Cited by 1,343Health disparities and outcomesPublic Health and Social InequalitiesIncome, Poverty, and Inequality

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 29 of the 31 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Measuring the magnitude of socio-economic inequalities in health: An overview of available measures illustrated with two examples from Europe

Mackenbach, Johan P, Kunst, Anton E·1997·Social Science & Medicine

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

In this paper we review the available summary measures for the magnitude of socio-economic inequalities in health. Measures which have been used differ in a number of important respects, including (1) the measurement of "relative" or "absolute" differences; (2) the measurement of an "effect" of lower socio-economic status, or of the "total impact" of socio-economic inequalities in health upon the health status of the population; (3) simple versus sophisticated measurement techniques. Based on this analysis of summary measures which have previously been applied, eight different classes of summary measures can be distinguished. Because measures of "total impact" can be further subdivided on the basis of their underlying assumptions, we finally arrive at 12 types of summary measure. Each of these has its merits, and choice of a particular type of summary measure will depend partly on technical considerations, partly on one's perspective on socio-economic inequalities in health. In practice, it will often be useful to compare the results of several summary measures. These principles are illustrated with two examples: one on trends in the magnitude of inequalities in mortality by occupational class in Finland, and one on trends in the magnitude of inequalities in self-reported morbidity by level of education in the Netherlands.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/s0277-9536(96)00073-1

Cites

29 of 29 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Socioeconomic status and health: how education, income, and occupation contribute to risk factors for cardiovascular disease.
Winkleby, M. A., Jatulis, D. E., Frank, E., & Fortmann, S. P. (1992) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.82.6.816 · Cited by 2,048
On the measurement of inequalities in health
Wagstaff, A., Paci, P., & van Doorslaer, E. (1991) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/0277-9536(91)90212-u · Cited by 1,810
The Increasing Disparity in Mortality between Socioeconomic Groups in the United States, 1960 and 1986
Pappas, G., Queen, S., Hadden, W., & Fisher, G. (1993) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199307083290207 · Cited by 1,524
The concepts and principles of equity and health
Whitehead, M. M. (1991) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/6.3.217 · Cited by 887
Inequalities In Health
Davidson (1990) · Cited by 621
MORTALITY DECLINE AND WIDENING SOCIAL INEQUALITIES
Marmot, M. G., & Mcdowall, M. E. (1986) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(86)92085-4 · Cited by 556
The size of mortality differences associated with educational level in nine industrialized countries.
Kunst, A. E., & Mackenbach, J. P. (1994) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.84.6.932 · Cited by 449
Self-citation
Social Class Inequality in Mortality From 1921 to 1972 in England and Wales
Pamuk, E. R. (1985) · Population Studies · doi:10.1080/0032472031000141256 · Cited by 416
Health inequalities in European countries
Schepers, R. (1990) · Health Policy · doi:10.1016/0168-8510(90)90427-f · Cited by 331
The Black report
Leck, I. M. (1990) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.301.6752.608-c · Cited by 307

Show all 31 references

Research works printed but not linked: 2

1990, 31, 223
Wilkins, 1989, Changes in Mortality by Income in Urban Canada, Statistics Canada, Health Reports

