Cited by 1,343Health disparities and outcomesPublic Health and Social InequalitiesIncome, Poverty, and Inequality

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 29 of the 31 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Measuring the magnitude of socio-economic inequalities in health: An overview of available measures illustrated with two examples from Europe

Mackenbach, Johan P, Kunst, Anton E·1997·Social Science & Medicine

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

In this paper we review the available summary measures for the magnitude of socio-economic inequalities in health. Measures which have been used differ in a number of important respects, including (1) the measurement of "relative" or "absolute" differences; (2) the measurement of an "effect" of lower socio-economic status, or of the "total impact" of socio-economic inequalities in health upon the health status of the population; (3) simple versus sophisticated measurement techniques. Based on this analysis of summary measures which have previously been applied, eight different classes of summary measures can be distinguished. Because measures of "total impact" can be further subdivided on the basis of their underlying assumptions, we finally arrive at 12 types of summary measure. Each of these has its merits, and choice of a particular type of summary measure will depend partly on technical considerations, partly on one's perspective on socio-economic inequalities in health. In practice, it will often be useful to compare the results of several summary measures. These principles are illustrated with two examples: one on trends in the magnitude of inequalities in mortality by occupational class in Finland, and one on trends in the magnitude of inequalities in self-reported morbidity by level of education in the Netherlands.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/s0277-9536(96)00073-1

Cites

29 of 29 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Socioeconomic status and health: how education, income, and occupation contribute to risk factors for cardiovascular disease.
Winkleby, M. A., Jatulis, D. E., Frank, E., & Fortmann, S. P. (1992) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.82.6.816 · Cited by 2,048
On the measurement of inequalities in health
Wagstaff, A., Paci, P., & van Doorslaer, E. (1991) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/0277-9536(91)90212-u · Cited by 1,810
The Increasing Disparity in Mortality between Socioeconomic Groups in the United States, 1960 and 1986
Pappas, G., Queen, S., Hadden, W., & Fisher, G. (1993) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199307083290207 · Cited by 1,524
The concepts and principles of equity and health
Whitehead, M. M. (1991) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/6.3.217 · Cited by 887
Inequalities In Health
Davidson (1990) · Cited by 621
MORTALITY DECLINE AND WIDENING SOCIAL INEQUALITIES
Marmot, M. G., & Mcdowall, M. E. (1986) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(86)92085-4 · Cited by 556
The size of mortality differences associated with educational level in nine industrialized countries.
Kunst, A. E., & Mackenbach, J. P. (1994) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.84.6.932 · Cited by 449
Self-citation
Social Class Inequality in Mortality From 1921 to 1972 in England and Wales
Pamuk, E. R. (1985) · Population Studies · doi:10.1080/0032472031000141256 · Cited by 416
Health inequalities in European countries
Schepers, R. (1990) · Health Policy · doi:10.1016/0168-8510(90)90427-f · Cited by 331
The Black report
Leck, I. M. (1990) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.301.6752.608-c · Cited by 307

Show all 31 references

Research works printed but not linked: 2

1990, 31, 223
Wilkins, 1989, Changes in Mortality by Income in Urban Canada, Statistics Canada, Health Reports

