The file: agency, authority, and autography in an Islamabad bureaucracy
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Like other bureaucratic objects, the pink card has an indissoluble, brutal materiality.
“Like other bureaucratic objects (Bubant 2009; Hull 2003; Riles 2007; Veesman 2008), the pink card has an indissoluble, brutal materiality.”
From The Governance of Things: Documenting Limbo in the Greek Asylum Procedure (2012) · cites this paper as Hull 2003
Cites
Introduction: commodities and the politics of value
Appadurai, A. (1986) · The Social Life of Things · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511819582.003 · Cited by 4,001 · cited 4× · see citing works
“As Mauss was among the first to observe, the significance of many artifacts from Persian carpets (Spooner, 1986) to Massim kula shells (Munn, 1983) are deeply embedded in their histories: how they were made, who has acquired them and how, how they have been used, and so forth (Appadurai, 1986).”
BackgroundInfluentialGenre, Intertextuality, and Social Power
Briggs, C. L., & Bauman, R. (1992) · Journal of Linguistic Anthropology · doi:10.1525/jlin.1992.2.2.131 · Cited by 1,167 · see citing works
Literacy, Emotion and Authority: Reading and Writing on a Polynesian Atoll
Besnier, N. (1995) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511519864 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Pressure: the politechnics of water supply in Mumbai.
Anand, N. (2011) · Cultural Anthropology · doi:10.1111/j.1548-1360.2011.01111.x · Cited by 588 · see citing works
“Hansen and Verkaaik have directed our attention to charismatic figures like councilors and plumbers, urban specialists who “by virtue of their reputation, skills and imputed connections provide services, connectivity and knowledge to ordinary dwellers in slums and popular neighborhoods” (Hansen and…”
BackgroundHull, M. (2012) · Annual Review of Anthropology · doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.012809.104953 · Cited by 521 · see citing works
“But documents themselves can provoke anxieties in bureaucrats required to write on controversial matters (Hull 2003) or when the limits of their categories become apparent to them (Stoler 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationAccountability and the Promise of Performance: In Search of the Mechanisms
Dubnick, M. J. (2014) · University of New Hampshire Scholars Repository (University of New Hampshire at Manchester) · doi:10.1080/15309576.2005.11051839 · Cited by 388 · see citing works
“Their form, the language, and conventions of presentation they used, the categories of data they applied—all provide insight into the kind of account giving required of those who administered the government of the time (Hull, 2003; Stoler, 2002).”
Jillson, C. (1958) · Information · doi:10.4135/9781446214817.n2 · Cited by 433
Assembling Partial Perspectives: Thoughts on the Anthropology of Bureaucracy
Hoag, C. (2011) · PoLAR Political and Legal Anthropology Review · doi:10.1111/j.1555-2934.2011.01140.x · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Language and Materiality in Global Capitalism
Shankar, S., & Cavanaugh, J. R. (2012) · Annual Review of Anthropology · doi:10.1146/annurev-anthro-092611-145811 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Documenting Accountability: Environmental Impact Assessment in a Peruvian Mining Project
Li, F. (2009) · doi:10.1111/j.1555-2934.2009.01042.x · Cited by 153
A Sea of Debt: Law and Economic Life in the Western Indian Ocean, 1780–1950
Bishara, F. (2017) · doi:10.1017/9781316659083 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Cody, F. (2009) · Cultural Anthropology · doi:10.1111/j.1548-1360.2009.01035.x · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Ruled by records: The expropriation of land and the misappropriation of lists in Islamabad
Hull, M. (2008) · American Ethnologist · doi:10.1111/j.1548-1425.2008.00095.x · Cited by 131 · see citing works
“Most CDA genres are anchored in the human, spatiotemporal, and artifactual orders of the CDA by elaborate use of signatures, dates, stamps, and interartifactual references (Hull 2003).”
InfluentialSelf-citationThe Governance of Things: Documenting Limbo in the Greek Asylum Procedure
Cabot, H. (2012) · PoLAR: Political and Legal Anthropology Review · doi:10.1111/j.1555-2934.2012.01177.x · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Pages as Stages: A Performance Approach to Visitor Books
Noy, C. (2008) · doi:10.1016/j.annals.2008.02.005 · Cited by 90
“These aspects have been explored in studies of semiotics and document analysis (Blommaert 2004; Hull 2003; Silverstein and Urban 1996; Stewart 1991, 1993), as well as in multi-modal literacy studies (Kress 2003; Kress and van Leeuwen 2006; van Leeuwen and Jewitt 2001).”