Sorted by citations

Items 101–200 of 1,000

Cross-national comparisons of socio-economic differences in mortality
Kunst, A. E. (1997) · EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) · Cited by 149
Self-citation
Economic recession and health inequalities in Japan: analysis with a national sample, 1986–2001
Kondo, N., Subramanian, S. V., Kawachi, I. I., Takeda, Y., & Yamagata, Z. (2008) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2007.070334 · Cited by 146
Educational inequalities in mortality over four decades in Norway: prospective study of middle aged men and women followed for cause specific mortality, 1960-2000
Strand, B. H., Grøholt, E., Steingrímsdóttir, Ó. A., Blakely, T. A., Graff‐Iversen, S., & Næss, Ø. (2010) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.c654 · Cited by 148
Avoidable mortality by neighbourhood income in Canada: 25 years after the establishment of universal health insurance
James, P. D., Wilkins, R., Detsky, A. S., Tugwell, P., & Manuel, D. G. (2007) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2006.047092 · Cited by 142
The impact of area deprivation on differences in health: does the choice of the geographical classification matter?
Reijneveld, S. A., Verheij, R. A., & de Bakker, D. H. (2000) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.54.4.306 · Cited by 144
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Geographic Access to Autism Resources Across the US
Liu, B. M., Paskov, K. M., Kent, J., McNealis, M., Sutaria, S., Dods, O., Harjadi, C., Stockham, N., Ostrovsky, A., & Wall, D. P. (2023) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.51182 · Cited by 143
Mortality by occupational class among men 30–64years in 11 European countries
Kunst, A. E., Groenhof, F., & Mackenbach, J. P. (1998) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(98)00041-0 · Cited by 142
Self-citation
Social Inequalities and Mortality in Europe – Results from a Large Multi-National Cohort
Gallo, V., Mackenbach, J. P., Ezzati, M., Menvielle, G., Kunst, A. E., Rohrmann, S., Kaaks, R., Teucher, B., Boeing, H., Bergmann, M. M., et al. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0039013 · Cited by 151
Self-citation
Socioeconomic position, macroeconomic environment and overweight among adolescents in 35 countries
plus the HBSC obesity writing group, Due, P., Damsgaard, M. T., Rasmussen, M., Holstein, B. E., Wardle, J., Merlo, J., Currie, C., Ahluwalia, N., Sørensen, T. I. A., et al. (2009) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2009.128 · Cited by 145
Sometimes More Equal than Others: How Health Inequalities Depend on the Choice of Welfare Indicator
Lindelöw, M. (2004) · Health Economics · doi:10.1002/hec.1058 · Cited by 138
Recent Trends in Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health in Brazil: Progress Toward Millennium Development Goals 4 and 5
Barros, F. C., Matijasevich, A., Requejo, J. H., Giugliani, E. R. J., Maranhão, A. G. K., Monteiro, C. A., Barros, A. J. D., Bustreo, F., Merialdi, M., & Victora, C. G. (2010) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2010.196816 · Cited by 138
Trends in malnutrition among children in India: Growing inequalities across different economic groups
Pathak, P. K., & Singh, A. (2011) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.06.024 · Cited by 137
The Role of Cognitive Ability (Intelligence) in Explaining the Association between Socioeconomic Position and Health: Evidence from the Whitehall II Prospective Cohort Study
Singh‐Manoux, A., Ferrie, J. E., Lynch, J. W., & Marmot, M. G. (2005) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwi109 · Cited by 133
World Health Report 2000: how it removes equity from the agenda for public health monitoring and policyCommentary: comprehensive approaches are needed for full understanding
Braveman, P., Murray, C. J. L., Starfield, B., & Geiger, H. J. (2001) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.323.7314.678 · Cited by 133
Socioeconomic position and incidence of gastric cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Uthman, O. A., Jadidi, E., & Moradi, T. (2013) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2012-201108 · Cited by 132
Measures of health inequalities: part 1
Regidor, E. (2004) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2003.015347 · Cited by 137
Measuring health inequalities in the context of sustainable development goals
Hosseinpoor, A. R., Bergen, N., Schlotheuber, A., & Grove, J. T. (2018) · Bulletin of the World Health Organization · doi:10.2471/blt.18.210401 · Cited by 130