Sorted by citations

Items 401–500 of 1,000

The Chilean infant mortality decline: improvement for whom? Socioeconomic and geographic inequalities in infant mortality, 1990-2005.
Hertel‐Fernandez, A., Giusti, A. E., & Sotelo, J. M. (2007) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.2471/blt.06.041848 · Cited by 44
Utility and limitations of measures of health inequities: a theoretical perspective
Alonge, O., & Peters, D. H. (2015) · Global Health Action · doi:10.3402/gha.v8.27591 · Cited by 43
Socioeconomic inequalities in 29 childhood diseases: evidence from a 1,500,000 children population retrospective study
Carrilero, N., Dalmau-Bueno, A., & García‐Altés, A. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-11230-9 · Cited by 43
Socioeconomic inequality in blood pressure and its determinants: cross-sectional data from Trinidad and Tobago
Gulliford, M. C., Mahabir, D., & Rocke, B. (2003) · Journal of Human Hypertension · doi:10.1038/sj.jhh.1001638 · Cited by 44
Socio-economic inequalities in Norwegian health care utilization over 3 decades: the HUNT Study
Vikum, E., Bjø‌rngaard, J. H., Westin, S., & Krokstad, S. (2013) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckt053 · Cited by 40
Cancer is overtaking cardiovascular disease as the main driver of socioeconomic inequalities in mortality: New Zealand (1981–99)
Fawcett, J., & Blakely, T. A. (2006) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2005.044016 · Cited by 41
Prevalence of educational inequalities in obesity between 1970 and 2003 in France
Singh‐Manoux, A., Gourmelen, J., Lajnef, M., Sabia, S., Sitta, R., Menvielle, G., Melchior, M., Nabi, H., Lanoë, J.-L., Guéguen, A., et al. (2009) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1467-789x.2009.00596.x · Cited by 42
Trends in social inequalities for premature coronary heart disease mortality in Great Britain, 1994–2008: a time trend ecological study
McCartney, D., Scarborough, P., Webster, P., & Rayner, M. (2012) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000737 · Cited by 42
An equity dashboard to monitor vaccination coverage
Arsenault, C., Harper, S. B., Nandi, A., Rodríguez, J. M. M., Hansen, P. M., & Johri, M. (2016) · Bulletin of the World Health Organization · doi:10.2471/blt.16.178079 · Cited by 42
Trends in Socioeconomic Inequalities in Norwegian Adolescents’ Mental Health From 2014 to 2018: A Repeated Cross-Sectional Study
Myhr, A., Anthun, K. S., Lillefjell, M., & Sund, E. R. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01472 · Cited by 43
Analyzing Differences in the Magnitude of Socioeconomic Inequalities in Self-Perceived Health by Countries of Different Political Tradition in Europe
Borrell, C., Espelt, A., Rodríguez‐Sanz, M., Burström, B., Muntaner, C., Pasarín, M. I., Benach, J., Marinacci, C., Roskam, A.-J. R., Schaap, M. M., et al. (2009) · International Journal of Health Services · doi:10.2190/hs.39.2.f · Cited by 42
Self-citation
Socioeconomic position across life and body composition in early old age: findings from a British birth cohort study
Bann, D., Cooper, R., Wills, A. K., Adams, J. E., Kuh, D. J., & on behalf of the NSHD scientific and data collection team (2014) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2013-203373 · Cited by 42
Examining Periodontal Disease Disparities among U.S. Adults 20 Years of Age and Older: NHANES III (1988–1994) and NHANES 1999–2004
Borrell, L. N., & Talih, M. (2012) · Public Health Reports · doi:10.1177/003335491212700505 · Cited by 42
Pure and Social Disparities in Distribution of Dentists: A Cross-Sectional Province-Based Study in Iran
Kiadaliri, A., Hosseinpour, R., Haghparast‐Bidgoli, H., & Gerdtham, U. (2013) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph10051882 · Cited by 41
A cross-sectional survey to assess the effect of socioeconomic status on the oral hygiene habits
Oberoi, S. S., Sharma, G., & Oberoi, A. (2016) · Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology · doi:10.4103/0972-124x.201629 · Cited by 41
Social inequalities in self-rated health: A comparative cross-national study among 32,560 Nordic adolescents
Torsheim, T., Nygren, J., Rasmussen, M., Arnarsson, Á. M., Bendtsen, P., Schnohr, C., Nielsen, L., & Nyholm, M. (2017) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/1403494817734733 · Cited by 41
Modifiable Factors Explain Socioeconomic Inequalities in Children’s Dental Caries
Peres, M. A., Ju, X., Mittinty, M., Spencer, A. J., & Do, L. (2019) · Journal of Dental Research · doi:10.1177/0022034519866628 · Cited by 41
