The DOI matches its Crossref record; 35 of the 38 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Wolf reintroduction, predation risk, and cottonwood recovery in Yellowstone National Park
Abstract
We studied young riparian cottonwoods (Populus spp.) and associated woody plants along Soda Butte Creek and the Lamar River in northeastern Yellowstone National Park (YNP) to examine the potential influence of wolf/elk interactions upon plant growth. After a peri od of approximately 70 years without wolves in YNP, they were reintroduced in the winter of 1995–1996. When we compared woody plant heights shown in photographs taken prior to 1998 with those shown in 2001–2002 photos, we found an increase in the height of riparian woody plants for six of the eight sites within the study area. Plants were tallest (1–4 m) at point bar, stream confluence, and island sites, while heights remained relatively low (<1 m) along straight river reaches in a wide valley setting. We measured differences in both browsing intensity and cottonwood height for sites with relatively high predation risk (low visibility and/or the presence of escape barriers) and compared them to nearby sites with relatively low predation risk (open areas). In general, the high-risk sites had lower browsing intensities (percent of stems browsed) and taller plants than low-risk sites. Although the young cottonwoods on high-risk sites were growing taller each year over the last 4 years, there was little change in the plant heights for low-risk sites. For a stand of young cottonwoods growing adjacent to a gully (potential escape barrier), we found a linear correlation (r2=0.76) between cottonwood height and adjacent gully…
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“An initiation of riparian willow and cottonwood recovery has similarly been documented for winter range in the northeastern portion of Yellowstone National Park (Ripple and Beschta, 2003).”
From River channel dynamics following extirpation of wolves in northwestern Yellowstone National Park, USA (2006) · cites this paper as Ripple and Beschta, 2003
In the citing paper
“All but one of the studies to date documenting wolfinduced willow recovery (Ripple et al. 2001, Beschta 2003, Ripple and Beschta 2003, 2004 b ) have been conducted along the few large, low-gradient streams that were never hydrologically influenced by beaver, because they are too wide for beavers to dam.”
From WATER TABLES CONSTRAIN HEIGHT RECOVERY OF WILLOW ON YELLOWSTONE'S NORTHERN RANGE (2008) · cites this paper as Ripple and Beschta 2003
In the citing paper
“Because wolves may lessen elk browsing intensity in areas of high predation risk, such as some valley bottoms that lack quick escape routes (Ripple and Beschta 2003), spatial variation in elk browsing intensity on the northern range is to be expected.”
From WATER TABLES CONSTRAIN HEIGHT RECOVERY OF WILLOW ON YELLOWSTONE'S NORTHERN RANGE (2008) · cites this paper as Ripple and Beschta 2003
In the citing paper
“Wolves are thought to reduce elk browsing on willow largely by altering elk foraging behavior (Ripple and Beschta 2003, Fortin et al. 2005 a ), rather than by reducing elk population size.”
From WATER TABLES CONSTRAIN HEIGHT RECOVERY OF WILLOW ON YELLOWSTONE'S NORTHERN RANGE (2008) · cites this paper as Ripple and Beschta 2003
Citations
Cites
Behavioral decisions made under the risk of predation: a review and prospectus
Lima, S. L., & Dill, L. M. (1990) · Canadian Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1139/z90-092 · Cited by 8,196
Trophic cascades revealed in diverse ecosystems
Pace, M. L., Cole, J. J., Carpenter, S. R., & Kitchell, J. F. (1999) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/s0169-5347(99)01723-1 · Cited by 1,478
The Ecology of Fear: Optimal Foraging, Game Theory, and Trophic Interactions
Brown, J. S., Laundre, J. W., & Gurung, M. (1999) · Journal of Mammalogy · doi:10.2307/1383287 · Cited by 1,347
Wolves, elk, and bison: reestablishing the "landscape of fear" in Yellowstone National Park, U.S.A.
Laundré, J. W., Hernández, L., & Altendorf, K. B. (2001) · Canadian Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1139/z01-094 · Cited by 1,216
BEHAVIORALLY MEDIATED TROPHIC CASCADES: EFFECTS OF PREDATION RISK ON FOOD WEB INTERACTIONS
Schmitz, O. J., Beckerman, A. P., & O’Brien, K. M. (1997) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/0012-9658(1997)078[1388:bmtceo]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 936
Biology of Populus and its implications for management and conservation
Stettler, R. F., Bradshaw, H. D., Heilman, P. E., & Hinckley, T. M. (1996) · Cited by 851
Continental Conservation: scientific foundations of regional reserve networks
Soulé, M. E., Terborgh, J., & Wildlands (1999) · Cited by 472
Wolves, Moose, and Tree Rings on Isle Royale
McLaren, B. E., & Peterson, R. O. (1994) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.266.5190.1555 · Cited by 458
Trophic cascades among wolves, elk and aspen on Yellowstone National Park’s northern range
Ripple, W. J., Larsen, E. J., Renkin, R. A., & Smith, D. W. (2001) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/s0006-3207(01)00107-0 · Cited by 452
Self-citationYellowstone vegetation: consequences of environment and history in a natural setting
Despain, D. G. (1991) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.29-2095 · Cited by 365
Berger, J., Stacey, P., Bellis, L., & Johnson, M. P. (2001) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1890/1051-0761(2001)011[0947:amppig]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 340
The Northern Yellowstone Elk: Ecology and Management.