A comparative appraisal of the relationship of education, income and housing tenure with less than good health among the elderly in Europe
Dalstra, J. A., Kunst, A. E., & Mackenbach, J. P. (2005) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.09.001 · Cited by 129
Self-citation
A welfare economics foundation for health inequality measurement
Han Bleichrodt, A., & van Doorslaer, E. K. A. (2006) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2006.01.002 · Cited by 127
Socioeconomic Position, Health, and Possible Explanations: A Tale of Two Cohorts
Fuhrer, R., Shipley, M. J., Chastang, J., Schmaus, A., Niedhammer, I., Stansfeld, S. A., Goldberg, M., & Marmot, M. G. (2002) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.92.8.1290 · Cited by 131
Explaining patterns of inequality in childcare service use across 31 developed economies: A welfare state perspective
Lancker, W. V., & Ghysels, J. (2016) · International Journal of Comparative Sociology · doi:10.1177/0020715216674252 · Cited by 125
Parental education and frequency of food consumption in European children: the IDEFICS study
Fernández-Alvira, J. M., Mouratidou, T., Bammann, K., Hebestreit, A., Barba, G., Sieri, S., Reisch, L. A., Eiben, G., Hadjigeorgiou, C., Kovacs, E., et al. (2012) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s136898001200290x · Cited by 123
A comparison of socioeconomic differences in physical functioning and perceived health among male and female employees in Britain, Finland and Japan
Martikainen, P., Lahelma, E. T., Marmot, M. G., Sekine, M., Nishi, N., & Kagamimori, S. (2004) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.01.005 · Cited by 122
Increasing absolute mortality disparities by education in Finland, Norway and Sweden, 1971–2000
Школьников, В. М., Andreev, E. M., Jdanov, D. A., Jasilionis, D., Kravdal, Ø., Vågerö, D. H., & Valkonen, T. (2011) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2009.104786 · Cited by 121
Equity trade‐offs in conservation decision making
Law, E. A., Bennett, N. J., Ives, C. D., Friedman, R., Davis, K. J., Archibald, C. L., & Wilson, K. A. (2017) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1111/cobi.13008 · Cited by 121
Socioeconomic differences in road traffic injuries during childhood and youth: a closer look at different kinds of road user
Hasselberg, M., Laflamme, L., & Weitoft, G. R. (2001) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.55.12.858 · Cited by 118
Maternal smoking and child psychological problems: disentangling causal and noncausal effects
Brion, M.-J., Victora, C., Matijasevich, A., Horta, B., Anselmi, L., Steer, C., Menezes, A. M. B., Lawlor, D. A., & Davey Smith, G. (2010) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2009-2754 · Cited by 117
Inequalities in mortality during and after restructuring of the New Zealand economy: repeated cohort studies
Blakely, T. A., Tobias, M. I., & Atkinson, J. (2008) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.39455.596181.25 · Cited by 117
Normative values of EQ-5D-5L: in a Spanish representative population sample from Spanish Health Survey, 2011
García-Gordillo, M. Á., Adsuar, J. C., & Olivares, P. R. (2015) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-015-1164-7 · Cited by 116
Socioeconomic inequalities in lung cancer mortality in 16 European populations
der Heyden, J. V., Schaap, M. M., Kunst, A. E., Esnaola, S., Borrell, C., Cox, B., Leinsalu, M., Stirbu, I., Kalèdiené, R., Deboosere, P., et al. (2008) · Lung Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.lungcan.2008.06.006 · Cited by 115
Self-citation
Socioeconomic inequalities in mental health and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in children and adolescents from 11 European countries
The European KIDSCREEN group, Rajmil, L., Herdman, M., Ravens‐Sieberer, U., Erhart, M., & Alonso, J. (2013) · International Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s00038-013-0479-9 · Cited by 115
Extending the PRISMA statement to equity-focused systematic reviews (PRISMA-E 2012): explanation and elaboration
the PRISMA-Equity Bellagio group, Welch, V., Petticrew, M., Petkovic, J., Moher, D., Waters, E., White, H., & Tugwell, P. (2015) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-015-0219-2 · Cited by 114
Socioeconomic inequality in cigarette smoking: Trends by gender, age, and socioeconomic position in South Korea, 1989–2003
Khang, Y., & Cho, H. (2006) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2006.02.010 · Cited by 113
Change in male and female life expectancy by social class: decomposition by age and cause of death in Finland 1971–95
