Anxiety and respiratory patterns: their relationship during mental stress and physical load
Abstract
In the present study we investigated the effect of mental stress on respiration using unpleasant sounds. To compare the center output of each stimuli, subjects took part in one session divided into two phases: a mental stress test and a physical loading test. The purpose of this study was not only to investigate ventilatory response in emotions caused by mental stress and physical load, but also to determine the relationship between respiratory pattern and personality. Ten normal subjects were measured for VE (minute ventilation), VT (tidal volume), RR (respiratory rate), Vo2 (O2 consumption), Vco2 (CO2 production) and FETco2 (end-tidal CO2 concentration) on a breath-by-breath basis; the subjects were given Spielberger's State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) before beginning this experiment. Unpleasant emotions caused by mental stress altered the breathing pattern. VE increase was achieved by the combination of VT and RR disregarding the subjects' personality. However, subjects with high anxiety RR increased more than VT resulting in a positive correlation between the trait anxiety score and RR. We found that a dominant RR increase was observed not only in the mental stress test but also in the physical loading test. In the physical load, there was a positive correlation between the state anxiety score and RR. These results indicate that respiratory patterns are related to personality anxiety. These findings may provide important evidence relating respiratory function to psych…
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Breathing engages in a reciprocal relationship with stress and anxiety, whereby stress and anxiety can both affect and be affected by altered respiratory patterns.
“Breathing also uniquely engages in a reciprocal relationship with stress and anxiety, whereby stress and anxiety can both affect [28,29,30,31,32,33] and be affected by [20,21,22,34] altered respiratory patterns.”
Populations with particularly dysregulated breathing may fare better with one-on-one attention, given small number of group interventions in high-anxiety and acute chronic populations.
“However, given the small number of group interventions in high-anxiety and acute chronic populations, it is possible that populations with particularly dysregulated breathing [28,29,33] may fare better with one-on-one attention.”
Cites
State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Adults
Spielberger, C. D. (2012) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t06496-000 · Cited by 3,479 · see citing works
Physiological effects of emotion: assessment via hypnosis
Whorwell, P. J., Houghton, L. A., Taylor, E. E., & Maxton, D. G. (1992) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(92)90394-i · Cited by 151 · see citing works
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Breathing above the brain stem: volitional control and attentional modulation in humans
Herrero, J. L., Khuvis, S., Yeagle, E., Cerf, M., & Mehta, A. D. (2018) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00551.2017 · Cited by 338 · see citing works
Bentley, T. G. K., D’Andrea-Penna, G., Rakic, M., Arce, N., LaFaille, M., Berman, R., Cooley, K., & Sprimont, P. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13121612 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Grassmann, M., Vlemincx, E., von Leupoldt, A., & Van den Bergh, O. (2017) · Applied Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2016.09.006 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
- Authors
- Masaoka, Y., & Homma, I.
- Affiliations
- SHOWA Medical University (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Homma, Ikuo
- ORCID
- Masaoka, Yuri
- Venue
- International Journal of Psychophysiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1997-09
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 153-159
- ISSN
- 0167-8760 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2085904945
- Cited by
- 188
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 0.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Psychophysiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroscience of respiration and sleep
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- anxiety, breathing pattern, psychological stress, physical activity, ventilatory response, respiratory rate, tidal volume, minute ventilation, oxygen consumption, end-tidal carbon dioxide, state anxiety, trait anxiety, personality, negative emotions
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anxiety, Emotions, Humans, Male, Noise, Respiratory Function Tests, Stress, Psychological, Exercise, Respiratory Mechanics
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