Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 302

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 11 of the 11 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale revisited: More perfect with four (instead of six) dimensions

Open access
Stöber, Joachim·1998·Personality and Individual Differences
DOI 10.1016/s0191-8869(97)00207-9
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (FMPS; Frost, Marten, Lahart & Rosenblate, 1990) provides six subscales for a multidimensional assessment of perfectionism: Concern over Mistakes (CM), Personal Standards (PS), Parental Expectations (PE), Parental Criticism (PC), Doubts about actions (D), and Organization (O). Despite its increasing popularity in personality and clinical research, the FMPS has also drawn some criticism for its factorial instability across samples. The present article argues that this instability may be due to an overextraction of components. Whereas all previous analyses presented six-factor solutions for the FMPS items, a reanalysis with Horn's parallel analysis suggested only four or five underlying factors. To investigate the nature of these factors, item responses from N = 243 participants were subjected to principal component analysis. Again, parallel analysis retained only four components. Varimax rotation replicated PS and O as separate factors, whereas combining CM with D as well as PE with PC. Consequently, the present article suggests a reduction to four (instead of six) FMPS subscales. Differential correlations with anxiety, depression, parental representations and action tendencies underscore the advantage of this solution.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/s0191-8869(97)00207-9

Cites

11 of 11 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 11 references

Research works printed but not linked: 25

  1. Adkins, 1996, Perfectionism and suicidal preoccupation, Journal of Personality, 64, 529, 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1996.tb00520.x · DOI
  2. Bastiani, 1995, Perfectionism in anorexia nervosa, International Journal of Eating Disorders, 17, 147, 10.1002/1098-108X(199503)17:2<147::AID-EAT2260170207>3.0.CO;2-X · DOI
  3. Beck, 1961, An inventory for measuring depression, Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 561, 10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004 · DOI · Paper page
  4. Burns, 1980, The perfectionist's script for self-defeat, Psychology Today, 34
  5. Cota, 1993, Comparing different methods for implementing parallel analysis: A practical index of accuracy, Educational and Psychological Measurement, 53, 865, 10.1177/0013164493053004001 · DOI
  6. Flett, 1995, Dimensions of perfectionism and goal commitment: A further comparison of two perfectionism measures, Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 17, 111, 10.1007/BF02229013 · DOI
  7. Frese, 1987, Goal orientation and planfulness: Action styles as personality concepts, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 1182, 10.1037/0022-3514.52.6.1182 · DOI
  8. Frost, 1991, Perfectionism and reactions to athletic competition, Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 13, 323, 10.1123/jsep.13.4.323 · DOI
  9. Frost, 1991, The development of perfectionism: A study of daughters and their parents, Cognitive Therapy and Research, 15, 469, 10.1007/BF01175730 · DOI
  10. Frost, 1990, Perfectionism and evaluative threat, Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14, 559, 10.1007/BF01173364 · DOI · Paper page
  11. Hodapp, 1991, Das Prüfungsängstlichkeitsinventar TAI-G: Eine erweiterte und modifizierte Version mit vier Komponenten, Zeitschrift für Pädagogische Psychologie, 5, 121
  12. Horn, 1965, A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysis, Psychometrika, 30, 179, 10.1007/BF02289447 · DOI · Paper page
  13. Hubbard, 1987, An empirical comparison of alternative methods for principal component extraction, Journal of Business Research, 15, 173, 10.1016/0148-2963(84)90047-X · DOI
  14. Juster, 1996, Social phobia and perfectionism, Personality and Individual Differences, 21, 403, 10.1016/0191-8869(96)00075-X · DOI · Paper page
  15. Kammer, 1983, Eine Untersuchung der psychometrischen Eigenschaften des deutschen Beck-Depressionsinventars (BDI), Diagnostica, 29, 48
  16. Lautenschlager, 1989, Parallel analysis criteria: Revised equations for estimating the latent roots of random data correlation matrices, Educational and Psychological Measurement, 49, 339, 10.1177/0013164489492006 · DOI
  17. Pacht, 1984, Reflections on perfectionism, American Psychologist, 39, 386, 10.1037/0003-066X.39.4.386 · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.39.4.386 · Paper page
  18. Parker, 1989, The Parental Bonding Instrument: Psychometric properties reviewed, Psychiatric Developments, 4, 317
  19. Parker, 1995, A psychometric examination of the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 17, 323, 10.1007/BF02229054 · DOI
  20. Rhéaume, 1995, Perfectionism, responsibility and obsessive-compulsive symptoms, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 785, 10.1016/0005-7967(95)00017-R · DOI
  21. Schönemann, 1966, A generalized solution of the orthogonal Procrustes problem, Psychometrika, 31, 1, 10.1007/BF02289451 · DOI · Paper page
  22. Stöber, 1995, Besorgnis: Ein Vergleich dreier Inventare zur Erfassung allgemeiner Sorgen, Zeitschrift für Differentielle und Diagnostische Psychologie, 16, 50
  23. Tallis, 1991, Elevated evidence requirements and worry, Personality and Individual Differences, 12, 21, 10.1016/0191-8869(91)90128-X · DOI
  24. Terry-Short, 1995, Positive and negative perfectionism, Personality and Individual Differences, 18, 663, 10.1016/0191-8869(94)00192-U · DOI · Paper page
  25. Zwick, 1986, Comparison of five rules for determining the number of components to retain, Psychological Bulletin, 99, 412, 10.1037/0033-2909.99.3.432 · DOI · Paper page

Cited by

See all 302

Metadata

Authors
Stöber, J.
Venue
Personality and Individual Differences
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
1998-04
Volume
24
Issue
4
Pages
481-491
ISSN
0191-8869 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/s0191-8869(97)00207-9
OpenAlex
W2137815850
Cited by
302
References
11
FWCI
4.46
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
green
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale revisited: More perfect with four (instead of six) dimensions. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1016/s0191-8869(97)00207-9
The paper
Stöber, J. (1998). The Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale revisited: More perfect with four (instead of six) dimensions. Personality and Individual Differences. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0191-8869(97)00207-9

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.