The DOI matches its Crossref record; 54 of the 54 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The biology of digital organisms
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Integrity signals
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Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Other simulations of evolving ecosystems confirm the generative potential of artificial life systems [300,314–317].”
From Fundamental constraints to the logic of living systems (2024) · cites this paper as [316]
Citations
Cites
The Hypercycle: A principle of natural self-organization
Eigen, M., & Schuster, P. M. (1979) · Cited by 1,906
Cooperation and Competition in the Evolution of ATP-Producing Pathways
Pfeiffer, T., Schuster, S., & Bonhoeffer, S. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1058079 · Cited by 1,365
Deleterious mutations and the evolution of sexual reproduction
Kondrashov, A. S. (1988) · Nature · doi:10.1038/336435a0 · Cited by 1,127
Lenski, R. E., & Travisano, M. (1994) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.91.15.6808 · Cited by 1,020
Automatic design and manufacture of robotic lifeforms
Lipson, H., & Pollack, J. B. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35023115 · Cited by 896
The fate of competing beneficial mutations in an asexual population
Gerrish, P. J., & Lenski, R. E. (1998) · Genetica · doi:10.1023/a:1017067816551 · Cited by 895
Evolution of high mutation rates in experimental populations of E. coli
Sniegowski, P. D., Gerrish, P. J., & Lenski, R. E. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/42701 · Cited by 879
The fate of competing beneficial mutations in an asexual population
Gerrish, P. J., & Lenski, R. E. (1998) · Contemporary issues in genetics and evolution · doi:10.1007/978-94-011-5210-5_12 · Cited by 747
Langton, C. G., Taylor, C., Farmer, D., & Rasmussen, S. (1991) · Cited by 706
Evolution of digital organisms at high mutation rates leads to survival of the flattest
Wilke, C. O., Wang, J. L., Ofria, C., Lenski, R. E., & Adami, C. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35085569 · Cited by 623
Self-citation
Cited by
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Items 101–102 of 102
Bioengineering hybrid artificial life
Sibanda, I., & Nitschke, G. (2025) · Frontiers in Bioinformatics · doi:10.3389/fbinf.2025.1676359
Cuadros, D. F., & Maiga, A.-A. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.7357763
Metadata
- Authors
- Wilke, C. O., & Adami, C.
- Affiliations
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wilke, Claus O.
- Venue
- Trends in Ecology & Evolution
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2002-11
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 528-532
- ISSN
- 0169-5347 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2159830634
- Cited by
- 103
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 1 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 4
- FWCI
- 1.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Trends in Ecology & Evolution (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Evolution and Genetic Dynamics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Origins and Evolution of Life
- Keywords
- digital organisms, artificial life, self-replicating programs, computer viruses, selective breeding, adaptive evolution, complexity growth, epistasis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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