BackgroundPaperwork: The State of the Discipline
Kafka, B. (2009) · doi:10.1353/bh.0.0024 · Cited by 87
Disappearing, Inc.: Glimpsing the sublime in the politics of access to endangered languages
Moore, R. (2006) · Language & Communication · doi:10.1016/j.langcom.2006.02.009 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“…neither from a perspective that sees ‘literacy’ as a cultureindependent ‘technology’, nor from an interest in the form of writing systems per se, but rather to understand how written documents can play active roles in the emergence of social relationships (cf. Warner, 1990; cf. Hull, 2003).”
BackgroundHoag, C. (2010) · PoLAR Political and Legal Anthropology Review · doi:10.1111/j.1555-2934.2010.01090.x · Cited by 113 · see citing works
THE DRONIFICATION OF STATE VIOLENCE
Shaw, I., & Akhter, M. (2014) · doi:10.1080/14672715.2014.898452 · Cited by 73
Governing Gaza: bureaucracy, authority, and the work of rule, 1917-1967
Feldman, I. (2009) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.46-5790 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Nakassis, C. (2013) · HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory · doi:10.14318/hau3.3.022 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Peasants under Siege: The Collectivization of Romanian Agriculture, 1949-1962
Kligman, G., & Verdery, K. (2011) · doi:10.1515/9781400840434 · Cited by 61
Thomson, M. (2012) · doi:10.1111/j.1555-2934.2012.01198.x · Cited by 58
Sharma, A. (2013) · PoLAR Political and Legal Anthropology Review · doi:10.1111/plar.12031 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“Official files, signatures, letterheads, and seals are routine objects that actualize state authority and rule in people’s lives (Das 2004; Gupta 2008; Hull 2003; Messick 1993; Riles 2006; Tarlo 2003).”
BackgroundInfluentialTransparency and mistrust: Who or what should be made transparent?
Roelofs, P. (2019) · Governance. An International Journal of Policy, Administration and Institutions · doi:10.1111/gove.12402 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“However, rather than clarity or fuzziness being a quality of the information itself, it depends on who is reading it and how (Hull, 2003, pp. 288–289).”
Backgroundvan Oorschot, I. (2014) · Symbolic Interaction · doi:10.1002/symb.126 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Corpus-Assisted Discourse Studies
Ancarno, C. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108348195.009 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Documentary disorders: Managing medical multiplicity in Maputo, Mozambique
McKay, R. (2012) · American Ethnologist · doi:10.1111/j.1548-1425.2012.01380.x · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Damonte, G. (2018) · doi:10.1111/dech.12414 · Cited by 42
Anthropology and the New Technologies of Communication
Axel, B. (2006) · Cultural Anthropology · doi:10.1525/can.2006.21.3.354 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Ordering dependence: Care, disorder, and kinship ideology in North Indian antiviolence counseling
Kowalski, J. (2016) · American Ethnologist · doi:10.1111/amet.12263 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Beyond risk: Emplacement and the production of environmental evidence
Reno, J. (2011) · American Ethnologist · doi:10.1111/j.1548-1425.2011.01320.x · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“As Hull (2003) argues , a " graphic ideology " motivates how such records are read and engaged with.”
BackgroundPaperwork and the contradictions of accountability in a South African hospital
Hull, E. (2012) · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9655.2012.01779.x · Cited by 36
Carswell, G., & Neve, G. D. (2020) · Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute · doi:10.1111/1467-9655.13311 · Cited by 35
“…and files that circulate within bureaucracies (such as the British Foreign Office, the Islamabad bureaucracy, or the Indian state: Dittmer 2016; Hull 2003; 2012; Mathur 2012; 2016), other research focuses on documents held by individuals and examines how they mediate individuals’ relationships…”
BackgroundCody, F. (2009) · Journal of Linguistic Anthropology · doi:10.1111/j.1548-1395.2009.01035.x · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Documenting subjects: Performativity and audit culture in food production in northern Italy
Cavanaugh, J. R. (2016) · doi:10.1111/amet.12384 · Cited by 32
Ferreira, L. C. D. M. (2013) · doi:10.1590/s0104-93132013000100002 · Cited by 31
Ethnographies of Public Services in Africa: An Emerging Research Paradigm
Bierschenk, T., & de Sardan, J. O. (2014) · doi:10.1163/9789004264960_003 · Cited by 30
“6 However, some interesting recent work in the anthropology of Southern organizations and bureaucracies exists, e.g. Fuller and Bénéï (2000), Fuller and Harris (2000), Hull (2003), Nuijten (2003), Eckert (2004, 2011); for an older study, see Conkling (1984).”
