The DOI matches its Crossref record; 22 of the 22 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Study motivation under social temptation; effects of trait procrastination.
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The tendency to procrastinate decreases as the deadline for the task in question is approaching.
“Results from qualitative (Schraw et al., 2007) and quantitative studies (Tice and Baumeister, 1997; Schouwenburg and Groenewoud, 2001) support the idea that the tendency to procrastinate decreases as the deadline for the task in question is approaching.”
From How Study Environments Foster Academic Procrastination: Overview and Recommendations (2020) · cites this paper as Schouwenburg and Groenewoud, 2001
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Research works printed but not linked: 1
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Steel, P. (2007) · Psychological bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.65 · Cited by 3,417
A meta-analytically derived nomological network of procrastination.
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Arousal, avoidant and decisional procrastinators: Do they exist?
Steel, P. (2010) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.02.025 · Cited by 514
Procrastination: When Good Things Don’t Come to Those Who Wait
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Procrastination: associations with achievement goal orientation and learning strategies.
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“…a tendency toward temporal discounting, wherein the value of distant, large rewards is downplayed relative to more immediately available, smaller rewards (Dewitte & Schouwenburg, 2002; Howell, Watson, Powell, & Buro, 2006; Schouwenburg, 2004; Schouwenburg & Groenewoud, 2001; Steel, in press).”
BackgroundAcademic procrastination in college students: the role of self-reported executive function.
Rabin, L. A., Fogel, J., & Nutter-Upham, K. E. (2011) · Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2010.518597 · Cited by 434
“…social temptations, pleasurable activities, and immediate rewards when the benefits of academic preparation are distant (Ariely & Wertenbroch, 2002; Chu & Choi, 2005; Dewitte & Schouwenburg, 2002; Ferrari, 2001; Schouwenburg & Groenewoud, 2001; Tan et al., 2008; Van Eerde, 2000; Wolters, 2003).”
BackgroundDewitte, S., & Schouwenburg, H. C. (2002) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.461 · Cited by 290
“Schouwenburg and Groenewoud (2001) found that the k-value (i.e. degree of acceleration of studying) is related to procrastination.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationProcrastination and stress: exploring the role of self-compassion.
Sirois, F. M. (2014) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2013.763404 · Cited by 268
“The latter view of procrastination is often taken when unnecessary delay becomes a frequent response to tasks that are perceived to be difficult (Pychyl, Lee, Thibodeau, & Blunt, 2000), aversive (Blunt & Pychyl, 2000; Lay, 1992), or lacking immediate reward (Schouwenburg & Groenewoud, 2001).”
Sirois, F. M. (2003) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2003.08.005 · Cited by 228
“Given these findings it has been suggested that procrastination may be a behavioral as opposed to an intentional problem (Schouwenburg & Groenewoud, 2001).”
BackgroundMoon, S. M., & Illingworth, A. J. (2004) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2004.04.009 · Cited by 215
Academic procrastination: The pattern and correlates of behavioural postponement
Howell, A. J., Watson, D., Powell, R. A., & Buro, K. (2006) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.11.023 · Cited by 188
Steel, P., Svartdal, F., Thundiyil, T., & Brothen, T. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00327 · Cited by 165
“In another classroom example, Schouwenburg and Groenewoud (2001), using retrospective self-reports from 305 students, also found hyperbolic discounting, with steeper curves for procrastinators.”
MethodHow Study Environments Foster Academic Procrastination: Overview and Recommendations
Svartdal, F., Dahl, T. I., Gamst-Klaussen, T., Koppenborg, M., & Klingsieck, K. B. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.540910 · Cited by 159
Patrzek, J., Sattler, S., van Veen, F., Grunschel, C., & Fries, S. (2014) · Studies in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/03075079.2013.854765 · Cited by 156
Procrastination in a distance university setting
Klingsieck, K. B., Fries, S., Horz, C., & Hofer, M. (2012) · Distance Education · doi:10.1080/01587919.2012.723165 · Cited by 136
“Although studies have shown that procrastinating students neither differ in intellectual performance (Ferrari, 1991) nor in learning motivation (e.g., Schouwenburg & Groenewoud, 2001) from non-procrastinating students, differences exist with regard to volitional variables.”
