Neuropathology of tuberous sclerosis
Abstract
In the cerebrum of patients with tuberous sclerosis (TSC), there are three types of nodular lesions: cortical tubers, subcortical heterotopic nodules and subependymal giant cell astrocytomas. Histologically, these hamartias and hamartomas contain abnormal giant cells that show evidence of abnormal differentiation of immature neural cells. Recent identification of the TSC1 and TSC2 genes has facilitated studies of the molecular pathology of TSC. The expression of their protein products, hamartin and tuberin, is altered in various TSC lesions. However, the molecular mechanism by which cortical tubers develop remains to be elucidated. The Eker rat, a naturally occurring animal model of TSC, will provide a powerful tool for future investigations of TSC.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Malformations of cortical development, known as cortical tubers, are a hallmark of TSC.
“Malformations of cortical development, known as cortical tubers, are a hallmark of TSC5.”
From mTORC1 drives cell-autonomous astrocyte reactivity in tuberous sclerosis (2026) · cites this paper as [5]
Human TSC neuropathology shows abnormal migration and differentiation of neurons within and proximal to tubers in the cerebral cortex and abnormally large cells with features of neurons or astrocytes or both, indicating a defect in differentiation.
“Neuropathologic observations in human subjects with TSC indicate abnormal migration and differentiation of neurons within and proximal to the tubers in the cerebral cortex [163] and the presence of abnormally large cells, which show features of either neurons or astrocytes or both, indicating a defect in differentiation [243].”
From Autism spectrum disorder: neuropathology and animal models (2017) · cites this paper as [243]
Cites
Identification of the Tuberous Sclerosis Gene <i>TSC1</i> on Chromosome 9q34
Slegtenhorst, M. V., Hoogt, R. D., Hermans, C., Nellist, M., Janssen, B., Verhoef, S., Lindhout, D., Ouweland, A. V. D., Halley, D., Young, J., et al. (1997) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.277.5327.805 · Cited by 1,648 · see citing works
Identification and characterization of the tuberous sclerosis gene on chromosome 16
(1993) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(93)90618-z · Cited by 1,645 · see citing works
Interaction between hamartin and tuberin, the TSC1 and TSC2 gene products
van Slegtenhorst, M. (1998) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/7.6.1053 · Cited by 565 · see citing works
Jones, A. C., Shyamsundar, M. M., Thomas, M. W., Maynard, J. H., Idziaszczyk, S., Tomkins, S. E., Sampson, J. R., & Cheadle, J. P. (1999) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/302381 · Cited by 527 · see citing works
EVIDENCE THAT THE GENE FOR TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS IS ON CHROMOSOME 9
Fryer, A. E., Connor, J. M., Povey, S., et al. (1987) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(87)90416-8 · Cited by 514 · see citing works
Onda, H., Lueck, A., Marks, P. W., Warren, H. B., & Kwiatkowski, D. J. (1999) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci7319 · Cited by 391 · see citing works
Loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 16p13.3 in hamartomas from tuberous sclerosis patients
Green, A., Smith, M., & Yates, J. R. W. (1994) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng0294-193 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
Wienecke, R., König, A., & DeClue, J. E. (1995) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.270.27.16409 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
Xiao, G., Shoarinejad, F., Jin, F., Golemis, E. A., & Yeung, R. S. W. (1997) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.272.10.6097 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
Kandt, R. S., Haines, J. L., Smith, M., Northrup, H., Gardner, R. J. M., Short, M. P., Dumars, K., Roach, E. S., Steingold, S., Wall, S. A., et al. (1992) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng0992-37 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
The TSC1 tumour suppressor hamartin regulates cell adhesion through ERM proteins and the GTPase Rho
Lamb, R. F., Roy, C., Diefenbach, T. J., Vinters, H. V., Johnson, M. W., Jay, D. G., & Hall, A. (2000) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/35010550 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Allelic loss is frequent in tuberous sclerosis kidney lesions but rare in brain lesions.
