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Comparative effects of short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy in depression
Abstract
Unlabelled This article reviews the efficacy of short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy (STPP) in depression compared to cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) or behavioral therapy (BT). In this review, only studies in which at least 13 therapy sessions were performed have been included, and a sufficient number of patients per group were treated (N > or = 20). With regard to outcome criteria, the results were reviewed for improvements in depressive symptoms, general psychiatric symptoms, and social functioning. Six studies met the inclusion criteria.Results In 58 of the 60 comparisons (97%) performed in the six studies and their follow-ups, no significant difference could be detected between STPP and CBT/BT concerning the effects in depressive symptoms, general psychiatric symptomatology, and social functioning. Furthermore, STPP and CBT/BT did not differ significantly with regard to the patients that were judged as remitted or improved. According to a meta-analytic procedure described by R. Rosenthal (1991) the studies do not differ significantly with regard to the patients that were judged as remitted or improved after treatment with STPP or CBT/BT. The mean difference between STPP and CBT/BT concerning the number of patients that were judged as remitted or improved corresponds to a small effect size (post-assessment: phi = 0.08, follow-up assessment: phi = 0.12). Thus, STPP and CBT/BT seem to be equally effective methods in the treatment of depression. However, because of the small number of studies which met the inclusion criteria, this result can only be preliminary. Furthermore, it applies only to the specific forms of STPP that were examined in the selected studies and cannot be generalized to other forms of STPP. Further studies are needed to examine the effects of specific forms of STPP in both controlled and naturalistic settings. Furthermore, there are findings indicating that 16-20 sessions of both STPP and CBT/BT are insufficient for most patients to achieve lasting remission. Future studies should address the effects of longer treatments of depression.
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“For STPP of depression remission rates between 45% and 70% at post-therapy assessment were published [26], while remission rates in primary-care settings (comparable to TAU) ranged between 20% and about 50% (6 months) [27-29].”
From Efficacy of psychodynamic short-term psychotherapy for depressed breast cancer patients: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial (2012) · cites this paper as [26]
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“…2008; Norton & Price, 2007), interpersonal psychotherapy for depression (Cuijpers, van Straten, Andersson, & Van Oppen, 2008), short-term psychodynamic therapy (Leichsenring, 2001; Shedler, 2010), and family therapy for conduct and eating disorder problems (Carr, 2009; Cottrell & Boston, 2002).”
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“A meta-analysis reported a response rate Frontiers in Human Neuroscience | www.frontiersin.org 5 April 2016 | Volume 10 | Article 161 between 57 and 87% in major depressive disorder (Leichsenring, 2001).”
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“Meta-analysis and mega-analysis findings support the efficacy of brief psychodynamic therapy for outpatient with depression [17-19].”
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“Leichsenring (2010) reviewed the effectiveness of long- and short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy.”
BackgroundInfluentialPsychodynamic Psychotherapy: A Review of Efficacy and Effectiveness Studies
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“In these studies, STPP and CBT proved to be equally effective with regard to depressive symptoms, general psychiatric symptoms and social functioning [51].”
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“…dynamic therapy to other approaches with adult clients have not found significant differences (Anderson & Lambert, 1995; Crits-Christoph, 1992), and a metaanalysis of six studies directly comparing CBT and dynamic therapy for depressed adults found no difference in outcomes (Leichsenring, 2001).”
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“…CBT (e.g., Tolin, 2010; Marcus et al. 2014), they have been criticised (Leichsenring & Rabung, 2010; Baardseth et al. 2013), and others found that it is as effective as alternative treatments (e.g. Leichsenring, 2001; Cuijpers et al. 2008, 2013a; Beltman et al. 2010; Driessen et al. 2013, 2015b).”
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“In an early nonexperimental comparison between STPT and CBT, Shapiro et al. (1994) found that CBT produced slightly more improvement on an outcome measure, (BDI), compared to STPT. Participants were stratified for severity of depressive symptoms and placed into treatment conditions comprising either eight or 16 sessio…”
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“…& Klein 2014; Gerber et al. 2011; Driessen et al. 2010; Abbass & Driessen 2010; Shedler 2010; Connolly Gibbons et al. 2008; Fonagy et al. 2005; Leichsenring 2001), very few investigations to date have met the stringent criteria laid out by Chambless and Hollon (1998) that have become the gold…”
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“Approximately half of the patients suffering from a depressive disorder have been reported to recover when treated with brief cognitive psychotherapy (DeRubeis et al., 2005) or short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy (Leichsenring, 2001; Robinson, Berman, & Neimeyer, 1990).”
BackgroundResultThomson, L., Barker, M., Kaylor‐Hughes, C., Garland, A., Ramana, R., Morriss, R. K., Hammond, E. R., Hopkins, G., & Simpson, S. (2018) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1708-9 · Cited by 12
“Length of therapeutic intervention appears to be an important factor for longer-term remission from depression symptoms [15], and one trial has found that more than 16 sessions of either CBT or psychodynamic supportive therapy were needed to achieve remission [16].”