Out of Sight, Out of Time? A Meta–Analytic Investigation of Procrastination and Time Perspective
Sirois, F. M. (2014) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.1947 · Cited by 152
“…failure becomes a frequent way of responding to tasks that are viewed as difficult (Pychyl, Lee, Thibodeau, & Blunt, 2000) or without immediate reward (Schouwenburg & Groenewoud, 2001), procrastination can be viewed as a relatively stable behavioural tendency with trait-like qualities.”
BackgroundAvoiding procrastination through time management: an experimental intervention study
Häfner, A., Oberst, V., & Stock, A. (2014) · Educational Studies · doi:10.1080/03055698.2014.899487 · Cited by 114
“…only little time is invested to complete a task until it becomes urgent, although there might have been weeks or months before the deadline to work on the task (Dewitte and Schouwenburg 2002; Howell et al. 2006; Koch and Kleinmann 2002; Moon and Illingworth 2005; Schouwenburg and Groenewoud 2001).”
BackgroundTo do it now or later: The cognitive mechanisms and neural substrates underlying procrastination
Zhang, S., Liu, P., & Feng, T. (2019) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Cognitive Science · doi:10.1002/wcs.1492 · Cited by 137
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“Schouwenburg and Groenewoud (2001), however, did not find a difference in impulsivity between procrastinators and people who are commonly punctual.”
BackgroundOn the psychology of time in action: Regulatory mode orientations and procrastination.
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Understanding procrastination: A motivational approach
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““Procrastinators” seem to lack self-regulatory skills such as self-control (Rebetez, Rochat, Barsics, & van der Linden, 2016; Schouwenburg & Groenewoud, 2001), emotion regulation (Eckert, Ebert, Lehr, Sieland, & Berking, 2016, motivation regulation (Grunschel, Schwinger, Steinmayr, & Fries, 2016),…”
Behavioral Economics: A Tutorial for Behavior Analysts in Practice
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“Discounting has been observed in health behavior (Chapman, 1996), social relationships (Jones & Rachlin, 2006), and in academic behavior (Schouwenburg & Groenewoud, 2001).”
BackgroundSirois, F. M. (2015) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-015-9629-2 · Cited by 101
The relationship between study skills and academic performance of university students
Hassanbeigi, A., Askari, J., Nakhjavani, M., Shirkhoda, S., Barzegar, K., Mozayyan, M. R., & Fallahzadeh, H. (2011) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.276 · Cited by 111
“Schouwenburg and Groenewoud (2001) in their research, hypothesize that procrastination results from what is called the discounting principle or the tendency to discount the value of delayed rewards.”
InfluentialInterrelations between motivational regulation, procrastination and college dropout intentions
Bäulke, L., Eckerlein, N., & Dresel, M. (2018) · Unterrichtswissenschaft · doi:10.1007/s42010-018-0029-5 · Cited by 112
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“Indeed, extracurricular social temptations have been found to hamper study performance (Schouwenburg & Groenewoud, 2001).”
BackgroundA stitch in time saves nine: Behavioural decision-making explanations for time management problems
Koch, C. J., & Kleinmann, M. (2002) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/13594320244000120 · Cited by 86
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“Social interaction, in particular, was found to be a tempting alternative activity for academic procrastinators (Schouwenburg and Groenewoud, 2001).”
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“One indicator of the self-regulatory difficulty related to this goal is the frequency of procrastination (Schouwenburg & Groenewoud, 2001).”
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Sirois, F. M., & Giguère, B. (2018) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12243 · Cited by 66
Thieves of time? Procrastination and the Dark Triad of personality
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“In fact, procrastination could be at the core of impulsivity (Tsukayama, Duckworth, & Kim, 2012), manifested by an inability to delay present gratification in order to achieve future goals (Schouwenburg & Groenewoud, 2001).”
BackgroundRomano, J. L., Wallace, T. L., Helmick, I. J., Carey, L. M., & Adkins, L. (2005) · The Internet and Higher Education · doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2005.09.003 · Cited by 53
“…2003; Ross, Salisbury-Glennon, Guarino, Reed, & Marshall, 2003), the amount of time spent studying (Gortner Lahmers & Zulauf, 2000), and students’ tendency to procrastinate or to cram for exams rather than distribute practice of skills over the term (Schouwenburg & Groenewoud, 2001; Zuriff, 2003).”
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“Students tend to increase their study behavior gradually during the term and they almost demonstrate a burst of studying just before the exam (Schouwenburg & Groenewoud, 2001).”