Henske, E. P., Scheithauer, B. W., Short, M. P., Wollmann, R. L., Nahmias, J. A., Hornigold, N., van Slegtenhorst, M., Welsh, C., & Kwiatkowski, D. J. (1996) · PubMed Central · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Kobayashi, T., Hirayama, Y., Kobayashi, E., Kubo, Y., & Hino, O. (1995) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng0195-70 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Kobayashi, T., Minowa, O., Kuno, J., Mitani, H., Hino, O., & Noda, T. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Two loci for Tuberous Sclerosis: one on 9q34 and one on 16p13
Povey, S., Burley, M., ATTWOOD, J., Benham, F., Hunt, D. M., Jeremiah, S. J., FRANKLIN, D., Gillett, G. T., Malas, S., Robson, E. B., et al. (1994) · Annals of Human Genetics · doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.1994.tb01881.x · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Plank, T. L., Yeung, R. S. W., & Henske, E. P. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 251 · see citing works
AUTISTIC BEHAVIOUR AND ATTENTION DEFICITS IN TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS: A POPULATION‐BASED STUDY
Gillberg, J. C., Gillberg, C., & Ahlsén, G. (1994) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.1994.tb11765.x · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Role of the Tuberous Sclerosis Gene-2 Product in Cell Cycle Control
Soucek, T., Pusch, O., Wienecke, R., DeClue, J. E., & Hengstschläger, M. (1997) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.272.46.29301 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
The tuberous sclerosis gene on chromosome 9q34 acts as a growth suppressor
Green, A., Johnson, P. H., & Yates, J. R. W. (1994) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/3.10.1833 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Characterization of the Cytosolic Tuberin-Hamartin Complex
Nellist, M. D., van Slegtenhorst, M. A., Goedbloed, M., van den Ouweland, A. M. W., Halley, D. J. J., & van der Sluijs, P. (1999) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.274.50.35647 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
(1999) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195122107.001.0001 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
A Dominant Gene for Renal Adenomas in the Rat
Eker, R., & MOSSIGE, J. C. (1961) · Nature · doi:10.1038/189858b0 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Carbonara, C., Longa, L., Grosso, E., et al. (1994) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/3.10.1829 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Subependymal astrocytic hamartomas in the Eker rat model of tuberous sclerosis.
Yeung, R. S. W., Katsetos, C. D., & Klein–Szanto, A. J. (1997) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 93 · see citing works
The pathology of tuberous sclerosis.
Bender, B. L., & Yunis, E. J. (1982) · PubMed · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Mizuguchi, M., Takashima, S., Yamanouchi, H., et al. (2000) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1093/jnen/59.3.188 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citationExpression of the TSC2 product tuberin and its target Rap1 in normal human tissues.
Wienecke, R., Maize, J. C., Reed, J. A., et al. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Co‐Localization of TSC1 and TSC2 Gene Products in Tubers of Patients with Tuberous Sclerosis
Johnson, M. W., Emelin, J. K., Park, S., & Vinters, H. V. (1999) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/j.1750-3639.1999.tb00209.x · Cited by 72 · see citing works
A role of the tuberous sclerosis gene-2 product during neuronal differentiation
Soucek, T., Hölzl, G., BERNASCHEK, G., et al. (1998) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1201743 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Plank, T. L., Logginidou, H., Klein–Szanto, A. J., & Henske, E. P. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Pathology of Tuberous Sclerosis
Richardson, E. P. (1991) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb37755.x · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Kerfoot, C. A., Wienecke, R., Menchine, M. D., Emelin, J. K., Maize, J. C., Welsh, C. T., Norman, M. G., DeClue, J. E., & Vinters, H. V. (1996) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/j.1750-3639.1996.tb00866.x · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Central Nervous System Pathology of Tuberous Sclerosis in Children
Bender, B. L., & Yunis, E. J. (1980) · Ultrastructural Pathology · doi:10.3109/01913128009141432 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Evidence of abnormal differentiation in giant cells of tuberous sclerosis
Yamanouchi, H., Jay, V., Rutka, J. T., Takashima, S., & Becker, L. E. (1997) · Pediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/s0887-8994(97)00036-2 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citationPhenotypic variation of tuberous sclerosis in a single extended kindred.
Smalley, S. L., Burger, F., & Smith, M. (1994) · Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1136/jmg.31.10.761 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Loss of tuberin from cerebral tissues with tuberous sclerosis and astrocytoma
Mizuguchi, M., Kato, M., Yamanouchi, H., et al. (1996) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410400621 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationMutational analysis of TSC1 and TSC2 genes in Japanese patients with tuberous sclerosis complex
Zhang, H., Nanba, E., Yamamoto, T., et al. (1999) · Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/s100380050185 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Tuberin immunohistochemistry in brain, kidneys and heart with or without tuberous sclerosis
Mizuguchi, M., Kato, M., Yamanouchi, H., et al. (1997) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s004010050746 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationTissue and cell-type specific expression of the tuberous sclerosis gene, TSC2, in human tissues.
Menchine, M. D., Emelin, J. K., Mischel, P. S., et al. (1996) · PubMed · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Mizuguchi, M., Ikeda, K., & Takashima, S. (2000) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s004010051152 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationHMB-45 and tuberin in hamartomas associated with tuberous sclerosis.
Kimura, N., Watanabe, M., Date, F., et al. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Definition and Criteria for Diagnosis
Gómez (1999) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Loss of the TSC2 product tuberin in subependymal giant-cell tumors
Arai, Y., Ackerley, C. A., & Becker, L. E. (1999) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s004010051074 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Giant cells in cortical tubers in tuberous sclerosis showing synaptophysin-immunoreactive halos
Yamanouchia, H., Ho, M. Y., Jay, V., et al. (1997) · Brain and Development · doi:10.1016/s0387-7604(96)00079-4 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Phacomatosis in Japan : epidemiology, clinical picture, and molecular biology
新村眞人, 大塚, 藤., & 樋野, 興. (1999) · Japan Scientific Societies Press , Karger eBooks · Cited by 4 · see citing works
NEUROLOGICAL ASPECTS OF TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS
Mizuguchi, M., Yamanouchi, H., & Takashima, S. (1999) · Gann monograph on cancer research · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Tuberous Sclerosis Complex
Crino, P. B., Nathanson, K. L., & Henske, E. P. (2006) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra055323 · Cited by 1,793 · see citing works
Autism spectrum disorder: neuropathology and animal models
Varghese, M., Keshav, N., Jacot-Descombes, S., Warda, T., Wicinski, B., Dickstein, D. L., Harony-Nicolas, H., De Rubeis, S., Drapeau, E., Buxbaum, J. D., et al. (2017) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-017-1736-4 · Cited by 536 · see citing works
Dazert, E., & Hall, M. N. (2011) · Current Opinion in Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ceb.2011.09.003 · Cited by 460 · see citing works
The Emerging Picture of Autism Spectrum Disorder: Genetics and Pathology
Chen, J. A., Peñagarikano, O., Belgard, T. G., Swarup, V., & Geschwind, D. H. (2015) · Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease · doi:10.1146/annurev-pathol-012414-040405 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Neuronal and glia abnormalities in Tsc1-deficient forebrain and partial rescue by rapamycin
Carson, R. P., Van Nielen, D. L., Winzenburger, P. A., & Ess, K. C. (2012) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2011.08.024 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Amplification of human interneuron progenitors promotes brain tumors and neurological defects
Eichmüller, O. L., Corsini, N. S., Vértesy, Á., Morassut, I., Scholl, T., Gruber, V.-E., Peer, A. M., Chu, J., Novatchkova, M., Hainfellner, J. A., et al. (2022) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abf5546 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Boer, K., Crino, P. B., Gorter, J. A., Nellist, M., Jansen, F. E., Spliet, W. G. M., Van Rijen, P. C., Wittink, F. R. A., Breit, T. M., Troost, D., et al. (2010) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/j.1750-3639.2009.00341.x · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Zimmer, T. S., Broekaart, D. W. M., Gruber, V.-E., van Vliet, E. A., Mühlebner, A., & Aronica, E. (2020) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.01028 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
First descriptions of tuberous sclerosis by Désiré‐Magloire Bourneville (1840–1909)
Brigo, F., Lattanzi, S., Trinka, E., Nardone, R., Bragazzi, N. L., Ruggieri, M., Martini, M., & Walusinski, O. (2018) · Neuropathology · doi:10.1111/neup.12515 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
mTORC1 drives cell-autonomous astrocyte reactivity in tuberous sclerosis
Li, T. L., Blair, J. D., Yoo, T., Grant, G. A., Hockemeyer, D., Porter, B. E., & Bateup, H. S. (2026) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-026-11054-w · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Mizuguchi, M., & Takashima, S.
- Affiliations
- Jichi Medical University (JP)
- National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Mizuguchi, Masashi
- ORCID
- Mizuguchi, Masashi
- Venue
- Brain and Development
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2001-11
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 508-515
- ISSN
- 0387-7604 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2076268719
- Cited by
- 205
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 2.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Brain and Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling in cancer
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Neurofibromatosis and Schwannoma Cases
- Keywords
- tuberous sclerosis complex, cortical tubers, subependymal giant cell astrocytoma, hamartoma, hamartin, tuberin, TSC1 gene, TSC2 gene, Eker rat, hamartia, neural cell differentiation, molecular pathology
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Astrocytoma, Brain, Child, Female, Hamartoma, Humans, Tuberous Sclerosis, Fatal Outcome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review