Martikainen, P., Valkonen, T., & Martelin, T. (2001) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.55.7.494 · Cited by 114
Long-term trends in smoking prevalence and its socioeconomic inequalities in Korea, 1992–2016
Chang, Y., Kang, H., Lim, D., Cho, H., & Khang, Y. (2019) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-019-1051-x · Cited by 113
Socioeconomic inequalities in health: A comparative longitudinal analysis using the European Community Household Panel
Hernández‐Quevedo, C., Jones, A. M., Nicolás, Á. L., & Rice, N. (2006) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.03.017 · Cited by 112
Changes in the behavioural determinants of health during the COVID-19 pandemic: gender, socioeconomic and ethnic inequalities in five British cohort studies
Bann, D., Villadsen, A., Maddock, J., Hughes, A. D., Ploubidis, G. B., Silverwood, R. J., & Patalay, P. (2021) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2020-215664 · Cited by 113
Trends in smoking in Canada from 1950 to 2011: progression of the tobacco epidemic according to socioeconomic status and geography
Corsi, D. J., Boyle, M. H., Lear, S. A., Chow, C. K., Teo, K. K., & Subramanian, S. V. (2013) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1007/s10552-013-0307-9 · Cited by 115
Trends in socioeconomic health inequalities in Korea: use of mortality and morbidity measures
Khang, Y., Lynch, J., Yun, S., & Lee, S. I. (2004) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2003.012989 · Cited by 111
Socioeconomic Inequalities in Disability-free Life Expectancy in Older People from England and the United States: A Cross-national Population-Based Study
Zaninotto, P., Batty, G. D., Stenholm, S., Kawachi, I. I., Hyde, M., Goldberg, M., Westerlund, H., Vahtera, J., & Head, J. A. (2020) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glz266 · Cited by 119
Differential impacts of health care in Australia: trend analysis of socioeconomic inequalities in avoidable mortality
Korda, R., Butler, J. R., Clements, M., & Kunitz, S. J. (2007) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyl282 · Cited by 115
Subjective social status: its determinants and association with health in the Swedish working population (the SLOSH study)
Miyakawa, M., Hanson, L. L. M., Theorell, T., & Westerlund, H. (2011) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckr064 · Cited by 109
Inequalities in Health in Developing Countries: Swimming against the Tide?
Wagstaff, A. R. (2002) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/1813-9450-2795 · Cited by 108
Progress against inequalities in mortality: register-based study of 15 European countries between 1990 and 2015
Mackenbach, J. P., Valverde, J. R. R., Bopp, M., Brønnum‐Hansen, H., Costa, G., Deboosere, P., Kalèdiené, R., Kovács, K., Leinsalu, M., Martikainen, P., et al. (2019) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-019-00580-9 · Cited by 107
Self-citation
Trends in socioeconomic health inequalities in the Netherlands, 1981–1999
Dalstra, J. A., Kunst, A. E., Geurts, J. J. M., Frenken, F. J. M., & Mackenbach, J. P. (2002) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.56.12.927 · Cited by 107
Self-citation
Socioeconomic position and the risk of gastric and oesophageal cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-EURGAST)
Nagel, G., Linseisen, J., Boshuizen, H. C., Pera, G., Giudice, G. D., Westert, G. P., Bueno-de-Mesquita, H. B., Allen, N. E., Key, T. J., Numans, M. E., et al. (2007) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyl275 · Cited by 107
The Association of Maternal Age with Birthweight and Gestational Age: A Cross‐Cohort Comparison
Restrepo–Méndez, M. C., Lawlor, D. A., Horta, B. L., Matijasevich, A., Santos, I. S., Menezes, A. M. B., Barros, F. C., & Victora, C. G. (2014) · Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/ppe.12162 · Cited by 105
Socioeconomic aspects of the circumstances and consequences of car crashes among young adults
Hasselberg, M., Vaez, M., & Laflamme, L. (2004) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.05.006 · Cited by 105
Measuring Disparities in Health: Methods and Indicators
Anand, S., Diderichsen, F., Evans, T., Школьников, В. М., & Wirth, M. (2001) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195137408.003.0005 · Cited by 105
Trends in Mortality Risk by Education Level and Cause of Death Among US White Women From 1986 to 2006
Montez, J. K., & Zajacova, A. (2013) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2012.301128 · Cited by 107