Health Inequalities Among Minority Populations
Jackson, P. B. (2005) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/60.special_issue_2.s63 · Cited by 40
Impact of Selective Evidence Presentation on Judgments of Health Inequality Trends: An Experimental Study
Harper, S. B., King, N. B., & Young, M. E. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0063362 · Cited by 40
The impact of the Great Recession on mental health and its inequalities: the case of a Southern European region, 1997–2013
Amaia Bacigalupe, H., Esnaola, S., & Unai Martín, R. (2016) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-015-0283-7 · Cited by 40
Inclusion of equity in economic analyses of public health policies: systematic review and future directions
Lal, A., Moodie, M., Peeters, A., & Carter, R. (2017) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1111/1753-6405.12709 · Cited by 48
Educational inequalities in longevity in 18 OECD countries
Murtin, F., Mackenbach, J. P., Jasilionis, D., & d’Ercole, M. M. (2021) · Journal of Demographic Economics · doi:10.1017/dem.2021.22 · Cited by 43
Self-citation
Educational Inequalities in Acute Myocardial Infarction Incidence in Norway: A Nationwide Cohort Study
Igland, J., Vollset, S. E., Nygard, O. K., Sulo, G., Ebbing, M., & Tell, G. S. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0106898 · Cited by 41
Paths to literacy and numeracy problems: evidence from two British birth cohorts
Richards, M., Power, C., & Sacker, A. (2008) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2007.064923 · Cited by 39
Patterns of Disparity: Ethnic and Socio-economic Trends in Breast Cancer Mortality in New Zealand
Sarfati, D., Blakely, T. A., Shaw, C., Cormack, D. M., & Atkinson, J. (2006) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1007/s10552-005-0583-0 · Cited by 40
Do social and economic reforms change socioeconomic inequalities in child mortality? A case study: New Zealand 1981–1999
Shaw, C., Blakely, T., Atkinson, J., & Crampton, P. (2005) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2004.032466 · Cited by 40
Trends in infant mortality inequalities in the Americas: 1955–1995
Schneider, M. C., Castillo-Salgado, C., Loyola-Elizondo, E., Bacallao, J., Mújica, Ó. J., Vidaurre, M., & Alleyne, G. A. O. (2002) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.56.7.538 · Cited by 40
Educational expansion and inequalities in mortality—A fixed-effects analysis using longitudinal data from 18 European populations
Östergren, O., Lundberg, O., Artnik, B., Bopp, M., Borrell, C., Kalèdiené, R., Leinsalu, M., Martikainen, P., Regidor, E., Rodríguez‐Sanz, M., et al. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0182526 · Cited by 39
Self-citation
Best Practice Guidelines for Monitoring Socioeconomic Inequalities in Health Status: Lessons from Scotland
Frank, J. W., & Haw, S. J. (2011) · Milbank Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0009.2011.00646.x · Cited by 40
Occupational exposures contribute to educational inequalities in lung cancer incidence among men: Evidence from the EPIC prospective cohort study
Menvielle, G., Boshuizen, H. C., Kunst, A. E., Vineis, P., Dalton, S. O., Bergmann, M. M., Hermann, S., Veglia, F., Ferrari, P., Overvad, K., et al. (2009) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.24924 · Cited by 40
Self-citation
Income‐related inequality and inequity in the use of dental services in F inland after a major subsidization reform
Raittio, E. J., Kiiskinen, U., Helminen, S., Aromaa, A., & Suominen, A. L. (2015) · Community Dentistry And Oral Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/cdoe.12148 · Cited by 39
Epidemiology and (neo-)colonialism
Braveman, P. (2001) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.55.3.160 · Cited by 39
Trends in social inequalities in obesity: Belgium, 1997 to 2004
Charafeddine, R., Oyen, H. J. V., & Demarest, S. S. (2008) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.09.010 · Cited by 39
VIENNA INSTITUTE OF DEMOGRAPHY
Goujon, A., & Samir, K. C. (2006) · Cited by 39
Temporal trend in socioeconomic inequalities in the uptake of cancer screening programmes in France between 2005 and 2010: results from the Cancer Barometer surveys
Kelly, D., Estaquio, C., Léon, C., Arwidson, P., & Nabi, H. (2017) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016941 · Cited by 39
Inequalities in multimorbidity among elderly: a population-based study in a city in Southern Brazil
