The DOI matches its Crossref record; 34 of the 36 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Potential problems with the interpretation of hair analysis results
Abstract
Due to differences in hair growth rate depending on anatomical region, age, gender, ethnicity and interindividual variability, interpretation of parent drug or/and metabolite concentrations in hair is not easy. Furthermore, as drug incorporation mechanisms into hair matrix is not yet fully understood, it is rather difficult to extrapolate details on time and dose from hair segment analysis. If incorporation sources other than from bloodstream (skin secretions and/or external/environmental contamination) are considered, interpretation becomes even more complicated. For evaluating possible passive contamination, it is essential to consider specific identification of metabolites, use of metabolite-to-parent drug ratios, assays of decontamination washes and analysis of specimens collected from other body parts. Cosmetic hair treatment, natural and artificial hair colour, differences in hair structure and specificity of analytical methodology may represent other bias sources affecting concentrations of drugs in hair. A suitable cut-off level related to the LOD will allow correct identification of drugs or metabolites in hair. Regarding the performance of different hair testing laboratories, little information is available at this time to what extent test results are comparable and their interpretation is consistent. Frequency of drug consumption and time intervals between multiple consumption or lag time between consumption and appearance in the hair has not been fully investigated and needs further research.
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In the citing paper
“Hair growth rates vary between individuals (Schütz et al., 1993), but a rate of 1cm/month has been generally accepted in the literature for a 1–cm hair segment (Schütz et al., 1993; Wennig, 2000).”
From Chronic Stress, Hair Cortisol and Depression: A Prospective and Longitudinal Study of Medical Internship (2018) · cites this paper as Wennig, 2000
In the citing paper
“Based on an average hair growth rate of 1 cm/month [73], this will give an indication of physiological stress levels over 3 months.”
Citations
Cites
Hair Analysis for Drugs of Abuse
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Anatomy and physiology of hair
Harkey, M. R. (1993) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/0379-0738(93)90255-9 · Cited by 380
Mechanisms of drug incorporation into hair
Henderson, G. L. (1993) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/0379-0738(93)90256-a · Cited by 331
Cone, E. J. (1990) · Journal of Analytical Toxicology · doi:10.1093/jat/14.1.1 · Cited by 189
Cone, E. J., Yousefnejad, D., Darwin, W. D., & Maguire, T. (1991) · Journal of Analytical Toxicology · doi:10.1093/jat/15.5.250 · Cited by 187
Hartung, R. (1987) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-5290-7_3 · Cited by 179
Kintz, P. (2008) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59745-318-9_4 · Cited by 171
Mechanisms of Drug Incorporation into Hair
Cone, E. J. (1996) · Therapeutic Drug Monitoring · doi:10.1097/00007691-199608000-00022 · Cited by 156
Henderson, G. L., Harkey, M. R., Zhou, C., Jones, R. T., & Jacob, P. (1996) · Journal of Analytical Toxicology · doi:10.1093/jat/20.1.1 · Cited by 145
Sachs, H., & Kintz, P. (1998) · Journal of Chromatography B Biomedical Sciences and Applications · doi:10.1016/s0378-4347(98)00168-6 · Cited by 138
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- P. Kintz, Toxicologie et Pharmacologie Médicolégales, Collection Option Bio, Elsevier, Paris, France, 1998.
- G. Skopp, L. Pötsch, Drogen in Schweiß und Talg-ein Aspekt der Haaranalyse, Mosbach GTFCh Symposium-Proceed, Moderne Messverfahren im Rahmen der Toxikologischforensischen Begutachtung, 89 (1997) 89–97.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Russell, E., Koren, G., Rieder, M., & Van Uum, S. (2012) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.09.009 · Cited by 1,063
State of the art in hair analysis for detection of drug and alcohol abuse
Pragst, F., & Balı́ková, M. (2006) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2006.02.019 · Cited by 1,058
Analysis of cortisol in hair – State of the art and future directions
Stalder, T., & Kirschbaum, C. (2012) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2012.02.002 · Cited by 835
Hair cortisol, stress exposure, and mental health in humans: A systematic review
Staufenbiel, S. M., Penninx, B. W. J. H., Spijker, A. T., Elzinga, B. M., & van Rossum, E. F. C. (2013) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.11.015 · Cited by 736
Analysis of endogenous cortisol concentrations in the hair of rhesus macaques
Davenport, M. D., Tiefenbacher, S., Lutz, C. K., Novak, M. A., & Meyer, J. S. (2006) · General and Comparative Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2006.01.005 · Cited by 659
Metadata
- Authors
- Wennig, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Luxembourg (LU)
- Corresponding author
- Wennig, R.
- Venue
- Forensic Science International
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2000-01
- Volume
- 107
- Issue
- 1-3
- Pages
- 5-12
- ISSN
- 0379-0738 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2080827705
- Cited by
- 677
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 55 · 2022: 45 · 2021: 52 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 11.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Forensic Science International (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Forensic and Genetic Research
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry › Analytical chemistry methods development
- Keywords
- hair analysis, drug incorporation into hair, hair growth rate, hair color, cut-off values, time delay, interlaboratory comparability
- MeSH terms
- Forensic Medicine, Hair, Humans, Substance Abuse Detection
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