Socioeconomic inequalities in the non-use of dental care in Europe
Tchicaya, A., & Lorentz, N. (2014) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/1475-9276-13-7 · Cited by 105
Socioeconomic differences in injury risks in childhood and adolescence: a nation-wide study of intentional and unintentional injuries in Sweden
Engström, K., Diderichsen, F., & Laflamme, L. (2002) · Injury Prevention · doi:10.1136/ip.8.2.137 · Cited by 104
Impact of Low Maternal Education on Early Childhood Overweight and Obesity in Europe
Ruiz, M. A., Goldblatt, P., Morrison, J., Porta, D., Forastiere, F., Hryhorczuk, D. O., Antipkin, Y., Saurel‐Cubizolles, M., Lioret, S., Vrijheid, M., et al. (2016) · Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/ppe.12285 · Cited by 103
Socioeconomic Inequalities in Total and Site-Specific Cancer Incidence in Germany: A Population-Based Registry Study
Hoebel, J., Kroll, L. E., Fiebig, J., Lampert, T., Katalinic, A., Barnes, B., & Kraywinkel, K. (2018) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2018.00402 · Cited by 102
Towards universal health coverage: the role of within-country wealth-related inequality in 28 countries in sub-Saharan Africa
Hosseinpoor, A. R., Victora, C. G., Bergen, N., Barros, A. J. D., & Boerma, T. (2011) · Bulletin of the World Health Organization · doi:10.2471/blt.11.087536 · Cited by 102
Monitoring of trends in socioeconomic inequalities in mortality
Kunst, A. E., Bos, V., Andersen, O., Cardano, M., Costa, G., Harding, S., Hemström, Ö., Layte, R., Regidor, E., Reid, A., et al. (2004) · Demographic Research · doi:10.4054/demres.2004.s2.9 · Cited by 102
Self-citation
An approach to studying social disparities in health and health care
Braveman, P. A., Egerter, S. A., Cubbin, C., & Marchi, K. S. (2004) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.94.12.2139 · Cited by 100
Health equity: evidence synthesis and knowledge translation methods
Welch, V. A., Petticrew, M. P., Petkovic, J., Waters, E., Armstrong, R., Bhutta, Z. A., Francis, D., Koehlmoos, T. P., Kristjansson, E., Tomás Pantoja, C., et al. (2013) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/2046-4053-2-43 · Cited by 102
Sociodemographic inequalities in depression among older adults: cross-sectional evidence from 18 countries
Richardson, R., Keyes, K. M., Medina, J. T., & Calvo, E. (2020) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30151-6 · Cited by 100
Adverse socioeconomic position across the lifecourse increases coronary heart disease risk cumulatively: findings from the British women’s heart and health study
Lawlor, D. A., Ebrahim, S. B. J., & Smith, G. D. (2005) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2004.029991 · Cited by 100
Inequalities in the distribution of the general practice workforce in England: a practice-level longitudinal analysis
Nussbaum, C. A., Massou, E., Fisher, R. F., Morciano, M., Harmer, R., & Ford, J. A. (2021) · BJGP Open · doi:10.3399/bjgpo.2021.0066 · Cited by 99
A European comparative study of marital status and socio-economic inequalities in suicide
Lorant, V., Kunst, A. E., Huisman, M. A., Bopp, M., & Mackenbach, J. P. (2005) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.11.033 · Cited by 99
Self-citation
Dimensions of social inequality in the health of women in England: occupational, material and behavioural pathways
Sacker, A., Bartley, M., Firth, D., & Fitzpatrick, R. M. (2001) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(00)00176-3 · Cited by 99
Increasing socio-economic inequality in type 2 diabetes prevalence--Repeated cross-sectional surveys in England 1994-2006
Imkampe, A. ‐., & Gulliford, M. C. (2010) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckq106 · Cited by 101
Income distribution and cause-specific mortality
McIsaac, S., & Wilkinson, R. G. (1997) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/7.1.45 · Cited by 99
Age, SES, and health: a population level analysis of health inequalities over the lifecourse.
Prus, S. G. (2007) · Sociology of Health and Illness · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9566.2007.00547.x · Cited by 114
A longitudinal analysis of the relationship between changes in socio-economic status and changes in health
Halleröd, B., & Gustafsson, J. (2010) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.09.036 · Cited by 97
Social inequality in fetal growth: a comparative study of Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden in the period 1981–2000
Mortensen, L. H., Diderichsen, F., Arntzen, A., Gissler, M., Cnattingius, S., Schnor, O., Davey-Smith, G., & Andersen, A.-M. N. (2008) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2007.061473 · Cited by 98
