The DOI matches its Crossref record; 61 of the 62 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
GABAergic innervation of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)-secreting parvocellular neurons and its plasticity as demonstrated by quantitative immunoelectron microscopy
Abstract
GABA has been identified as an important neurotransmitter in stress-related circuitry mediating inhibitory effects on neurosecretory neurons that comprise the central limb of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis. Using combinations of pre-embedding immunostaining and postembedding immunogold methods at the ultrastructural level, direct synaptic contacts were revealed between GABA-containing terminals and neurosecretory cells that were immunoreactive for corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN). The vast majority of axo-dendritic GABA synapses was symmetric (inhibitory) type, and 46% of all synaptic boutons in the medial parvocellular subdivision of the PVN were immunoreactive to GABA. Using the disector method, an unbiased stereological method on serial ultrathin sections, the total calculated number of synaptic contacts within the medial parvocellular subdivision of the PVN was 55.4 x 10(6)/mm(3). On CRH-positive profiles 20.1 x 10(6) GABAergic synaptic boutons were detected per mm(3) in control, colchicine-treated rats. In the medial parvocellular subdivision, 79% of GABAergic boutons terminated on CRH neurons. Following adrenalectomy, which increases the synthetic and secretory activities of CRH neurons, the number of GABAergic synapses that terminate on CRH-positive profiles was increased by 55%. GABA-containing boutons appeared to be swollen, while the contact surfaces of cellular membranes between GABAergic boutons and CRH-positive profiles were shorter in adrenalectomized animals than in controls. Our data provide ultrastructural evidence for direct inhibitory GABAergic control of stress-related CRH neurons and suggest a pivotal role of GABA-containing inputs in the functional plasticity of parvocellular neurosecretory neurons seen in response to adrenalectomy.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The HPA axis is also regulated by GABAergic signaling at the level of CRH, and nearly 50% of all synapses in the PVN are GABAergic (233).”
From Signalling cognition: The gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (2023) · cites this paper as [233]
Citations
Cites
Vale, W., Spiess, J., Rivier, C., & Rivier, J. (1981) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.6267699 · Cited by 3,965
Vale, W., Spiess, J., RIVIER, C. L., & Rivier, J. (1982) · Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey · doi:10.1097/00006254-198205000-00013 · Cited by 3,904
Neurocircuitry of stress: central control of the hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenocortical axis
Herman, J. P., & Cullinan, W. E. (1997) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(96)10069-2 · Cited by 2,270
Swanson, L. W., Sawchenko, P. E., Rivier, J., & Vale, W. W. (2008) · Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1159/000123454 · Cited by 1,953
JACOBSON, L., & SAPOLSKY, R. (1991) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv-12-2-118 · Cited by 1,739
Sawchenko, P. E., & Swanson, L. W. (1982) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/0165-0173(82)90010-8 · Cited by 1,141
Antoni, F. A. (1986) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv-7-4-351 · Cited by 888
Nusser, Z., Sieghart, W., & Somogyi, P. (1998) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.18-05-01693.1998 · Cited by 835
GABA: A dominant neurotransmitter in the hypothalamus
Decavel, C., & van den Pol, A. N. (1990) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.903020423 · Cited by 575
Cullinan, W. E., Herman, J. P., & Watson, S. J. (1993) · Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.903320102 · Cited by 541
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Dallman, 1987, Regulation of ACTH secretion: variation on a theme B, Rec. Prog. Horm. Res., 43, 113
- Helmreich, 1998, PVN delivery of muscimol blunts the corticosterone response to active immobilization stress, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 24, 1378
- Kovács, 1998, Activation of inhibitory circuitries during stress, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 24, 1379
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–185 of 185
Allopregnanolone reduces neuroendocrine response to acute stressful stimuli in sheep
Misztal, T., Młotkowska, P., Marciniak, E., & Misztal, A. (2020) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/joe-19-0376 · Cited by 22
The effect of exercise on depression and gut microbiota: Possible mechanisms
Yao, M., Qu, Y., Zheng, Y., & Guo, H. (2024) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2024.111130 · Cited by 26
Errington, A. C. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1426-5_1 · Cited by 23
Stratton, M. S., Searcy, B. T., & Tobet, S. A. (2011) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.01.003 · Cited by 20
Johnson, C. S., Bains, J. S., & Watts, A. G. (2018) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.24407 · Cited by 21
Presynaptic mGluRs Control the Duration of Endocannabinoid-Mediated DSI
Colmers, P. L. W., & Bains, J. S. (2018) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1097-18.2018 · Cited by 20
Čulman, J., Das, G., Ohlendorf, C., Haass, M., Maser‐Gluth, C., Zuhayra, M., Zhao, Y., & Itoi, K. (2010) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.2010.01987.x · Cited by 19
Heterosynaptic modulation in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus
Sunstrum, J. K., & Inoue, W. (2018) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.11.004 · Cited by 19
Maternal Brain Adaptations in Pregnancy
Brunton, P. J., & Russell, J. A. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-397175-3.00044-2 · Cited by 18
Integration Between Different Hypothalamic Nuclei Involved in Stress and GnRH Secretion in the Ewe
Ghuman, S., Morris, R., Spiller, D. G., Smith, R. F., & Dobson, H. (2009) · Reproduction in Domestic Animals · doi:10.1111/j.1439-0531.2009.01496.x · Cited by 18
Yu, G., Chen, H., Wu, X.-J., Matta, S. G., & Sharp, B. M. (2010) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06654.x · Cited by 19
Should I Stay or Should I Go? CRHPVN Neurons Gate State Transitions in Stress-Related Behaviors
Daviu, N., & Bains, J. S. (2021) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endocr/bqab061 · Cited by 16
Mueller, N. K., Di, S., Paden, C. M., & Herman, J. P. (2004) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2004-0539 · Cited by 18
Yang, J., Li, L. H., Shin, S. Y., Lee, S.-R., Lee, S. Y., Han, S. K., & Ryu, P. D. (2007) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00568.2007 · Cited by 17
Shang, C., Guo, Y., Yao, J.-Q., Fang, X., Sun, L., Jiang, X.-Y., Ding, Z.-C., Ran, Y., Wang, H., Zhang, L., et al. (2019) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112320 · Cited by 17
Neuromodulators, stress and plasticity: a role for endocannabinoid signalling
Senst, L., & Bains, J. S. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.089730 · Cited by 17
Chagraoui, A., Skiba, M., Thuillez, C., & Thibaut, F. (2016) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.08.001 · Cited by 16
Finn, D. A. (2023) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2023.101094 · Cited by 15
Lee, C.-Y., Riffle, D., Xiong, Y., Momtaz, N., Lei, Y., Pariser, J. M., Sikdar, D., Hwang, A., Duan, Z., & Zhang, J. (2024) · BMC Neuroscience · doi:10.1186/s12868-024-00867-y · Cited by 17
Wong, C. C. P., & Schumann, G. (2012) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-012-0829-4 · Cited by 14
Mohammed, S., Mahdi, F., Sulochana, S. P., & Paris, J. J. (2021) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v13050813 · Cited by 14
Shin, S. Y., Yang, J. H., Lee, H., Erdélyi, F., Szabó, G., Lee, S. Y., & Ryu, P. D. (2007) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2007.05.060 · Cited by 14
The Synaptic Physiology of the Central Nervous System Response to Stress
Tasker, J. G., & Joëls, M. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118921692.ch3 · Cited by 13
Stress-responsive hypothalamic-nucleus accumbens regulation may vary depending on stressors.
Noh, S. J., Kang, D. W., Yoo, S. B., Lee, J. Y., Kim, J. Y., Kim, B.-T., Lee, J.-H., & Jahng, J. W. (2012) · PubMed · Cited by 13
The hypothalamus and its role in hypertension
Goncharuk, V. D. (2021) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819973-2.00023-x · Cited by 13
Bahr, L., Maurer, F., Weigl, J., Weber, K. D., Melchner, D., Doerfelt, A., Wechsler, T. F., Bauer, O., Reinders, J., Milenkovic, V. M., et al. (2020) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.105100 · Cited by 13
Dynamic Adaptation in Neurosteroid Networks in Response to Alcohol
Finn, D. A., & Jimenez, V. A. (2017) · Handbook of experimental pharmacology · doi:10.1007/164_2017_82 · Cited by 13
Shin, S. Y., Han, T. H., Lee, S. Y., Han, S. K., Park, J. B., Erdélyi, F., Szabó, G., & Ryu, P. D. (2011) · Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology · doi:10.4196/kjpp.2011.15.3.163 · Cited by 10
Ghuman, S., Prabhakar, S., Smith, R. F., & Dobson, H. (2007) · Reproduction in Domestic Animals · doi:10.1111/j.1439-0531.2006.00816.x · Cited by 10
Guarnotta, V., Amodei, R., Gaudio, F. D., & Giordano, C. S. D. S. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15214647 · Cited by 9
Yesmin, R., Watanabe, M., Sinha, A. S., Ishibashi, M., Wang, T., & Fukuda, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2022.990803 · Cited by 9
Microbiota and Alzheimer’s disease: mechanistic insights from a multi-organ perspective
Liao, J., Mou, H., Luo, S., Shen, L., & Jiao, B. (2026) · Translational Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s40035-026-00541-9 · Cited by 11
de Souza, L. M., & Franci, C. R. (2010) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2010.05.009 · Cited by 9
Misztal, T., Czauderna, M., Młotkowska, P., Misztal, A., & Marciniak, E. (2019) · Livestock Science · doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2019.103871 · Cited by 7
Yamaguchi, J., Andrade, M. A., Truong, T. T., & Toney, G. M. (2023) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1851-22.2023 · Cited by 8
A hypothalamic circuit for circadian regulation of corticosterone secretion
Ramírez‐Plascencia, O. D., Luca, R. D., Machado, N., Eghlidi, D. H., Khanday, M. A., Bandaru, S. S., Raffin, F., Vujović, N., Arrigoni, E., & Saper, C. B. (2026) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-026-71482-0 · Cited by 6
Homeostatic versus hedonic control of carbohydrate selection
Minokoshi, Y., Nakajima, K., & Okamoto, S. (2020) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp280066 · Cited by 6
Modulation of glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission by corticosteroid hormones and stress
Joëls, M., Krugers, H. J., & Verkuyl, J. M. (2005) · Techniques in the behavioral and neural sciences · doi:10.1016/s0921-0709(05)80029-x · Cited by 5
Rice Germ Attenuates Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress-Induced Muscle Atrophy
Batsukh, S., Oh, S., Rheu, K.-M., Lee, B.-J., Choi, C. H., Son, K. H., & Byun, K. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15122719 · Cited by 11
Hotha, A., & Ganesh, C. B. (2023) · Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy · doi:10.1016/j.jchemneu.2023.102339 · Cited by 7
Čulman, J., Mühlenhoff, S., Blume, A., Hedderich, J., Lützen, U., Hunt, S. P., Rupniak, N. M. J., & Zhao, Y. (2018) · Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s10571-018-0594-5 · Cited by 5
Stress-Induced Metaplasticity at GABA Synapses
Bains, J. S. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1056-4_7 · Cited by 5
(2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-34686-9_10 · Cited by 5
Keller, B. N., Snyder, A. E., Coker, C. R., Aguilar, E. A., O’Brien, M. K., Bingaman, S. S., Arnold, A. C., Hajnal, A., & Silberman, Y. (2021) · doi:10.1101/2021.06.03.446790 · Cited by 4
Rattanajearakul, N., Kondoh, K., Fu, O., Okamoto, S., Kobayashi, K., Nakajima, K., & Minokoshi, Y. (2025) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2025.156415 · Cited by 4
Nasreldin, N., EL-Shoukary, R. D., ABDEL-RAHEEM, G. S. E., Gharib, H. S. A., Zigo, F., Farkašová, Z., Rehan, I. F., & Senosy, W. (2023) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2023.1221830 · Cited by 5
Atteia, H. H., Gharib, A. F., Asker, M. E.-S., Arafa, M. H., & Sakr, A. T. (2024) · Open Chemistry · doi:10.1515/chem-2024-0101 · Cited by 4
Reelin, the HPA Axis, and Chronic Stress: Implications for the Neurobiology of Depression
Thom, S. A., Halvorson, C. S., Reive, B. S., Sánchez-Lafuente, C. L., Kalynchuk, L. E., & Caruncho, H. J. (2026) · Chronic Stress · doi:10.1177/24705470261427267 · Cited by 3
Allopregnanolone in the pathogenesis of the psychiatric comorbidities of polycystic ovarian syndrome
Sarkisian, K. I., Yang, J., Marshall, C., & Stanczyk, F. Z. (2025) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2025.106719 · Cited by 3
Yu, Y., Zhang, S., Babygirija, R., Shi, B., Sun, W., Zheng, X., & Zheng, J. (2022) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00107.2022 · Cited by 2
Latchford, K. J. (2008) · QSpace (Queen's University Library) · Cited by 2
Spatiotemporal chloride dynamics in hypothalamic CRH PVN neuronsPreprint
Lanz, A. J., Gordon, G. R., & Bains, J. S. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.05.29.122432 · Cited by 2
Basirat, E., Mahmoudi, F., & Khazali, H. (2025) · Jundishapur Journal of Natural Pharmaceutical Products · doi:10.5812/jjnpp-153233 · Cited by 1
Effect of citrocard on functional reserves of the heart under conditions of chronic stress
Perfilova, V. N., Tyurenkov, I. N., Лебедева, С. А., Волотова, Е. В., Berestovitskaya, V. M., & Васильева, О. С. (2007) · Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10517-007-0243-3 · Cited by 1
Girardet, C., & Bosler, O. (2011) · Biologie Aujourd hui · doi:10.1051/jbio/2011018 · Cited by 1
García-González, N., Asensio‐Vegas, C., Rico, D., Olmedilla‐Alonso, B., Nova, E., Peñas, E., & Martín‐Diana, A. B. (2018) · Journal of Food and Nutrition Research · doi:10.12691/jfnr-6-6-1 · Cited by 1
Obesity and Stress: The Melanocortin Connection
Singhal, S., & Hill, J. W. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-89506-2_11 · Cited by 1
Mullally, M. (2011) · uO Research (University of Ottawa) · doi:10.20381/ruor-3767 · Cited by 1
Bosaipo, N. B. (2016) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.17.2016.tde-26082016-153726 · Cited by 1
Jones‐Mason, K. (2011) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 1
Romanowski, C. P. N. (2010) · Elektronische Hochschulschriften der LMU München (Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München) · doi:10.5282/edoc.11851
TU3A is a novel stress-regulated protein involved in cognition and emotional behavior
Liebl, C. (2010) · Elektronische Hochschulschriften der LMU München (Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München) · doi:10.5282/edoc.13730
Hashimoto, H., & Ueta, Y. (2015) · Interdisciplinary Information Sciences · doi:10.4036/iis.2015.b.04
Nonheme-Iron Deposition in the Hypothalamo-Neurohypophyseal System of the Rat Brain
Li, C., Odagiri, S., Meguro, R., Asano, Y., & Shoumura, K. (2009) · Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB)
Sensory Detection of Aversive and Appetitive Stimuli by CRF neuronsPreprint
Kim, J., Fang, Y., Bhat, S., Shin, A., Hashikawa, K., Kim, D., Sohn, J., Lin, D., & Suh, G. S. B. (2017) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/209148
Wang, Y., Hu, P., Shan, Q., Huang, C., Huang, Z., Chen, P., Li, A., Gong, H., & Zhou, J. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.06.23.168310
Chloride Dynamics and the Control of CRH Activity
