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Cited by 163Poisoning and overdose treatmentsForensic Toxicology and Drug AnalysisSubstance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes

Acute phencyclidine intoxication: incidence of clinical findings in 1,000 cases

McCarron, Margaret M., Schulze, Bernd W., Thompson, Gregory A., Conder, Meta C., Goetz, Walter A.·1981·Annals of Emergency Medicine
DOI 10.1016/s0196-0644(81)80047-9
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Abstract

In 1,000 cases of phencyclidine (PCP) intoxication evaluated at the time of first examination in an emergency department, the incidence of "typical" findings was found to be lower than has been reported previously. Nystagmus and hypertension occurred in only 57% of our cases; some patients had only one of these findings and many had neither. The incidence of violence was 35%; bizarre behavior, 29%; and agitation, 34%. Changes in sensorium consisted of coma, lethargy/stupor, and acute brain syndrome; however, 46% of patients were alert and oriented. Motor signs included grand mal seizures, generalized rigidity, localized dystonias, catalepsy, and athetosis. Profuse diaphoresis, hypersalivation, bronchospasm, and urinary retention occurred in less than 5%. A small percentage had severe disturbances in vital signs, including three cases (0.3%) of cardiac arrest and 28 cases (2.8%) of apnea. Hypoglycemia and elevated serum CPK, uric acid, and SGOT/SPGT were common. Urine PCP levels did not correlate with the severity of the clinical findings.

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  • NMDA-receptor antagonists such as MK801, ketamine, and phencyclidine cause symptoms similar to anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis, including psychotic behaviour, signs of involvement of dopaminergic pathways, and autonomic dysfunction.

    “Consistent with this antibody-induced decrease in the numbers of NMDA receptors, several NMDA-receptor antagonists such as MK801, ketamine, and phencyclidine cause symptoms similar to anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis, including psychotic behaviour,21,22 signs of involvement of dopaminergic pathways (rigidity, dystonia, orofacial movements, tremor)22–25 and autonomic dysfunction (cardiac dysrhythmia”

    From Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies (2008) · cites this paper as [22]

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Authors
McCarron, M. M., Schulze, B. W., Thompson, G. A., Conder, M. C., & Goetz, W. A.
Affiliations
  • University of Southern California (US)
  • United States Department of Health and Human Services (US)
Corresponding author
McCarron, Margaret M.
ORCID
Venue
Annals of Emergency Medicine
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
1981-05
Volume
10
Issue
5
Pages
237-242
ISSN
0196-0644 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/s0196-0644(81)80047-9
OpenAlex
W1973124426
Cited by
163
References
35
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 4
FWCI
12.00
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Annals of Emergency Medicine (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Emergency Medicine › Poisoning and overdose treatments
  • Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Keywords
PCP, nystagmus, hypertension, violence, agitation, coma, seizures, dystonia, catalepsy, diaphoresis, apnea, cardiac arrest, hypoglycemia, serum creatine kinase, uric acid
MeSH terms
Acute Disease, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, California, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Phencyclidine Abuse, Substance-Related Disorders

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