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Cited by 275Sepsis Diagnosis and TreatmentImmune Response and InflammationInflammation biomarkers and pathways

Response of man to endotoxin

Martich, G. Daniel, Boujoukos, Arthur J., Suffredini, Anthony F.·1993·Immunobiology
DOI 10.1016/s0171-2985(11)80353-0
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Abstract

Endotoxin, a cell wall component of Gram-negative bacteria, plays a central role in the pathogenesis of septic shock. By administering small doses of intravenous endotoxin to humans, a variety of acute inflammatory responses are induced which are qualitatively similar to those that occur during the early stages of septic shock. Within hours of the administration of intravenous endotoxin to human volunteers, changes occur in systemic hemodynamics, ventricular function, pulmonary gas exchange and permeability. In conjunction with these changes in organ function, a wide variety of inflammatory mediators are released which appear to contribute to these responses. These include the release of proinflammatory cytokines (e.g. tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8), activation of the fibrinolytic system, kallikrein-kinin generation and phospholipase A2 release. Phagocytic leukocytes are primed for enhanced inflammatory responses following endotoxin administration. Counter-regulatory responses are initiated in parallel and may serve to limit some of the end-organ responses by the inflammatory mediators. This human model provides a unique opportunity to extend previous concepts of acute inflammation and to evaluate the earliest responses activated after exposure to an important bacterial component. Defining the pathways and responses initiated during acute human endotoxemia may allow a better understanding of host responses that are critical to the development of organ dysfunction and shock due to severe infections.

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Authors
Martich, G. D., Boujoukos, A. J., & Suffredini, A. F.
Affiliations
National Institutes of Health (US)
ORCID
Suffredini, Anthony F.
Venue
Immunobiology
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
1993-04
Volume
187
Issue
3-5
Pages
403-416
ISSN
0171-2985 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/s0171-2985(11)80353-0
OpenAlex
W2040854989
Semantic Scholar
de544e5ef535e3c2affa38399436b4351754cc8f
Cited by
275
References
58
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 3
FWCI
5.10
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
Locations
  • Immunobiology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Sepsis Diagnosis and Treatment
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Inflammation biomarkers and pathways
Keywords
endotoxin, septic shock, endotoxemia, acute inflammatory response, inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α, IL-1β, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, fibrinolysis, kallikrein-kinin system, phospholipase A2, phagocytic leukocytes, counterregulatory response, hemodynamics, pulmonary gas exchange, lung permeability, organ dysfunction
MeSH terms
Endotoxins, Gram-Negative Bacteria, Heart, Hemodynamics, Humans, Hypersensitivity, Inflammation, Injections, Intravenous, Neutrophils, Phagocytosis, Shock, Septic, Toxemia, Cytokines

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