BackgroundPetitioning a giant: Debt, reciprocity, and mortgage modification in the Sacramento Valley
Stout, N. M. (2016) · American Ethnologist · doi:10.1111/amet.12270 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Rite of passing: Bureaucratic encounters, dramaturgy, and Jewish conversion in Israel
Kravel-Tovi, M. (2012) · doi:10.1111/j.1548-1425.2012.01370.x · Cited by 28
“…(Herzfeld 1992), the “thought-work” underpinning the engagement of local bureaucrats with state systems of categorization (Heyman 1995), and the material production of authority (Feldman 2008; Hull 2003)—all of which are integral to understanding bureaucracy—have been productively theorized.”
BackgroundPaper, Power, and Procedure: Reflections on Amazonian Appropriations of Bureaucracy and Documents
Allard, O., & Walker, H. (2016) · The Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology · doi:10.1111/jlca.12237 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“As textual artifacts, the formal and material dimensions of documents are intrinsic to their performative power: in the bureaucratic world, writing may be tantamount to acting; how one writes may determine the outcome and felicity of actions (Fraenkel 2008; Hull 2003)3.”
BackgroundCritical Histories of Museum Catalogues
Turner, H. (2016) · doi:10.1111/muan.12118 · Cited by 27
Paillalef, R. I. R., & Mallon, F. E. (2002) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9780822384212-004 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Yang, J. (2011) · Anthropological Quarterly · doi:10.1353/anq.2011.0023 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Democratic Technologies of Speech: From WWII America to
Hull, M., & Delhi, P. (2010) · Journal of Linguistic Anthropology · doi:10.1111/j.1548-1395.2010.01069.x · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“These reports and the monthly summaries of them are extraordinary documents within the Indian bureaucracy, where bureaucratic prose, particularly when describing the writer’s activities, is usually passive voice and matter-of-fact with almost no expression of emotion (Hull 2003).”
BackgroundSelf-citationWriting Ideology: Hybrid Symbols in a Commemorative Visitor Book in Israel
Noy, C. (2008) · doi:10.1111/j.1548-1395.2008.00004.x · Cited by 25
The Cambridge Handbook of Discourse Studies
Jaworska, S. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108348195 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
van Oorschot, I. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108859981 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Temporality, stance ownership, and the constitution of subjectivity
Thompson, G. (2016) · doi:10.1016/j.langcom.2015.10.010 · Cited by 22
A brief prehistory of China’s social credit system
Jiang, M. (2020) · Communication and the Public · doi:10.1177/2057047320959856 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“The files and archives are “not merely instruments of social agents but active in the creation and maintenance of those agents” (Hull, 2003, p. 290).”
BackgroundCorruption and Adherence to Rules in the Construction Sector: Reading the “Bidding Books”
Tidey, S. (2013) · doi:10.1111/aman.12003 · Cited by 21
Feldman, I. (2007) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9780822389132 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Blommaert, J., Smits, L., & Yacoubi, N. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108348195.004 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Ahmed, F., Malik, N., Bashir, S., Noureen, N., Ahmad, J. B., & Tang, K. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16162642 · Cited by 19
“Power dynamics con-trol development and poverty alleviation programs [62,63].”
BackgroundGutkowski, N. (2018) · International Journal Middle East Studies · doi:10.1017/s002074381800079x · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Handman, C. (2017) · American Ethnologist · doi:10.1111/amet.12481 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Liu, H.-X., Fan, Y.-C., Hang, Z.-Y., Yang, J.-L., Feng, C., Su, Y., & Weng, G. J. (2024) · Journal of Building Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2024.108859 · Cited by 18
Translanguaging and Momentarity in Social Interaction
Lee, T. K., & Wei, L. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108348195.019 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Immigration and Refugee Law in Russia
Kubal, A. (2019) · Immigration and Refugee Law in Russia · doi:10.1017/9781108283656 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Writing the smile: Language ideologies in, and through, sign language scripts
Hoffmann‐Dilloway, E. (2011) · Language & Communication · doi:10.1016/j.langcom.2011.05.008 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Hefty Dictionaries in Incomprehensible Tongues: Commensurating Code and Language Community in Turkey
Jamison, K. (2016) · Anthropological Quarterly · doi:10.1353/anq.2016.0013 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Drybread, K. (2016) · doi:10.1111/amet.12335 · Cited by 16
Allard, O. (2012) · HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory · doi:10.14318/hau2.2.013 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Thomson, M. (2018) · Anthropologica · doi:10.3138/anth.60.1.t21 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Documents from UNHCR implementing partners allow resettlement officials to ‘‘diffuse their individual agency’’ in making decisions about refugee cases (Hull 2003).”