Coe, M. J., & Houston, D. B. (1984) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.2307/2403067 · Cited by 327
Aspen, Elk, and Fire in Northern Yellowstone Park
Romme, W. H., Turner, M. G., Wallace, L. L., & Walker, J. S. (1995) · Ecology · doi:10.2307/1941684 · Cited by 312
Historic aspen recruitment, elk, and wolves in northern Yellowstone National Park, USA
Ripple, W. J., & Larsen, E. J. (2000) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/s0006-3207(00)00014-8 · Cited by 308
Self-citation(1998) · Cited by 210
The effects of elk on aspen in the winter range in Rocky Mountain National Park
Baker, W. L., Munroe, J. A., & Hessl, A. (1997) · Ecography · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0587.1997.tb00358.x · Cited by 186
Displacement and dispersion of parturient caribou at calving as antipredator tactics
Bergerud, A. T., & Page, R. E. (1987) · Canadian Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1139/z87-249 · Cited by 180
Kunkel, K. E., & Pletscher, D. H. (2000) · Canadian Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1139/z99-181 · Cited by 164
Wolves of the World: Perspectives of Behavior, Ecology and Conservation
Harrington, F. H., & Paquet, P. C. (1983) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 161
Kay, C. E. (1997) · Journal of Forestry · doi:10.1093/jof/95.5.4 · Cited by 144
COTTONWOODS, ELK, AND WOLVES IN THE LAMAR VALLEY OF YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK
Beschta, R. L. (2003) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1890/02-5175 · Cited by 120
Self-citationEcological Dynamics on Yellowstone's Northern Range
National Research Council (2002) · National Academies Press eBooks · doi:10.17226/10328 · Cited by 108
Winter Hunting Patterns of Wolves in and Near Glacier National Park, Montana
Kunkel, K. E., & Pletscher, D. H. (2001) · Journal of Wildlife Management · doi:10.2307/3803105 · Cited by 104
Predation risk and habitat selection in the persistence of a remnant caribou population
Ferguson, S. H., Bergerud, A. T., & Ferguson, R. (1988) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/bf00379957 · Cited by 94
(1998) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 85
Cumulative effects of wild ungulate and livestock herbivory on riparian willows
Brookshire, J. E., Kauffman, B., Lytjen, D., & Otting, N. (2002) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-002-1007-4 · Cited by 78
Aspen age structure in the northern Yellowstone ecosystem: USA
Larsen, E. J., & Ripple, W. J. (2002) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/s0378-1127(02)00532-7 · Cited by 66
Self-citationInfluences of Herbivory and Water on Willow in Elk Winter Range
Zeigenfuss, L. C., Singer, F. J., Williams, S. A., & Johnson, T. L. (2002) · The Journal of Wildlife Management · doi:10.2307/3803143 · Cited by 61
Estes, J. A., Crooks, K. R., & Holt, R. D. (2001) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b0-12-226865-2/00358-8 · Cited by 53
(1978) · Digital Collections at BYU · Cited by 49
(1997) · Research Exchange (Washington State University) · Cited by 48
The northern Yellowstone elk: ecology and management
Houston, D. B. (1982) · Digital Commons - USU (Utah State University) · Cited by 46
Estes, J. A., Crooks, K. R., & Holt, R. D. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-384719-5.00117-9 · Cited by 41
Browse Evaluation by Analysis of Growth Form
Keigley, R. B., & Frisina, M. R. (1998) · Cited by 40
A Method for Determining the Onset Year of Intense Browsing
Keigley, R. B., Frisina, M. R., & Fager, C. W. (2003) · Journal of Range Management · doi:10.2307/4003878 · Cited by 24
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Chadde, S.W., Kay, C.E., 1996. Tall-willow communities on Yellowstone’s northern range: a test of the “natural-regulation” paradigm. In: Singer, F.J. (Ed.), Technical Report No. NPS/NRYELL/NRTR/96-01. National Park Service, Natural Resource Information Division, Denver, CO, pp. 165–183.
- Jonas, R.J., 1955. A population and ecological study of beaver (Castor canadensis) of Yellowstone National Park. M.S. Thesis. University of Idaho, Moscow.
- Meagher, M.M., Houston, D.B., 1998. Yellowstone and the Biology of Time. Oklahoma State University Press, Norman, OK.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Trophic Downgrading of Planet Earth
Estes, J. A., Terborgh, J., Brashares, J. S., Power, M. E., Berger, J., Bond, W. J., Carpenter, S. R., Essington, T. E., Holt, R. D., Jackson, J. B. C., et al. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1205106 · Cited by 4,087
Self-citationEcological Impacts of Deer Overabundance
Côté, S., Rooney, T., Tremblay, J., Dussault, C., & Waller, D. (2004) · Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.35.021103.105725 · Cited by 2,124
Trophic cascades in Yellowstone: The first 15years after wolf reintroduction
Ripple, W. J., & Beschta, R. L. (2012) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2011.11.005 · Cited by 884
Self-citationThe Landscape of Fear: Ecological Implications of Being Afraid~!2009-09-09~!2009-11-16~!2010-02-02~!
Laundré, J. W., Hernández, L., & Ripple, W. J. (2010) · The Open Ecology Journal · doi:10.2174/1874213001003030001 · Cited by 882
Self-citationWolves and the Ecology of Fear: Can Predation Risk Structure Ecosystems?
RIPPLE, W. J., & BESCHTA, R. L. (2004) · BioScience · doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0755:wateof]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 813
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Ripple, W. J., & Beschta, R. L.
- Affiliations
- Oregon State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ripple, William J.
- Venue
- Forest Ecology and Management
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2003-10
- Volume
- 184
- Issue
- 1-3
- Pages
- 299-313
- ISSN
- 0378-1127 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2023572308
- Semantic Scholar
- 0102cc2d957ec54353066a8753dcd3b127177e6c
- Cited by
- 395
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 19.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Forest Ecology and Management (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Ecology and biodiversity studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Rangeland and Wildlife Management
- Keywords
- wolf reintroduction, predation risk, poplar, elk browsing, riparian vegetation, trophic cascades, top-down control, willow, riparian restoration, Yellowstone National Park
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