Socio-economic Differences in Risk Factors for Morbidity and Mortality in the European Community
Cavelaars, A. E. J. M., Kunst, A. E., & Mackenbach, J. P. (1997) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/135910539700200306 · Cited by 97
Self-citation
Social mobility: Evidence that it can widen health inequalities
Boyle, P. J., Norman, P. D., & Popham, F. (2009) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.02.051 · Cited by 96
Childhood Socioeconomic Position, Educational Attainment, and Adult Cardiovascular Risk Factors: The Aberdeen Children of the 1950s Cohort Study
Lawlor, D. A., Batty, G. D., Morton, S., Clark, H. R., MacIntyre, S., & Leon, D. A. (2005) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2004.041129 · Cited by 96
The Role of Smoking and Diet in Explaining Educational Inequalities in Lung Cancer Incidence
Menvielle, G., Boshuizen, H. C., Kunst, A. E., Dalton, S. O., Vineis, P., Bergmann, M. M., Hermann, S., Ferrari, P., Raaschou‐Nielsen, O., Tjønneland, A. M., et al. (2009) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/djn513 · Cited by 99
Self-citation
Childhood Socioeconomic Position and Cause-specific Mortality in Early Adulthood
Strand, B. H., & Kunst, A. E. (2006) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwj352 · Cited by 94
Self-citation
Socioeconomic inequalities in frailty among older adults in six low- and middle-income countries: Results from the WHO Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE)
Hoogendijk, E. O., Rijnhart, J. J. M., Kowal, P. R., Pérez‐Zepeda, M. U., Cesari, M., Abizanda, P., Ruano, T. F., Schop-Etman, A., Huisman, M. A., & Dent, E. (2018) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2018.06.011 · Cited by 94
Social inequalities and health inequity in Morocco
Boutayeb, A. (2006) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/1475-9276-5-1 · Cited by 93
Socioeconomic inequalities in oral health in different European welfare state regimes
Guarnizo-Herreño, C. C., Watt, R. G., Pikhart, H., Sheiham, A., & Tsakos, G. (2013) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2013-202714 · Cited by 93
Methods for Measuring Cancer Disparities: Using Data Relevant to Healthy People 2010 Cancer-Related Objectives
Harper, S. B., & Lynch, J. W. (2010) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e606392012-001 · Cited by 93
A framework for measuring health inequity
Asada, Y. (2005) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2004.031054 · Cited by 92
The 1991–2004 Evolution in Life Expectancy by Educational Level in Belgium Based on Linked Census and Population Register Data
Deboosere, P., Gadeyne, S., & Oyen, H. J. V. (2008) · European Journal of Population / Revue européenne de Démographie · doi:10.1007/s10680-008-9167-5 · Cited by 92
General and abdominal obesity in South Korea, 1998–2007: Gender and socioeconomic differences
Yoo, S., Cho, H., & Khang, Y. (2010) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2010.10.004 · Cited by 91
Socioeconomic inequalities in premature mortality in France: Have they widened in recent decades?
Leclerc, A., Chastang, J., Menvielle, G., & Luce, D. (2005) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.08.031 · Cited by 91
Socio-economic circumstances and food habits in Eastern, Central and Western European populations
Boylan, S. M., Lallukka, T. M., Lahelma, E. T., Pikhart, H., Malyutina, S. K., Pająk, A., Kubínová, R., Bragina, O., Stepaniak, U., Gilis‐Januszewska, A., et al. (2010) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980010002570 · Cited by 92
Educational Inequalities in Initiation, Cessation, and Prevalence of Smoking Among 3 Italian Birth Cohorts
Federico, B., Costa, G., & Kunst, A. E. (2006) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2005.067082 · Cited by 90
Self-citation
Class Bias in Voter Turnout, Representation, and Income Inequality
Franko, W. W., Kelly, N. J., & Witko, C. (2016) · Perspectives on Politics · doi:10.1017/s1537592716000062 · Cited by 92
The HIV/AIDS epidemic in Ukraine: its potential social and economic impact
Barnett, T., Whiteside, A., Khodakevich, L., Kruglov, Y. V., & Vs, S. (2000) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(00)00104-0 · Cited by 92
Income inequalities in multimorbidity prevalence in Ontario, Canada: a decomposition analysis of linked survey and health administrative data
Mondor, L., Cohen, D., Khan, A. I., & Wodchis, W. P. (2018) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-018-0800-6 · Cited by 96