BackgroundPrentice, M. M. (2019) · American Anthropologist · doi:10.1111/aman.13209 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Taku River Tlingit Genres of Place as Performatives of Stewardship
Schreyer, C. (2016) · Journal of Linguistic Anthropology · doi:10.1111/jola.12109 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Larsen, L. B. (2015) · doi:10.1016/j.cpa.2015.04.003 · Cited by 13
Ethnographic document analysis: A guide to dwelling with documents
Trundle, C., & Phillips, T. (2025) · Qualitative Research · doi:10.1177/14687941251359069 · Cited by 12
“Documents also provide the means by which modern systems of accountability, governance, and liability are made or challenged (Shore and Wright, 2015; Strathern, 2000) and shape how responsibility and agency is distributed and shared (Hull, 2003 and 2012b; Lowenkron and Ferreira, 2014).”
Community‐level bureaucrats conserving the Peruvian Amazon
Isla, V. B. (2021) · Public Administration and Development · doi:10.1002/pad.1958 · Cited by 12
Meeting, Talk and Text: Policy and Politics in Practice
Freeman, R. (2019) · Policy and politics (Print) · doi:10.1332/030557319x15526370368821 · Cited by 12
Receipts and Other Forms of Islamic Charity: Accounting for piety in modern North India
Taylor, C. B. (2018) · Modern Asian Studies · doi:10.1017/s0026749x17000221 · Cited by 12
“The serial numbering is a crucial aspect, as British officers notoriously distrusted the plethora of native clerks, and the pagination would reveal if sheets had been removed for forgery (Hull 2003: 293, 299).”
BackgroundOpening a Path with Papers: Yanomami Health Agents and Their Use of Medical Documents
Martín, J. (2016) · The Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology · doi:10.1111/jlca.12235 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The Accountability-Performance Link
Joaquin, M., & Greitens, T. J. (2011) · Public Performance & Management Review · doi:10.2753/pmr1530-9576340301 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“…attempts to reconcile their decreasing autonomy with increasing expectations of efficiency. how A-76 implementation was assessed also suggests more about the structure and operation of government and the principals than about how the agencies were held accountable (see hull, 2003; Stoler, 2002).”
BackgroundMethodDiscourse and the Linguistic Landscape
Seargeant, P., & Γιαξόγλου, Κ. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108348195.015 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Affective bureaucratic relations: File practices in a European deportation unit and criminal court
Wissink, L. M., & van Oorschot, I. (2020) · doi:10.1177/2399654420977475 · Cited by 11
“Hull (2003, 2012) addresses the way casefiles in Pakistani state bureaucracy allow for the translation of individual agency into state agency.”
BackgroundMetaphor, Metonymy and Framing in Discourse
Demjén, Z., & Semino, E. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108348195.011 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The “Paper Case”: Evidence and Narrative of a Terrorism Trial in Delhi
Suresh, M. (2018) · Law & society review · doi:10.1111/lasr.12378 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“As Hull (2003) points out, a file is a “chronicle of its own production” and “signs of its own history are continuously and deliberately inscribed upon the artifact itself” (296).6 Thus a file contains (at least) two narratives: its own history and that of objects and people referred to outside of…”
BackgroundInfrastructures of legitimacy: The political lives of marriage contracts in Jordan
Hughes, G. F. (2015) · American Ethnologist · doi:10.1111/amet.12130 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Seeing with Paper: Government Documents and Material Participation
Finn, M., Srinivasan, J., & Veeraraghavan, R. (2014) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences · doi:10.1109/hicss.2014.195 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Documents were pivotal because British officers, frequently transferred between locations, found themselves “helplessly dependent” on native officers, yet distrustful of them [24].”