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“The prevalence of this behavior which is performed consciously despite being aware of negative consequences was found to be around 20% (Harriot & Ferrari, 1996; p. 611); in another study 85% (Schouwenburg & Groenewoud, 2001) while another research predicts it is between 85-90% (Steel, 2007, p. 65).”
BackgroundDecisional Procrastination in Academic Settings: The Role of Metacognitions and Learning Strategies
de Palo, V., Monacis, L., Miceli, S., Sinatra, M., & Nuovo, S. D. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00973 · Cited by 47
“, 2007), self control (Schouwenburg and Groenewoud, 2001), action-control (Blunt and Pychyl, 2005), time management (Strunk et al.”
BackgroundCumulative versus end‐of‐course assessment: effects on self‐study time and test performance
Kerdijk, W., Cohen‐Schotanus, J., Mulder, B. F., Muntinghe, F. L. H., & Tio, R. A. (2015) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/medu.12756 · Cited by 37
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It’s in the means: Process focus helps against procrastination in the academic context
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Academic procrastination among online students. Validation of a questionnaire
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Overcoming Procrastination through Planning
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The ultimate escape: escapism, sports fan passion and procrastination across two cultures
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A formal model of procrastination
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Business before pleasure: no strategy for procrastinators?
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Procrastination as evidence of executive functioning impairment in college students
Rinaldi, A., Roper, C., & Mehm, J. G. (2019) · Applied Neuropsychology Adult · doi:10.1080/23279095.2019.1684293 · Cited by 26
“A meaningful relationship is often evident between timing and procrastination behavior, in that procrastination diminishes as a deadline or due date approaches (Schouwenburg & Groenewoud, 2001).”
BackgroundMartinie, M., Potocki, A., Broc, L., & Larigauderie, P. (2022) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-022-09743-1 · Cited by 36
“More precisely, it appears most often when the task is viewed as lacking immediate reward (Schouwenburg & Groenewoud, 2001), or as aversive: i.e., boring, tedious, or difficult (e.g., Blunt & Pychyl, 2000; Lay, 1992).”
BackgroundCapelle, J. D., Senker, K., Fries, S., & Grund, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1224533 · Cited by 22
“Specifically, students often increase their study efforts as a temporal landmark draws closer and even” cram” or “rush” their study tasks right before their respective deadline (Schouwenburg and Groenewoud, 2001; König and Kleinmann, 2005; Blasiman et al., 2017; Liborius et al., 2019).”
BackgroundInfluentialUnderstanding of computers and procrastination: A philosophical approach
Breems, N. S., & Basden, A. (2013) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.024 · Cited by 18
“…aversiveness (Kachgal et al., 2001; Peterson, 1987) • Timing (in which procrastination is more likely to occur when the reward is distant and/or the aversiveness is near) (Schouwenburg & Groenewoud, 2001; OD́onoghue & Rabin, 1999; Strongman & Burt, 2000) • Boredom (Vodanovich & Rupp, 1999) Such…”
Continuous assessment in a large group of psychology undergraduates
Clariana, M., Gotzens, C., & Martín, M. B. (2017) · Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology · doi:10.25115/ejrep.v9i23.1429 · Cited by 16
“…et al., 1998), lower grades (Moon & Illingworth, 2005), higher intention-gap dissonance (Dewitte & Lens, 2000), lower intrinsic learning motivation (Schouwenburg & Groenewoud, 2001), lower levels of selfefficacy and self-regulation when learning (Klassen et al., 2009), and higher fear to failure…”
BackgroundClariana, M., Cladellas, R., Badia Martín, M. D. M., & Gotzens, C. (2011) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · Cited by 16
A Q factor analysis of college undergraduate students' study behaviours
Yang, Y., & Bliss, L. B. (2014) · Educational Research and Evaluation · doi:10.1080/13803611.2014.971817 · Cited by 16
Capelle, J. D., Grunschel, C., Bachmann, O., Knappe, M., & Fries, S. (2021) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-021-09912-3 · Cited by 16
“…& Gollwitzer, 1987) or explicitly either as opportunity costs (e.g., Flake et al., 2015; Kurzban et al., 2013) or as distracting temptation (e.g., Schouwenburg & Groenewoud, 2001), the motivation for a focal study activity or studying in general is mostly at the center of research on student…”