BackgroundDriessen, E., Van, H. L., Don, F. J., Peen, J., Kool, S., Westra, D., Hendriksen, M., Schoevers, R. A., Cuijpers, P. J., Twisk, J. W. R., et al. (2014) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.12.3.324 · Cited by 11
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“Dozens of well-designed studies and meta-analyses have shown that psychological interventions are effective in the treatment of depressive disorders in adults (Cuijpers et al., 2007; Churchill et al., 2001; Leichsenring, 2001; Gloaguen et al., 1998).”
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“Leichsenring, 2001 Low 6 RCTs 416 adult (most 30-40 yrs) outpatients with depression or depression and anxiety.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialControversies in Psychotherapy Research: Epistemic Differences in Assumptions about Human Psychology
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“Repeated meta-analyses have shown that treatments of depression based on different theoretical principles are often found equally effective (Barber et al., 2013; Barth et al., 2013; Cuijpers et al., 2008; Leichsenring, 2001).”
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“This is in keeping with existing literature that psychodynamic psychotherapy is effective in the treatment of depression (Leichsenring, 2001), anxiety (Svartberg, Seltzer, & Stiles, 1998), and personality disorders (Leichsenring & Leibing, 2003).”
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“Others also have shown robust changes in depression after brief psychodynamic psychotherapy (BPP; Anderson & Lambert, 1995; Leichsenring, 2001).”
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Watkins, C. (2012) · Psychoanalytic Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0025183 · Cited by 7
The Depression Conundrum and the Advantages of Uncertainty
Celie, J. E., Loeys, T., Desmet, M., & Verhaeghe, P. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00939 · Cited by 8
“The Therapeutic Mastery of Depression: ‘Everybody Has Won and All Must Have Prizes’ Scores of meta-analyses investigating the effectiveness of psychotherapeutic interventions for depression have been conducted over the past decades (Dobson, 1989; Leichsenring, 2001; Westen and Morrison, 2001; Cuijpers et al., 2007a,b,…”
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Coleman, D. K. (2005) · Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic · doi:10.1521/bumc.2005.69.3.206 · Cited by 9
Growing Evidence for Psychodynamic Therapy for Depression
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“The first meta-analysis (Leichsenring, 2001) included six studies comparing PT with CBT and found that both psychotherapies were equally effective in the treatment of depression, a result the author suggested should be regarded as preliminary, due to the small number of included studies.”
BackgroundResultMcCarthy, K. L., Mergenthaler, E., & Grenyer, B. F. S. (2013) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2013.826834 · Cited by 13
“This psychotherapy is a well-known, time-limited, relationship-oriented therapy and forms part of the evidence base for dynamic therapies (Leichsenring, 2001; Leichsenring, Rabung, & Leibing, 2004).”
BackgroundLeichsenring, F., & Leibing, E. (2005) · Cited by 8
Self-citationZajenkowska, A. M., Rajchert, J. M., Macianowicz, O., Holas, P., & Murawic, S. (2019) · International Journal of Group Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/00207284.2019.1653189 · Cited by 9
“This research indicated, however, that time-limited individual treatment is not sufficient to produce an improvement in a substantial number of patients, with observed response rates low in the CBT and PDT conditions (Driessen et al., 2013; Gibbons et al., 2016).”
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Influence of childhood trauma on depression in the INDDEP study
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“…confirming the efficacy of psychotherapy, both cognitive behavioral and psychodynamic, in the treatment of depressive disorders (Butler, Chapman, Forman, & Beck, 2006; Dekker et al., 2014; Driessen et al., 2010; Fonagy et al., 2015; Huber & Klug, 2016; Jakobsen et al., 2007; Leichsenring, 2001).”
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“Leichsenring (2001) conducted a meta-analysis of six RCTs using stringent selection criteria and found both STPP and CBT to be highly effective treatments for depression, with no differences in outcome between the two modalities.”
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Self-citationWhat Makes Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Work? A Review of Five Perspectives
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“Those who argue that all psychotherapies are equally effective are often called advocates for the “Dodo Bird Verdict,” “everyone has won, and all must have prizes” (Rosenzweig, 1936; Luborsky, Singer, and Lurborsky, 1975; Leichsenring, 2001; Luborsky et al., 2002, p. 2).”
BackgroundPatients Characteristics and Psychosocial Treatment in Psychodynamic and Cognitive Behavior Therapy
Muschalla, B., Linden, M., & Rose, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.664975 · Cited by 6
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“…different theoretical assumptions, studies have found minimal differences between CBT and psychodynamic-in-terpersonal therapies with regard to the reduction of depressive symptom following short-term treatment (Barber et al., 2013; Barth et al., 2013; Cuijpers et al., 2008; Leichsenring, 2001).”