BackgroundThe Duplicity of Paper: Counterfeit, Discretion, and Bureaucratic Authority in Early Colonial Madras
Raman, B. (2012) · Comparative Studies in Society and History · doi:10.1017/s0010417512000023 · Cited by 11
(2020) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478012511-101
Bureaucratic Indecision and Risk Aversion in India
P, S., Sinha, N., Varghese, A., Durani, A., & Patel, A. V. (2021) · Indian Public Policy Review · doi:10.55763/ippr.2021.02.06.004 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Fluctuating formality: homeownership, inheritance, and the official economy in urban South Africa *
Bolt, M. (2021) · Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute · doi:10.1111/1467-9655.13615 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Discourse, Emotions and Embodiment
Busch, B. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108348195.016 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
A symbiosis of civil service and politics in transfers: The case of Pakistan's management cadres
Cyan, M., & Pasha, O. (2017) · doi:10.1111/padm.12355 · Cited by 10
The meaning of life: Regimes of textuality and memory in Japanese personal historiography
Nozawa, S. (2007) · doi:10.1016/j.langcom.2006.10.002 · Cited by 10
Knowlton, T. W. (2015) · doi:10.1111/jola.12100 · Cited by 9
The man behind the curtain: theatrics of the state in Algeria
Goodman, J. E. (2013) · doi:10.1080/13629387.2013.849893 · Cited by 9
“On the construction of state authority through bureaucratic documents, see Hull (2003, 2008) and Riles (2006).”
BackgroundContinuous Perfectibility: Pueblo Propriety and the Consequences of Literacy
Debenport, E. (2012) · Journal of Linguistic Anthropology · doi:10.1111/jola.12001 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Of Cops and “Karens”: Language and the Bureaucratic Arm of Policing
Feliciano‐Santos, S. (2021) · Journal of Linguistic Anthropology · doi:10.1111/jola.12322 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Managing Intertextuality: Display and Discipline across Documents at a Korean Firm
Prentice, M. M. (2015) · Signs and Society · doi:10.1086/679356 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
THE MODERNITY OF MANUAL REPRODUCTION: Soviet Propaganda and the Creative Life of Ideology
Luehrmann, S. (2011) · doi:10.1111/j.1548-1360.2011.01103.x · Cited by 8
Ambiguous Transparency: Resumé Fetishism in a Slovak Workshop
Larson, J. L. (2008) · Ethnos · doi:10.1080/00141840802180363 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“a file) in which it circulated (see Hull 2003 :296).”
BackgroundRethinking Narrative: Tellers, Tales and Identities in Contemporary Worlds
Fina, A. D., & Georgakopoulou, A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108348195.006 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Into and Out of Citizenship, through Personal Tax Payments
Vicol, D.-O. (2020) · Social Analysis: Journal of Cultural and Social Practice · doi:10.3167/sa.2020.640206 · Cited by 7
Performing as a professional: shaping migrant integration policy in adverse times
Swinkels, M., & van Meijl, T. (2020) · doi:10.1080/14759551.2018.1475480 · Cited by 7
“In general, policy officials are charged with aligning different interests and actors to arrive at a collectively shared policy outcome (Hull 2003; Maybin 2014).”
BackgroundThe Road of Progress: Individualisation and Interaction Agency in Southeast Angola
Baptista, J. A. (2016) · Ethnos · doi:10.1080/00141844.2016.1150312 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Moreover, the preponderance of such discourses in Angola, in particular, linking the national collective with roads, suggests that the study of social and material progress must attend not only to communicative practices but also to the social life of things (Appadurai 1986; Matthew 2003: 293).”
BackgroundThe Narrative of Ann Pratt: Life-Writing, Genre and Bureaucracy in a Postemancipation Scandal
Fryar, C. D. (2018) · History Workshop Journal · doi:10.1093/hwj/dby001 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Codes of Contention: Building Regulations in Colonial Bombay, 1870-1912
Issar, S. (2017) · doi:10.1111/johs.12113 · Cited by 7
Feeling the rules: Documentary practices of rationing and the ‘signature’ of the official
Sriraman, T. (2013) · Contributions to Indian Sociology · doi:10.1177/0069966713496265 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“The ethical beliefs and the anxieties of bureaucrats (Hull 2003) inflected institutional and structural factors, such as the legal norms, the planning process, inflation, bureaucratic rationality, political representation, etc.”
Background
- Authors
- Hull, M. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hull, Matthew S.
- ORCID
- Hull, Matthew S.
- Venue
- Language & Communication
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2003-07
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 3-4
- Pages
- 287-314
- ISSN
- 0271-5309 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2065474537
- Cited by
- 382
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 55 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 23.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Language & Communication (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Literature and Literary Theory › Semiotics and Representation Studies
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Public Administration and Governance
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › Language, Discourse, Communication Strategies
- Keywords
- bureaucratic authority, bureaucratic institutions, autography, materiality of documents, semiotics, collectivization
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review