Impromptu Decisions to Deceive
Walczyk, J. J., Tcholakian, T., Newman, D. N., & Duck, T. K. (2016) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.3282 · Cited by 13
Humphrey, P. B., & Harbin, J. (2010) · The Academy of Educational Leadership Journal · Cited by 13
Intertemporal Bargaining in Habit
Ainslie, G. W. (2016) · Neuroethics · doi:10.1007/s12152-016-9294-3 · Cited by 12
At Long Last – A Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory Explanation of Procrastination
Bennett, C., & Bacon, A. M. (2019) · Journal of Individual Differences · doi:10.1027/1614-0001/a000296 · Cited by 13
The Influence of Perfectionism and Academic Motivation on Academic Procrastination
이미라, & Oh, K.-J. (2009) · The Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.15842/kjcp.2009.28.2.003 · Cited by 11
Experiences With and Lessons Learned on Deadlines and Submission Behavior
Castro, F. E. V., Leinonen, J., & Hellas, A. (2022) · Koli Calling International Conference on Computing Education Research · doi:10.1145/3564721.3564728 · Cited by 10
Working on something else for a while: Pacing in creative design projects
van Eerde, W., Beeftink, F., & Rutte, C. G. (2015) · Time & Society · doi:10.1177/0961463x15577274 · Cited by 10
Lernen bei attraktiven Handlungsalternativen
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“A widely accepted consensus was that procrastination reflected a failure of self-regula - tion (Gagnon, 2016; Rebetez et al., 2016; Schouwenburg & Groenewoud, 2001; Steel, 2007).”
BackgroundConstruction and Validation of the Research Misconduct Scale for Social Science University Students
Ghayas, S., Hassan, Z., Kayani, S., & Biasutti, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.859466 · Cited by 8
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“Students who participated in the present study, with an average age of 17 yrs, can still show low levels of self-regulation and metacognition [41].”
BackgroundRelationship among Growth Mindset, Future Time Perspective, Grit and Procrastination
Kwon, D.-H. (2018) · Asian Journal of Education · doi:10.15753/aje.2018.09.19.3.725 · Cited by 7
Jahani, H. J. G., Ehsanikenari, A., & Sharif, A. S. (2018) · Emerging Science Journal · doi:10.28991/esj-2018-01158 · Cited by 7
“Procrastination is a failure of self-regulation [16, 21-23], in other words, it has been viewed as a maladaptive attempt to manage behavior or emotion [24, 25], that is associated with various mental health problems [26].”
BackgroundMeasuring delay discounting in a crowdsourced sample: An exploratory study
Rotella, A., Fogg, C., Mishra, S., & Barclay, P. (2019) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12583 · Cited by 8
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“…can be achieved between academic and social goals (Urdan & Maehr, 1995; Wentzel, 2005), conflicts may occur when they have different value levels (Dietz, Hofer & Fries, 2007; Schouwenburg & Groenewoud, 2001; Hofer, Schmid, Fries, Dietz, Clausen, & Reinders, 2007; Senecal, Julien, and Guay, 2003).”
BackgroundSteel, P., & Klingsieck, K. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/obo/9780199828340-0140 · Cited by 5
Walk in Their Shoes to Navigate Your Own Path: Learning About Procrastination Through A Serious Game
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“Procrastination most often occurs when the task to be performed is viewed as aversive (e.g., Blunt & Pychyl, 2000; Martinie et al., 2022; Shaked & Altarac, 2022; Steel, 2007) or lacking an immediate reward (Schouwenburg & Groenewoud, 2001).”
BackgroundNeed for Recovery and Ineffective Self-Management
Cunningham, C. J. L. (2007) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 4
Domain Specificity of Procrastination in School
Bäulke, L., Hübner, N., & Nagengast, B. (2024) · Zeitschrift für Entwicklungspsychologie und Pädagogische Psychologie · doi:10.1026/0049-8637/a000300 · Cited by 3
Tanárjelöltek szakmai énképének fejlesztése aktív tanulásra épülő kurzuson keresztül
Bús, E. (2018) · doi:10.14232/phd.9795 · Cited by 4
Health procrastination: The experience of 35-44 years old men
Silkāne, V., & Austers, I. (2018) · SHS Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/shsconf/20184002007 · Cited by 2
Liu, J., Liu, R., Hong, W., & Lin, J. (2025) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2025.105551 · Cited by 2
Student Procrastination on an E-learning Platform: From Individual Discounting to Group Behavior
Sokolowski, M. B. C., & Tonneau, F. (2021) · Perspectives on Behavior Science · doi:10.1007/s40614-021-00321-y · Cited by 5
“3; cf. Howell et al., 2006 and Schouwenburg & Groenewoud, 2001), the group response profile showed recurrent peaks of increasing amplitude when measured on a scale of hours (Fig.”