InfluentialEcological studies and the big puzzle of falling suicide rates
Bramness, J. G., & Walby, F. A. (2009) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2008.01318.x · Cited by 6
“Psychotherapy is known to be beneficial in the treatment of depression (4).”
BackgroundThe Cognitive Behavioural Approach: CBT’s Big Brother
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Unipolare Depression – Pharmakotherapie und Psychotherapie (ICD-10 F3)
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“Course books in PDT were for example Binder (2004), McWilliams (2000) and Weiner (1998).”
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“Leichsenring 2001 .”
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“By allowing the patient to express Dhingra and Parle 69 thoughts and feelings freely in the sessions with the therapist the patient can become more objective and effect desired change (Leichsenring, 2001).”
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“…(STDP) has established itself as an effective treatment for psychological disorders (Leichsenring, Rabung, & Leibing, 2004), including “Axis I” disorders such as depression (Leichsenring, 2001), and certain personality disorders (Svartberg, Stiles, & Seltzer, 2004; Winston et al., 1991).”
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Andersson, G., & Cuijpers, P. (2009) · Nordic Psychology · doi:10.1027/1901-2276.61.2.4 · Cited by 6
“In the debate between schools of psychotherapy it is often psychodynamic therapy (Leichsenring, 2001) which is set against the cognitive and behavioural therapies (under the name of CBT).”
BackgroundIst psychodynamische Kurztherapie eine wirksame Behandlungsform bei psychischen Störungen?
Leibing, E., Rabung, S., & Leichsenring, F. (2005) · Forum der Psychoanalyse · doi:10.1007/s00451-005-0253-6 · Cited by 4
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“In an earlier review, Leichsenring et al (2004) had found a third study.”
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Leuzinger‐Bohleber, M., Kaufhold, J., Kallenbach, L., Negele, A., Ernst, M., Keller, W., Fiedler, M., Hautzinger, M., Bahrke, U., & Beutel, M. E. (2020) · L’Année psychanalytique internationale · doi:10.3917/lapsy.201.0149 · Cited by 2
Dewan, M. J., Steenbarger, B. N., Greenberg, R. P., & Antshel, K. M. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-42825-9_39-1 · Cited by 4
Du, R., Yang, Y., Wang, X., Lu, G., & Chen, J. (2024) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1478456 · Cited by 2
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Geburt, Tod und Wiedergeburt des Dodo-Vogels: Mythen der Psychotherapie und Psychotherapieforschung
Seidler, K.-P. (2006) · Psychotherapie Forum · doi:10.1007/s00729-006-0121-x · Cited by 2
Effectiveness of Long-term Psychodynamic
Leichsenring, F., & Rabung, S. (2008) · Cited by 2
Self-citationRitter, K., & Moore, T. M. (2012) · Clinical Case Studies · doi:10.1177/1534650112461172 · Cited by 2
Guven, E., & Gökçe, G. (2018) · Turkish Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5080/u22706 · Cited by 2
Depressive Störungen : Stellenwert psychotherapeutischer Verfahren
Berger, T., Brakemeier, E.-L., Klesse, C., & Schramm, E. (2009) · Der Nervenarzt · Cited by 2
Depressive Störungen: Major Depression und Dysthymie
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Gardner, J. R. (2016) · Journal of Psychotherapy Integration · doi:10.1037/int0000052 · Cited by 2
“Metaanalytic studies have found no statistically significant differences between the two modalities in clinical outcome (Stiles, Barkham, MellorClark, & Connell, 2008) or any difference with regard to symptom reduction from a short-term treatment model (Leichsenring, 2001).”
BackgroundExploring therapeutic action in psychoanalytic psychotherapy : Attachment to therapist and change
Lilliengren, P. (2014) · DiVA (Stockholm University) · Cited by 2
INTERNET-BASED TREATMENT FOR DEPRESSION AND PANIC DISORDER From Development to Deployment
Bergström, J. (2010) · Figshare · Cited by 2
Verbraak, M. J. P. M., Warner, R., de Roij, M., & Hoogduin, K. A. L. (2006) · Directieve therapie · doi:10.1007/bf03060413 · Cited by 2
Simmons, K. A. (2010) · Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) · Cited by 2
Leinonen, O. (2013) · Jyväskylä University Digital Archive (University of Jyväskylä) · Cited by 2
(2002) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370204700215 · Cited by 2
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Metadata
- Authors
- Leichsenring, F.
- Affiliations
- University of Göttingen (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Leichsenring, Falk
- ORCID
- Leichsenring, Falk
- Venue
- Clinical Psychology Review
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2001-04
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 401-419
- ISSN
- 0272-7358 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1713240235
- Cited by
- 281
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 23
- FWCI
- 6.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Clinical Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- GRO (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Keywords
- short-term dynamic psychotherapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, behavior therapy, depression, treatment efficacy, depressive symptoms, remission, social functioning, psychotherapy comparison
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychotherapy, Recurrence, Time Factors, Reproducibility of Results, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Treatment Outcome
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