Costa, C. D. S., Flores, T. R., Wendt, A. T., Neves, R. G., Tomasi, E., César, J. A., Bertoldi, A. D., Ramires, V. V., & Nunes, B. P. (2018) · Cadernos de Saúde Pública · doi:10.1590/0102-311x00040718 · Cited by 39
Educational inequalities in obesity: a multilevel analysis of survey data from cities in Latin America
Mazariegos, M., Auchincloss, A. H., Braverman‐Bronstein, A., Kroker-Lobos, M. F., Ramírez‐Zea, M., Hessel, P., Miranda, J. J., & Ferrer, C. P. (2021) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980021002457 · Cited by 42
Les inégalités sociales de santé
Leclerc, A., & Chastang, J. (2000) · La Découverte eBooks · doi:10.3917/dec.fassi.2000.01.0109 · Cited by 39
Income inequality and periodontal diseases in rich countries: an ecological cross-sectional study
Sabbah, W., Sheiham, A., & Bernabé, E. (2010) · International Dental Journal · doi:10.1016/s0020-6539(20)34218-0 · Cited by 39
Measuring global health inequity
Reidpath, D. D., & Allotey, P. A. (2007) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/1475-9276-6-16 · Cited by 39
Inequality in fertility rate and modern contraceptive use among Ghanaian women from 1988–2008
Asamoah, B. O., Agardh, A., & Östergren, P.-O. (2013) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/1475-9276-12-37 · Cited by 39
Social ties and health in Europe: Individual associations, cross-national variations, and contextual explanations
Huijts, T. (2006) · Radboud Repository (Radboud University) · Cited by 39
The turn of the gradient? Educational differences in breast cancer mortality in 18 European populations during the 2000s
Gadeyne, S., Menvielle, G., Kulhánová, I., Bopp, M., Deboosere, P., Eikemo, T. A., Hoffmann, R., Kovács, K., Leinsalu, M., Martikainen, P., et al. (2017) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.30685 · Cited by 38
Self-citation
The emergence of health inequalities in early adulthood: evidence on timing and mechanisms from a West of Scotland cohort
Sweeting, H. N., Green, M. J., Benzeval, M., & West, P. (2015) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-015-2674-5 · Cited by 38
Trends in socioeconomic inequalities in self-rated health, smoking, and physical activity of Japanese adults from 2000 to 2010
Hanibuchi, T., Nakaya, T., & Honjo, K. (2016) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2016.09.002 · Cited by 38
Extending the PRISMA statement to equity-focused systematic reviews (PRISMA-E 2012): explanation and elaboration
Welch, V. A., Petticrew, M. P., Petkovic, J., Moher, D., Waters, E. B., White, H., Tugwell, P., & the PRISMA-Equity Bellagio group (2016) · Journal of Development Effectiveness · doi:10.1080/19439342.2015.1113196 · Cited by 40
A symmetrized Theil index measure of health disparities: An example using dental caries in U.S. children and adolescents
Borrell, L. N., & Talih, M. (2010) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.4114 · Cited by 37
Soziale Ungleichheit und chronische Rückenschmerzen bei Erwachsenen in Deutschland
Kuntz, B., Hoebel, J., Fuchs, J., Neuhauser, H., & Lampert, T. (2017) · Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz · doi:10.1007/s00103-017-2568-z · Cited by 37
Changes Over Time in Absolute and Relative Socioeconomic Differences in Smoking: A Comparison of Cohort Studies From Britain, Finland, and Japan
Lahelma, E. T., Pietiläinen, O. P. H., Ferrie, J. E., Mika Kivimaki, B., Lahti, J., Marmot, M. G., Rahkonen, O., Sekine, M., Shipley, M. J., Tatsuse, T., et al. (2016) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntw004 · Cited by 38
Longevity and Education: A Demographic Perspective
Jasilionis, D., & Школьников, В. М. (2015) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000438901 · Cited by 37
Tobacco Control and Socioeconomic Inequalities in Adolescent Smoking in Europe
Kuipers, M. A. G., Monshouwer, K., van Laar, M., & Kunst, A. E. (2015) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2015.04.032 · Cited by 37
Self-citation
Economic difficulties and physical functioning in Finnish and British employees: contribution of social and behavioural factors.
Laaksonen, E., Lallukka, T., Lahelma, E., Ferrie, J., Rahkonen, O., Head, J., Marmot, M., & Martikainen, P. (2011) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckq089 · Cited by 37
Is there a cannabis epidemic model? Evidence from France, Germany and USA
Legleye, S., Piontek, D., Pampel, F. C., Goffette, C., Khlat, M., & Kraus, L. (2014) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2014.07.002 · Cited by 37