BackgroundResultGhanadi, S., Fakhri, M. K., & Doosti, Y. (2017) · Avicenna Journal of Neuro Psych Physiology · doi:10.32598/ajnpp.4.2.57 · Cited by 2
Human procrastination: effects of response requirements
Ceballos, C. G. T., Vargas, M. A. P., & dos Santos, C. V. (2023) · Interdisciplinaria Revista de Psicología y Ciencias Afines · doi:10.16888/interd.2023.40.3.19 · Cited by 2
Procrastination and relating components of cognition and perceived stress
Cahill, A. (2013) · eSource (Dublin Business School) · Cited by 2
Reed, D. D., Niileksela, C. R., & Kaplan, B. A. (2022) · Revista Brasileira de Terapia Comportamental e Cognitiva · doi:10.31505/rbtcc.v23i1.1568 · Cited by 2
Grabo, L. M., & Bellingrath, S. (2026) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/13591053261425412 · Cited by 1
“Supporting this view, prior research demonstrates that procras-tination often follows a hyperbolic delay pattern in academic settings: students show low study activity until shortly before examinations, followed by a sharp increase (Dewitte and Schouwenburg, 2002; Schouwenburg and Groenewoud, 2001).”
The reasons of overextended studies: Relationship between temperament, character and procrastination
Takács, I. (2010) · Periodica Polytechnica Social and Management Sciences · doi:10.3311/pp.so.2010-2.01 · Cited by 1
Evaluación contínua en un grupo grande de Psicología Educativa de Barcelona
Clariana, M., Gotzens, C., & Martín, M. B. (2011) · Redalyc (Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México) · Cited by 1
The Dynamics of Inter-organizational Hybrid Partnerships in Technology Transfer
Bertolotti, F., Mattarelli, E., & Ungureanu, P. (2018) · SxI Springer per l'Innovazione · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-91461-9_4 · Cited by 1
Schmiedeler, S., Khambatta, K., Hartmann, J., & Niklas, F. (2019) · Zeitschrift für Pädagogische Psychologie · doi:10.1024/1010-0652/a000248 · Cited by 1
Konseling sebaya untuk menurunkan kecenderungan prokrastinasi akademik pada siswa
Denta, M. (2019) · Cognicia · doi:10.22219/cognicia.v7i1.8141 · Cited by 2
Morgen, morgen, nur nicht heute …
Kirchhoff, C., Schnackenberg, C., & Uhlig, T. D. (2018) · psychosozial · doi:10.30820/8226.06 · Cited by 1
Di Nocera, F., De Piano, R., Rullo, M., & Tempestini, G. (2023) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs13040333 · Cited by 1
“Early studies from Schouwenburg and colleagues [28,44,45] revealed that procrastination strictly depends on temporal discounting [46–48].”
BackgroundHabits of Mind and the Impactful Uses of Time of College Seniors
Gebby, D. S. (2018) · Cited by 1
Self-regulation, motivational conflict, and values
Schwartz, S. S. (n.d.) · ProQuest Demo Repository · Cited by 1
Amali, S. (2019) · Carleton University's Institutional Repository (MacOdrum Library, Carleton University) · doi:10.22215/etd/2019-13875 · Cited by 1
A Q Factor Analysis of College Undergraduate Students' Study Behaviors
Yang, Y. (2011) · doi:10.25148/etd.fi11080301 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Schouwenburg, H. C., & Groenewoud, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Groningen (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Schouwenburg, Henri C
- Venue
- Personality and Individual Differences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2001-01
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 229-240
- ISSN
- 0191-8869 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2092051394
- Cited by
- 110
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 2.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Personality and Individual Differences (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Perfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Grit, Self-Efficacy, and Motivation
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Education, Achievement, and Giftedness
- Keywords
- procrastination, academic motivation, delay discounting, self-control, resistance to temptation, exam preparation, study behavior, trait procrastination, intention-behavior gap
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