Regimes of Inequality: The Political Economy of Health and Wealth
Lynch, J. F. (2020) · doi:10.1017/978-1-139-05157-6 · Cited by 88
Socioeconomic inequalities in health expectancy in Finland and Norway in the late 1980s
Sihvonen, A.-P., Kunst, A. E., Lahelma, E. T., Valkonen, T., & Mackenbach, J. P. (1998) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(98)00020-3 · Cited by 88
Self-citation
De la retórica a la acción: medir desigualdades en salud para “no dejar a nadie atrás”
Mújica, Ó. J., & Moreno, C. M. (2019) · Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública · doi:10.26633/rpsp.2019.12 · Cited by 92
Mortality by education in German speaking Switzerland, 1990–1997: results from the Swiss National Cohort
Bopp, M., & Minder, C. E. (2003) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyg072 · Cited by 87
Monitoring trends in socioeconomic health inequalities: it matters how you measure
Khang, Y., Yun, S., & Lynch, J. W. (2008) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-8-66 · Cited by 86
Educational differences in cancer mortality among women and men: a gender pattern that differs across Europe
Menvielle, G., Kunst, A. E., Stirbu, I., Strand, B. H., Borrell, C., Regidor, E., Leclerc, A., Esnaola, S., Bopp, M., Lundberg, O., et al. (2008) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6604274 · Cited by 85
Self-citation
Health behaviour among adolescents in Denmark: Influence of school class and individual risk factors
Johansen, A., Rasmussen, S., & Madsen, M. (2006) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1080/14034940510032158 · Cited by 86
Indicators of Inequality for Māori and Pacific People
Marriott, L., & Sim, D. A. (2015) · Journal of New Zealand studies · doi:10.26686/jnzs.v0i20.3876 · Cited by 85
Lies, Damned Lies, and Health Inequality Measurements
Kjellsson, G., Gerdtham, U., & Petrie, D. (2015) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0000000000000319 · Cited by 85
The education gradient in cancer screening participation: a consistent phenomenon across Europe?
Willems, B., & Bracke, P. (2017) · International Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s00038-017-1045-7 · Cited by 84
Reliability and validity of a short form household food security scale in a Caribbean community
Gulliford, M. C., Mahabir, D., & Rocke, B. (2004) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-4-22 · Cited by 84
Disparity in Cancer Care: A Canadian Perspective
Ahmed, S., & Shahid, R. K. (2012) · Current Oncology · doi:10.3747/co.19.1177 · Cited by 83
Social inequalities in the utilization of maternal care in Bangladesh: Have they widened or narrowed in recent years?
Hajizadeh, M., Alam, N., & Nandi, A. (2014) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-014-0120-4 · Cited by 83
How equitable is bed net ownership and utilisation in Tanzania? A practical application of the principles of horizontal and vertical equity
Matovu, F., Goodman, C. A., Wiseman, V. L., & Mwengee, W. (2009) · Malaria Journal · doi:10.1186/1475-2875-8-109 · Cited by 82

Authors: Mackenbach, J. P., & Kunst, A. E.
Affiliations: Erasmus University Rotterdam (NL)
ORCID: Mackenbach, Johan P
Kunst, Anton E
Venue: Social Science & Medicine
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1997-03
Volume: 44
Issue: 6
Pages: 757-771
ISSN: 0277-9536 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0277-9536(96)00073-1
OpenAlex: W2052654293
Cited by: 1,343
References: 31
Citations by year: 2026: 47 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 68 · 2020: 68 · 2019: 90 · 2018: 64 · 2017: 68 · 2016: 56 · 2015: 66 · 2014: 56 · 2013: 59 · 2012: 55
FWCI: 2.01
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Social Science & Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Social Sciences › Health › Public Health and Social Inequalities
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Income, Poverty, and Inequality
Keywords: socioeconomic inequalities in health, summary measures, relative difference, absolute difference, occupational class, mortality, educational attainment, self-reported morbidity, Finland, Netherlands
MeSH terms: Europe, Finland, Health Services Research, Health Status, Humans, Models, Theoretical, Morbidity, Mortality, Netherlands, Occupations, Social Justice, Socioeconomic Factors

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Measuring the magnitude of socio-economic inequalities in health: An overview of available measures illustrated with two examples from Europe

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks