Interactions between pesticides and components of pesticide formulations in an in vitro neurotoxicity test
Abstract
Organophosphate (OP) pesticides are often used in combination with one another and with the components of formulations. Evidence already exists for interactions in the neurotoxic effects of OPs through interference with metabolism, but there is also potential for interactions related directly to cell damage. The purpose of this work was to investigate this possibility for OPs and the components of one of their common formulations in vitro. NB2a neuroblastoma cells were induced to differentiate in the presence of the OPs diazinon and chlorpyrifos, in combination with a commercial formulation (identified as Commercial Formulation 1) of the compounds and, independently, the components of that formulation. The compounds were tested in pairs in various proportions and the resulting inhibition of neurite outgrowth was measured by light microscopy and quantitative image analysis. Interactions were determined in terms of enhanced or reduced effects of the paired compounds in comparison with the expected additive effects estimated from the effects of each compound on its own. Synergism was detected between combinations of: 10 microM chlorpyrifos and 500 nM pyrethrum; chlorpyrifos and one of the solvents (regular spirit) found in Commercial Formulation 1. All other combinations of OPs and products were additive in their neurotoxicity. The data suggest that exposure to multiple OP-containing pesticide formulations may lead to synergistic neurotoxicity by a direct mechanism at the cellular level.
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There is still scientific controversy about the safety of some currently permitted pesticides (e.g. organophosphorus compounds) even at levels below the MRL and complex mixtures of pesticides, as additive/synergistic effects of pesticide mixtures have been documented and safety testing of pesticide mixtures is currently not required.
“There is still scientific controversy about the safety of some currently permitted pesticides (e.g. organophosphorus compounds) even at levels below the MRL and complex mixtures of pesticides, as additive/synergistic effects of pesticide mixtures have been documented and safety testing of pesticide mixtures is currently not required as part of the regulatory pesticide approval process( 58 – 60 ).”
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Self-citationAnticholinesterase Pesticides Interactions
Gupta, R. C., & Milatović, D. (2011) · doi:10.1002/9780470640500.ch22 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Cancer and Environmental Influences
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Self-citationPizzorno, J. E., & Crinnion, W. J. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-43044-9.00035-2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mankame, T. P. (2005) · OakTrust (Texas A&M University Libraries)
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Charaterization of Chlorpyrifos Toxicity on the Pancreatic Beta Cell Line RINm5f
Yan, Z. (2010) · CORE Scholar (Wright State University)
- Authors
- Axelrad, J. C., Howard, C. V., & McLean, W. G.
- Affiliations
- University of Liverpool (GB)
- Corresponding author
- McLean, W.G.
- ORCID
- Howard, C.V.
- Venue
- Toxicology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2002-05
- Volume
- 173
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 259-268
- ISSN
- 0300-483X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2083837680
- Cited by
- 75
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 2.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Toxicology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Pesticide Exposure and Toxicity
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Agricultural safety and regulations
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Pesticide Residue Analysis and Safety
- Keywords
- organophosphorus pesticides, synergistic neurotoxicity, diazinon, chlorpyrifos, pyrethrum, solvent toxicity, neurite outgrowth inhibition, cell differentiation, additive effects, pesticide mixtures
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Biological Assay, Cell Line, Diazinon, Drug Synergism, Chlorpyrifos, Insecticides, Models, Biological, Neuroblastoma, Pesticides, Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium, Solvents, Neurites, Mice, In Vitro Techniques
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