The DOI matches its Crossref record; 69 of the 69 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The α-gal epitope (Galα1-3Galβ1-4GlcNAc-R) in xenotransplantation
Abstract
Many patients with failing organs (e.g., heart, liver or kidneys), do not receive the needed organ because of an insufficient number of organ donors. Pig xenografts have been considered as an alternative source of organs for transplantation. The major obstacle currently known to prevent pig to human xenotransplantation is the interaction between the human natural anti-Gal antibody and the α-gal epitope (Galα1-3Galβ1-4GlcNAc-R), abundantly expressed on pig cells. This short review describes the characteristics of anti-Gal and of the alpha-gal epitope, their role in inducing xenograft rejection and some experimental approaches for preventing this rejection.
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“Alpha-Gal epitopes (Galα1-3Galβ1-4GlcNAc-R) are specific carbohydrate structures found on the cell surface of non-primate mammals, such as pigs. These epitopes are absent in humans and Old-World monkeys due to mutations in the α1,3-galactosyl-transferase gene [64,65].”
From Liver tissue engineering using decellularized scaffolds: Current progress, challenges, and opportunities (2024) · cites this paper as [64]
Citations
Cites
Determination of aminosugar linkages in glycolipids by methylation
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Galili, U., Shohet, S. B., Kobrin, E., Stults, C. L., & Macher, B. A. (1988) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(19)77900-9 · Cited by 817
Self-citationGalili, U. (1993) · Immunology Today · doi:10.1016/0167-5699(93)90261-i · Cited by 659
Self-citationGood, A. H., Cooper, D. K. C., Malcolm, A. J., Ippolito, R. M., Koren, E., Neethling, F. A., YE, Y., Zuhdi, N., & Lamontagne, L. R. (1992) · PubMed · Cited by 639
A unique natural human IgG antibody with anti-alpha-galactosyl specificity.
Galili, U., Rachmilewitz, E. A., Peleg, A., & Flechner, I. (1984) · The Journal of experimental medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.160.5.1519 · Cited by 631
Self-citationAnti-pig IgM antibodies in human serum react predominantly with Gal(alpha 1-3)Gal epitopes.
Sandrin, M. S., Vaughan, H., Dabkowski, P., & McKenzie, I. F. C. (1993) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.90.23.11391 · Cited by 606
The generation of transgenic pigs as potential organ donors for humans
Cozzi, E., & White, D. J. (1995) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm0995-964 · Cited by 602
Transplantation of porcine fetal pancreas to diabetic patients
Groth, C. G. (1994) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(94)90570-3 · Cited by 569
Galili, U., Clark, M. R., Shohet, S., Buehler, J., & Macher, B. A. (1987) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.84.5.1369 · Cited by 549
Self-citationGalili, U., Mandrell, R. E., Hamadeh, R. M., Shohet, S., & Griffiss, J. M. (1988) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.56.7.1730-1737.1988 · Cited by 549
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Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Good, 1992, Identification of carbohydrate structures which bind human anti-porcine antibodies: implication for discordant xenografting in man, Transplant. Proc., 24, 559
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Miyagawa, S. (2007) · Japanese Journal of Clinical Immunology · doi:10.2177/jsci.30.174
Managing “Hidden” Allergens in the Perioperative Setting
Arsdale, R. V., & Valentine, E. A. (2023) · AORN Journal · doi:10.1002/aorn.14041
Choi, H., Song, K., Kim, H.-D., Park, J., Lee, Y., Choi, H., & Kim, C. (2024) · Xenotransplantation · doi:10.1111/xen.12855
Mukhopadhyay, E. S., Bellamy, D. G., Tinto, H., Hamaluba, M., Truby, A., Salman, A. M., & Hill, A. V. S. (2025) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127897
Shabaldin, A. V., Blinova, A. V., & Evtushenko, A. V. (2025) · Medical Immunology (Russia) · doi:10.15789/1563-0625-foi-3159
Vascularized composite xenotransplantation: Where we have been and where we could go?
Niederegger, T., Schaschinger, T., Hundeshagen, G., Knoedler, S. A., Brandt, J., Voss, J. O., Heiland, M., Cetrulo, C. L., Lellouch, A. G., & Knoedler, L. (2026) · Cell Transplantation · doi:10.1177/09636897261431041
Engineering of biomolecular systems for anti-tumoral immunotherapy
Todaro, B. (2020) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/ca7dd944zc8a6z41a4z9300z0e208d8a6b88
Scomazzon, L. (2023) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/c8ac5437z120az4260zba26zb511f1afbdfc
Donor‐induced conformational gating and substrate‐assisted catalysis in α ‐1,3‐galactosyltransferase
Linares‐Pastén, J. A., & Planas, A. (2026) · Protein Science · doi:10.1002/pro.70770
Glycosylation in Quality and Safety of Therapeutic Proteins
Matsumoto, Y., Kim, J., McKenna, K. R., Biel, T. G., Kirshner, S., Falkowski, V. M., & Ju, T. (2026) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.pharmr.2026.100163
Metadata
- Authors
- Galili, U.
- Affiliations
- Rush University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Galili, Uri
- ORCID
- Galili, Uri
- Venue
- Biochimie
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2001-07
- Volume
- 83
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 557-563
- ISSN
- 0037-9042 (ISSN-L)
- 0300-9084
- OpenAlex
- W1987909360
- Cited by
- 212
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 2.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Biochimie (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Xenotransplantation and immune response
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Glycosylation and Glycoproteins Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Transplantation › Organ and Tissue Transplantation Research
- Keywords
- alpha-gal epitope, xenotransplantation, anti-Gal antibodies, xenograft rejection, organ shortage, rejection prevention, glycosylphosphatidylinositol
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity, Carbohydrate Sequence, Galactosyltransferases, Graft Rejection, Humans, Immune Tolerance, Swine, T-Lymphocytes, Transplantation, Heterologous, Trisaccharides
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