Diverging trends in educational inequalities in cancer mortality between men and women in the 2000s in France
Menvielle, G., Rey, G., Jougla, É., & Luce, D. (2013) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-823 · Cited by 37
Achieving Universal Health Coverage: Learning from Chile, Japan, Malaysia and Sweden
Savedoff, W. D., & Smith, A. L. (2011) · Cited by 37
Food Poverty and Policy
Friel, S., & Conlon, C. (2004) · Lenus, The Irish Health Repository (Dr Steevens Hospital Library) · Cited by 37
Socio-economic inequalities in health among older adults in China
Shang, X. T., & Wei, Z. H. (2022) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2022.11.013 · Cited by 36
Educational inequalities in smoking over the life cycle: an analysis by cohort and gender
Bricard, D., Jusot, F., Beck, F., Khlat, M., & Legleye, S. (2015) · International Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s00038-015-0731-6 · Cited by 38
Mother’s education and offspring asthma risk in 10 European cohort studies
Lewis, K. M., Ruiz, M. A., Goldblatt, P., Morrison, J., Porta, D., Forastiere, F., Hryhorczuk, D. O., Звінчук, О., Saurel‐Cubizolles, M., Lioret, S., et al. (2017) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-017-0309-0 · Cited by 36
Breast cancer screening programme participation and socioeconomic deprivation in France
Deborde, T., Chatignoux, É., Quintin, C., Beltzer, N., Hamers, F. F., & Rogel, A. (2018) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.08.006 · Cited by 36
Health insurance and education: major contributors to oral health inequalities in Colombia
Guarnizo-Herreño, C. C., Watt, R. G., Orjuela, N. G., Suárez-Zúñiga, E., & Tsakos, G. (2019) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2018-212049 · Cited by 36
Inequalities in all-cause and cause-specific mortality across the life course by wealth and income in Sweden: a register-based cohort study
Katikireddi, S. V., Niedzwiedz, C. L., Dundas, R., Kondo, N., Leyland, A. H., & Rostila, M. (2020) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyaa053 · Cited by 34
Systematic review of the effectiveness of the health inequalities strategy in England between 1999 and 2010
Holdroyd, I., Vodden, A., Srinivasan, A., Kuhn, I. L., Bambra, C. L., & Ford, J. A. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-063137 · Cited by 41
Socioeconomic Position and Cardiovascular Disease in Adults with and Without Diabetes: United States Trends, 1997–2005
Dray‐Spira, R., Gary‐Webb, T. L., & Brancati, F. L. (2008) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-008-0727-5 · Cited by 36
Fatal injuries among urban children in South Africa: risk distribution and potential for reduction
Burrows, S., van Niekerk, A., & Laflamme, L. (2009) · Bulletin of the World Health Organization · doi:10.2471/blt.09.068486 · Cited by 36
Assessing the impact of natural policy experiments on socioeconomic inequalities in health: how to apply commonly used quantitative analytical methods?
Hu, Y., van Lenthe, F. J., Hoffmann, R., van Hedel, K., & Mackenbach, J. P. (2017) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/s12874-017-0317-5 · Cited by 35
Self-citation
Regimes of Inequality
Lynch, J. F. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781139051576 · Cited by 44
Access to primary healthcare Services in Conflict-Affected Fragile States: a subnational descriptive analysis of educational and wealth disparities in Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Mali, and Nigeria
Ramadan, M., Tappis, H., Uribe, M., & Brieger, W. R. (2021) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-021-01595-z · Cited by 24
Socioeconomic differences in health-care use and outcomes for stroke and ischaemic heart disease in China during 2009–16: a prospective cohort study of 0·5 million adults
Levy, M., Chen, Y., Clarke, R., Bennett, D., Tan, Y., Guo, Y., Bian, Z., Lv, J., Yu, C., Li, L., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Global Health · doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(20)30078-4 · Cited by 35
Social Gradient in Dental Caries among Adolescents in Sri Lanka
Perera, I. R., & Ekanayake, L. (2008) · Caries Research · doi:10.1159/000116874 · Cited by 35
Caractérisation et mesure de la situation sociale dans les études épidémiologiques
Ribet, C., Melchior, M., Lang, T., Zins, M., Goldberg, M., & Leclerc, A. (2007) · Revue d Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique · doi:10.1016/j.respe.2007.04.001 · Cited by 35
Trends in Educational Differentials in Suicide Mortality between 1993 - 2006 in Korea
Lee, W., Khang, Y., Noh, M., Ryu, J., Son, M., & Hong, Y. (2009) · Yonsei Medical Journal · doi:10.3349/ymj.2009.50.4.482 · Cited by 34
Increasing educational inequality in preterm birth in Québec, Canada, 1981–2006
Auger, N., Roncarolo, F., & Harper, S. B. (2010) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2009.102350 · Cited by 34
Comparison of physical, public and human assets as determinants of socioeconomic inequalities in contraceptive use in Colombia - moving beyond the household wealth index
González-Uribe, C., Houweling, T. A. J., Marmot, M. G., & Brunner, E. J. (2010) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/1475-9276-9-10 · Cited by 34
Inequalities in disability-free life expectancy by area deprivation: England, 2001–04 and 2005–08
Smith, M. P., Olatunde, O., & White, C. (2010) · Health Statistics Quarterly · doi:10.1057/hsq.2010.20 · Cited by 34
Assessing disparities in colorectal cancer mortality by socioeconomic status using new tools: health disparities calculator and socioeconomic quintiles
Breen, N., Lewis, D. R., Gibson, J. T., Yu, M., & Harper, S. B. (2017) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1007/s10552-016-0842-2 · Cited by 34
Socioeconomic factors and mortality in patients with atrial fibrillation—a cohort study in Swedish primary care
Wändell, P. E., Carlsson, A. C., Gašević, D., Holzmann, M. J., Ärnlöv, J., Sundquist, J., & Sundquist, K. (2018) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/cky075 · Cited by 34
Widening inequalities in multimorbidity? Time trends among the working population between 2005 and 2015 based on German health insurance data
Tetzlaff, J., Epping, J., Sperlich, S., Eberhard, S., Stahmeyer, J. T., & Geyer, S. (2018) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-018-0815-z · Cited by 33
Explaining oral health inequalities in European welfare state regimes: The role of health behaviours
Guarnizo-Herreño, C. C., Watt, R. G., Orjuela, N. G., & Tsakos, G. (2018) · Community Dentistry And Oral Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/cdoe.12420 · Cited by 34
Reliability and predictive validity of two scales of self-rated health in China: results from China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS)
Pan, Y., Pikhartova, J., Bobák, M., & Pikhart, H. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-14218-1 · Cited by 35
An assessment of socio-economic inequalities in health among elderly in Greece, Italy and Spain
Tsimbos, C. (2009) · Sozial- und Präventivmedizin · doi:10.1007/s00038-009-0083-1 · Cited by 34
Trends in the prevalence of obesity in employed adults in central-western France: A population-based study, 1995–2005
Czernichow, S., Vergnaud, A., Maillard-Teyssier, L., Péneau, S., Bertrais, S., Méjean, C., Vol, S., Tichet, J., & Herçberg, S. (2008) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.12.016 · Cited by 34
Education, aging, and health
Joung, I. M. A., Kunst, A. E., van Imhoff, E., & Mackenbach, J. P. (2000) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s0895-4356(99)00232-2 · Cited by 34
Self-citation
Socioeconomic inequalities in sport participation: pattern per sport and time trends – a repeated cross-sectional study
Richard, V., Piumatti, G., Pullen, N., Lorthe, E., Guessous, I., Cantoreggi, N., & Stringhini, S. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-15650-7 · Cited by 33
Educational inequalities in mortality in northern, mid and southern Italy and the contribution of smoking
Federico, B., Mackenbach, J. P., Eikemo, T. A., Sebastiani, G., Marinacci, C., Costa, G., & Kunst, A. E. (2013) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2012-201716 · Cited by 33
Self-citation
Sozioökonomische Unterschiede in der körperlich-sportlichen Aktivität von Erwerbstätigen im mittleren Lebensalter
Hoebel, J., Finger, J. D., Kuntz, B., & Lampert, T. (2015) · Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz · doi:10.1007/s00103-015-2278-3 · Cited by 33
Educational inequalities in late-life depression across Europe: results from the generations and gender survey
Hansen, T., Slagsvold, B., & Veenstra, M. (2017) · European Journal of Ageing · doi:10.1007/s10433-017-0421-8 · Cited by 33
Socioeconomic inequalities in skilled birth attendance and child stunting in selected low and middle income countries: Wealth quintiles or deciles?