Lanz, A. J. (2019) · doi:10.11575/prism/36717
Rapid neuronal signaling cascades initiated by corticosterone
Yang, Silei, Landgraf, R., Geigenberger, P., Yang, B., & Liu, P. J. (2012)
Nieuwenhuys, R., Voogd, J., van Huijzen, C., & Papa, M. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-88-470-1140-3_10
Yesmin, R., Watanabe, M., Sinha, A. S., Ishibashi, M., Wang, T., & Fukuda, A. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4139825
Wang, Y. T., Hu, P., Shan, Q., Huang, C., Huang, Z., Chen, P., Li, A., Gong, H., & Zhou, J. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14220992
Hypothalamic recurrent inhibition regulates functional states of stress effector neurons
Ichiyama, A., Mestern, S., Füzesi, T., Allman, B. L., Nicola, W., Bains, J. S., Muller, L., & Inoue, W. (2026) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2026.117741
Büyükdemirtaş, B., Benn, M., Kwon, H. B., Rosen, E., & Melón, L. C. (2025) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-025-06969-7
Graf, E. N. (2012) · e-Publications@Marquette (Marquette University)
Wang, Y., Hu, P., Shan, Q., Huang, C., Huang, Z., Chen, P., Li, A., Gong, H., & Zhou, J.-N. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14220986
Wang, Y., Hu, P., Shan, Q., Huang, C., Huang, Z., Chen, P., Li, A., Gong, H., & Zhou, J.-N. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14220980
Wang, Y., Hu, P., Shan, Q., Huang, C., Huang, Z., Chen, P., Li, A., Gong, H., & Zhou, J.-N. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14220983
Lee, C. Y., Riffle, D., Xiong, Y., Momtaz, N., Lei, Y., Pariser, J. M., Sikdar, D., Hwang, A., Duan, Z., & Zhang, J. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26719791
Wang, Y., Hu, P., Shan, Q., Huang, C., Huang, Z., Chen, P., Li, A., Gong, H., & Zhou, J.-N. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14220989
Clemence, G. (2010) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/f4576f1dz0d59z4eb5z8f85zb207fb107180
Study of the role of the lateral habenula in fear conditioning and stress response in rat
Durieux, L. (2021) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/6aef2b06ze4d6z47dezbb31z9f954c98768d
Guo, X., Ma, H., Zhao, Q., Zhang, Y., Yang, P., Zhao, Q., Jia, L., Zhang, L., Guan, Y., Zhang, Y., et al. (2026) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2026.116593
A Hypothalamic Inhibitory Circuit Encoding the Scalability of Stress ResponsesPreprint
Cao, Y., Seese, M. H., Jiang, Z., Su, C., Yang, M., Monte, F. H. D., Tong, Q., & Xu, Y. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.06.30.735593
Maguire, J. L. (2014) · The Receptors · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1426-5_12
Metadata
- Authors
- Miklós, I. H., & Kovács, K. J.
- Affiliations
- HUN-REN Institute of Experimental Medicine (HU)
- Corresponding author
- Kovács, K.J
- Venue
- Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2002-09
- Volume
- 113
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 581-592
- ISSN
- 0306-4522 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2091326035
- Cited by
- 182
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 2.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
- Keywords
- GABAergic innervation, corticotropin-releasing factor, parvocellular neurons, paraventricular nucleus, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, GABAergic synapses, synaptic plasticity, adrenalectomy, stress response, neurosecretory cells, colchicine
- MeSH terms
- Adrenalectomy, Animals, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, Immunohistochemistry, Male, Neuronal Plasticity, Neurons, Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, Synapses, Microscopy, Immunoelectron, Rats, Wistar, Presynaptic Terminals, Rats
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review