cited by 25
Menon, V., Varadharajan, N., Bascarane, S., Subramanian, K., Mukherjee, M. P., & Kattimani, S. (2020) · Indian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/psychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_331_20 · Cited by 22
“[36] Furthermore, when suitable medical records are available, relevant information from this also should be included.”
Deng, Y., Li, X., Liu, L., & Chui, W. H. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18010208 · Cited by 21
“Compared to the data collection of completed suicide, which often requires interviews with the decedents’ family members or close relatives [31], suicide attempts could be self-reported.”
BackgroundLaw, Y. W., YIP, P. S. F., Zhang, Y., & Caine, E. D. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.06.031 · Cited by 21
“Finally, due to the limitations of the proxy information used in PA studies, details regarding job design and workplace characteristics could not be captured, and it was impossible to establish the duration and severity of impact perceived by both deceased and control cases (Hawton et al., 1998).”
BackgroundZiervogel, A., Pfeiffer, T., & Hegerl, U. (2004) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811110590512822 · Cited by 22
Kasckow, J., Liu, N., Haas, G. L., & Phillips, M. R. (2010) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2010.02.1056 · Cited by 21
Psychological strains found in the suicides of 72 celebrities
Zhang, J., Tan, J., & Lester, D. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.01.031 · Cited by 20
Kizza, D., Hjelmeland, H., Kinyanda, E., et al. (2011) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.2190/om.63.3.c · Cited by 20
“The negative reactions expressed by our participants were similar to those reported in other cultural contexts (Dyregrov et al., 2010; Gavin & Rogers, 2006; Hawton et al., 1998, Henry & Greenfield, 2009).”
ResultOwens, C. V., & Lambert, H. (2012) · Culture Medicine and Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s11013-012-9259-x · Cited by 18
“…performed suicidal acts, such as cases of jumping in daylight from a public site, or recent cases in which individuals have filmed and broadcast their own deaths whilst participating in Internet forums. established as a standard method of studying suicides (Beskow et al. 1990; Hawton et al. 1998).”
BackgroundThe Phenomenology and Course of Depression in Parentally Bereaved and Non-Bereaved Youth
Hamdan, S., Melhem, N., Porta, G., Payne, M. W., & Brent, D. A. (2012) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2012.02.021 · Cited by 20
“was conducted using a psychological autopsy procedure.(23) Functional status was determined using the Children’s Global Assessment Scale (CGAS) or the Global Assessment Scale (GAS) for adults.”
MethodPsychological autopsy of seventy high school suicides: Combined qualitative/quantitative approach
Zalsman, G., Tov, Y. S., Tzuriel, D., Shoval, G., Barzilay, R., Fire, N. T., Sherf, M., & Mann, J. J. (2016) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.05.005 · Cited by 20
Autópsia psicológica e psicossocial sobre suicídio de idosos: abordagem metodológica
Cavalcante, F. G., Minayo, M. C. D. S., Meneghel, S. N., et al. (2012) · Ciência & Saúde Coletiva · doi:10.1590/s1413-81232012000800015 · Cited by 19
Rouse, L., Frey, R. A. M., López, M. V., Wohlers, H. M., Xiong, I., Llewellyn, K., Lucci, S., & Wester, S. R. (2014) · Police Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1098611114563083 · Cited by 19
“It is broadly viewed as the most efficient and comprehensive technique for examining the etiology and context of law enforcement suicide and is considered the cornerstone of suicide research and empirically based prevention education by many (Hawton et al., 1998).”
Suicides by persons reported as missing prior to death: a retrospective cohort study
Svetičič, J., Too, L. S., & Leo, D. D. (2012) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000607 · Cited by 19
“As the majority of information used in this analysis was obtained through an interview by police officers with the deceased’s next of kin, their accuracy is likely to be influenced by recall bias resulting from both complex grief following the disappearance and suicide of their loved one, as well as retrospective reco…”
BackgroundMann, J. J., & Currier, D. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2528-5_33 · Cited by 19
Owen, R., Gooding, P. A., Dempsey, R. C., et al. (2016) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000487 · Cited by 18
“This echoes other reports concerning the positive effects of participation in mental health research, for instance, educational gains and empowerment (Dyregrov, 2004; Hawton et al., 1998; McLoud, 1994; Riches and Dawson, 1996; Taylor et al., 2010).”
BackgroundImpulsive but Fatal Self-Poisoning with Pesticides Among South Asians in Nickerie, Suriname
van Spijker, B. A. J., Graafsma, T., Dullaart, H. I. A., & Kerkhof, A. J. F. M. (2009) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0227-5910.30.2.102 · Cited by 18
“To accomplish this, information is gathered from relatives and friends, the coroner, the police, mental health institutions, and hospital records (e.g., Hawton et al., 1998; Snider, Hane, & Berman, 2006).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Hawton, K. E., Appleby, L., Platt, S., Foster, T., Cooper, J., Malmberg, A., & Simkin, S.
- Affiliations
- Warneford Hospital (GB)
- Venue
- Journal of Affective Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1998-09
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 2-3
- Pages
- 269-276
- ISSN
- 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1732968872
- Cited by
- 324
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 35
- FWCI
- 9.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Homicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health
- Keywords
- psychological autopsy, suicide, research design, informant selection, control selection, interview validity, reliability statistics, information sources
- MeSH terms
- Autopsy, Cause of Death, Data Collection, Family Relations, Humans, Research Design, Suicide
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