Wong, K. L., Restrepo–Méndez, M. C., Barros, A. J. D., & Victora, C. G. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0174823 · Cited by 33
Determinants of social inequalities in stroke incidence across Europe: a collaborative analysis of 126 635 individuals from 48 cohort studies
Ferrario, M., Veronesi, G., Kee, F., Chambless, L. E., Kuulasmaa, K., Jørgensen, T., Amouyel, P., Arveiler, D., Bobák, M., Cesana, G., et al. (2017) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2017-209728 · Cited by 34
Social Inequality in Adolescent Life Satisfaction: Comparison of Measure Approaches and Correlation with Macro-level Indices in 41 Countries
Zaborskis, A., Grincaitė, M., Lenzi, M., Tesler, R., Moreno-Maldonado, C., & Mazur, J. (2018) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-018-1860-0 · Cited by 33
Time trends in educational inequalities in cancer mortality in Colombia, 1998–2012
de Vries, E., Arroyave, I., & Pardo, C. (2016) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008985 · Cited by 33
Unconditional quantile regressions to determine the social gradient of obesity in Spain 1993–2014
Rodrı́guez, A., Vallejo‐Torres, L., & López‐Valcárcel, B. G. (2016) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-016-0454-1 · Cited by 33
Neighbourhood mortality inequalities in New York City, 1989–1991 and 1999–2001
Karpati, A. M., Bassett, M. T., & MCCORD, C. W. (2006) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2006.047100 · Cited by 33
Social Work, Health and Equality
Bywaters, P., & McLeod, E. (2012) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203069530 · Cited by 33
Measuring social inequalities in health - politics or science?
Boström, G., & Rosén, M. (2003) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1080/14034940210164911 · Cited by 33
Using multiple measures of inequalities to study the time trends in social inequalities in smoking
Charafeddine, R., Demarest, S. S., der Heyden, J. V., Tafforeau, J., & Oyen, H. J. V. (2012) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/cks083 · Cited by 32
The Association of Maternal Age with Birth Weight and Gestational Age: A Cross-Cohort Comparison.
Restrepo–Méndez, M. C., Lawlor, D. A., Horta, B. L., Matijasevich, A., Santos, I. S., Menezes, A. M. B., Barros, F. C., & Victora, C. G. (2015) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyv097.281 · Cited by 32
Socioeconomic inequality in excessive body weight in Indonesia
Aizawa, T., & Helble, M. C. (2017) · Economics & Human Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2017.09.005 · Cited by 32
Are family planning vouchers effective in increasing use, improving equity and reaching the underserved? An evaluation of a voucher program in Pakistan
Ali, M., Azmat, S. K., Hamza, H. B., Rahman, M. M., & Hameed, W. (2019) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-019-4027-z · Cited by 32
The implications of changing education distributions for life expectancy gradients
Hendi, A. S., Elo, I. T., & Martikainen, P. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113712 · Cited by 34

Authors: Mackenbach, J. P., & Kunst, A. E.
Affiliations: Erasmus University Rotterdam (NL)
ORCID: Mackenbach, Johan P
Kunst, Anton E
Venue: Social Science & Medicine
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1997-03
Volume: 44
Issue: 6
Pages: 757-771
ISSN: 0277-9536 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0277-9536(96)00073-1
OpenAlex: W2052654293
Cited by: 1,343
References: 31
Citations by year: 2026: 47 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 68 · 2020: 68 · 2019: 90 · 2018: 64 · 2017: 68 · 2016: 56 · 2015: 66 · 2014: 56 · 2013: 59 · 2012: 55
FWCI: 2.01
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Social Science & Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Social Sciences › Health › Public Health and Social Inequalities
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Income, Poverty, and Inequality
Keywords: socioeconomic inequalities in health, summary measures, relative difference, absolute difference, occupational class, mortality, educational attainment, self-reported morbidity, Finland, Netherlands
MeSH terms: Europe, Finland, Health Services Research, Health Status, Humans, Models, Theoretical, Morbidity, Mortality, Netherlands, Occupations, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Measuring the magnitude of socio-economic inequalities in health: An overview of available measures illustrated with two examples from Europe

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks