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A randomized controlled trial of brief cognitive–behavioral interventions for cannabis use disorder
Open accessAbstract
The increasing demand for treatment for cannabis dependence in Australia and internationally has led to the identification of significant gaps in knowledge of effective interventions. A randomized controlled trial of brief cognitive-behavioral interventions (CBT) for cannabis dependence was undertaken to address this issue. A total of 229 participants were assessed and randomly assigned to either a six-session CBT program (6CBT), a single-session CBT intervention (1CBT), or a delayed-treatment control (DTC) group. Participants were assisted in acquiring skills to promote cannabis cessation and maintenance of abstinence. Participants were followed-up a median of 237 days after last attendance. Participants in the treatment groups reported better treatment outcomes than the DTC group. They were more likely to report abstinence, were significantly less concerned about their control over cannabis use, and reported significantly fewer cannabis-related problems than those in the DTC group. Those in the 6CBT group also reported more significantly reduced levels of cannabis consumption than the DTC group. While the therapist variable had no effect on any outcome, a secondary analysis of the 6CBT and 1CBT groups showed that treatment compliance was significantly associated with decreased dependence and cannabis-related problems. This study supports the attractiveness and effectiveness of individual CBT interventions for cannabis use disorders and the need for multisite replication trials.
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“Best-practice evidence suggests that the most effective treatment response for cannabis-dependent users is a 'brief intervention' involving six sessions of cognitive behavioural therapy, yet this is not currently provided in Portugal (see, e.g.Copeland et al. 2001).”
From What Can We Learn From The Portuguese Decriminalization of Illicit Drugs? (2010) · cites this paper as Copeland et al. 2001
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Some studies have failed to report follow-up data (Stephens et al., 2002), but those that have report abstinence rates between 0% and 30% at 3-month follow-up (e.g., Budney et al., 2000;Stephens et al., 2000) and about half that or less at 9-to 12-month follow-up (e.g., Budney et al., 2000;Copeland et al., 2001;Stephens et al., 1994Stephens et al., , 2000)).”
From A preliminary investigation of acceptance and commitment therapy as a treatment for Marijuana dependence in adults (2007) · cites this paper as Copeland et al., 2001
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“Treatment options include relapse prevention (Stephens et al., 1994(Stephens et al., , 2000)), motivational enhancement procedures (Budney et al., 2000;Stephens et al., 2002), cognitive behavior therapy and coping skills training (Budney et al.;Copeland et al., 2001;Stephens et al., 2002), and voucher-based motivational incentives (Budney et al.).”
From A preliminary investigation of acceptance and commitment therapy as a treatment for Marijuana dependence in adults (2007) · cites this paper as Copeland et al., 2001
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“Early randomized studies of brief intervention for drug use among adults found statistically significant effects for at least one of the primary outcomes (Baker et al., 2005; Bernstein et al., 2005; Copeland et al., 2001; Davis, Baer, Saxon, & Kivlahan, 2003; Humeniuk et al., 2012; McCambridge & Strang, 2004; Stephens, Roffman, & Curtin, 2000; Zahradnik et al., 2009)”
From A randomized study of the use of screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT) for drug and alcohol use with jail inmates (2017) · cites this paper as Copeland et al., 2001
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Self-citationImpact of cannabis legalization on treatment and research priorities for cannabis use disorder
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“However, other studies have shown an advantage to somewhat longer interventions with more sessions (Copeland et al., 2001; MTPRG, 2004).”
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“Another factor that may be related to the transition from recreational use to CUD is stress: individuals may smoke cannabis as a coping mechanism to alleviate stress (Copeland et al., 2001; Fattore, 2013; Hyman and Sinha, 2009) and the relief from stress may in turn lead to increased cannabis use and risk of developin…”
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“CBT effectively reduced the frequency of cannabis use among patients with cannabis use disorder.(27,29,30) A 2016 metaanalysis evaluating the effectiveness of different psychosocial interventions for the treatment of cannabis use disorder found that individuals receiving CBT used cannabis on fewer days in the month be…”
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Gambling and Cannabis Use: Clinical and Policy Implications
Winters, K. C., & Whelan, J. (2019) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-019-09919-z · Cited by 11
HUMENIUK, R. E., Newcombe, D. A. L., Dennington, V., & Ali, R. L. (2018) · Australian Journal of Primary Health · doi:10.1071/py17056 · Cited by 11
“Nevertheless, longer BIs (30–90min) have been shown to be effective for cannabis (Copeland et al. 2001), benzodiazepines (Bashir et al.”
BackgroundAustralians Living with and Managing Hepatitis C
O’Brien, A. P., Cross, W. M., Higgs, P., Munro, I., Bloomer, M. J., & Chou, K. (2010) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.3109/01612841003629532 · Cited by 10
Padwa, H., Ni, Y.-M., Barth-Rogers, Y., Arangua, L., Andersen, R., & Gelberg, L. (2013) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.3109/10826084.2013.866962 · Cited by 10
Guía clínica de intervención psicológica en adicciones
Pérez, P., & José, E. (2021) · Cited by 10
A postal intervention for dependent cannabis users
Norberg, M. M., WRIGHT, T., HICKEY, K., & Copeland, J. (2011) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/j.1465-3362.2011.00317.x · Cited by 10
Self-citationReview on psychotherapeutic interventions for cannabis disorders
Zimmermann, P., Mühlig, S., Sonntag, D., Bühringer, G., & Wïttchen, H. (2004) · SUCHT - Zeitschrift für Wissenschaft und Praxis / Journal of Addiction Research and Practice · doi:10.1024/2004.05.07 · Cited by 10
Brief Interventions for Alcohol and Drug Problems
Barry, K. L., Brockmann, L. M., & Blow, F. C. (2010) · doi:10.1002/9780470710449.ch36 · Cited by 10
Patterson, T., Macleod, E., Hobbs, L., Egan, R., Cameron, C., & Gross, J. (2018) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1111/cp.12156 · Cited by 9
Glasner, S. V., KAY‐LAMBKIN, F. J., Budney, A. J., Gitlin, M. J., Kagan, B. L., Garneau, H. C., Ang, A., & Venegas, A. (2018) · Cannabis · doi:10.26828/cannabis.2018.02.004 · Cited by 9
Factor analysis of a short form of the Protective Behavioral Strategies for Marijuana scale
Mian, M. N., Altman, B. R., Luba, R. R., Ueno, L. F., Dalal, D. K., & Earleywine, M. (2021) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.106852 · Cited by 9
“While the majority of interventions assess effectiveness through reductions in use or negative outcomes, PBS offers an alternative strategy (Copeland et al., 2001; Fischer et al., 2013; Gates et al., 2016).”
BackgroundPsychotherapeutic interventions for cannabis use disorder. What do we know and what should we do?
Pouliquen, M. D., & Auriacombe, M. (2021) · L Encéphale · doi:10.1016/j.encep.2021.05.009 · Cited by 10
Hoch, E., Bühringer, G., Henker, J., Rohrbacher, H., Noack, R., Pixa, A., Dittmer, K., Rühlmann, A., & Wïttchen, H. (2011) · SUCHT - Zeitschrift für Wissenschaft und Praxis / Journal of Addiction Research and Practice · doi:10.1024/0939-5911.a000111 · Cited by 9
Copeland, J., & Allsop, D. (2014) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/dar.12166 · Cited by 8
Self-citationBrief Interventions and Motivational Interviewing
Hettema, J. E., Wagner, C. C., Ingersoll, K. S., & Russo, J. M. (2014) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199381708.013.007 · Cited by 7
Marijuana: An Overview of the Empirical Literature
Zvolensky, M. J., Bonn‐Miller, M. O., Leyro, T. M., Johnson, K. A., & Bernstein, A. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0338-9_20 · Cited by 8
Darker, C. D., Sweeney, B., Keenan, E., Whiston, L., Anderson, R., & Barry, J. M. (2016) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-016-1082-4 · Cited by 9
“To date, the impact of BIs on a variety of illicit substances has been examined and shown to be effective in relation to amphetamines [12], benzodiazepines [13], cannabis [14–16], cocaine [17, 18], and illicit substances in general [2, 11, 19].”
BackgroundCopeland, J., & Howard, J. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118340851.ch20 · Cited by 8
Self-citationCannabis Youth Treatment intervention: preliminary findings and implications
Titus, J. C., & Dennis, M. L. (2006) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511543968.006 · Cited by 7
Novel Pharmacotherapeutic Interventions for Cannabis Use Disorder
Mason, B. L., Mustafa, A., Filbey, F. M., & Brown, E. S. (2016) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-016-0094-y · Cited by 7
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Substance Use Disorders
Rohsenow, D. J. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-397045-9.00265-2 · Cited by 9
Cannabis use and cannabis use disorders and their treatment in the Europe
Hall, W., Manthey, J., & Stjepanović, D. (2024) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-024-01776-1 · Cited by 6
“Early trials of dependent cannabis users reported that one or two sessions of counselling improved outcomes up to 6 months later, compared to a wait-list control group [9, 56].”
Frewen, A. R., Baillie, A., & Montebello, M. E. (2008) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2008.07.004 · Cited by 6
A comparison of CCRT pervasiveness and symptomatic improvement in brief therapy
Lunnen, K. M., Ogles, B. M., Anderson, T., & Barnes, D. L. (2006) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1348/147608305x53206 · Cited by 6
Readiness to change alcohol and illicit drug use among a sample of emergency department patients
Abar, B. W., Baumann, B. M., Rosenbaum, C. D., Boyer, E. W., & Boudreaux, E. D. (2011) · Journal of Substance Use · doi:10.3109/14659891.2011.580413 · Cited by 6
“Moreover, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Administration and other researchers (Copeland et al., 2001; Bernstein et al., 2005) have promoted SBIRT for illicit drug use as well (Madras et al., 2009).”
BackgroundInterventions for cannabis misuse
Maddock, C., & Babbs, M. (2006) · Advances in Psychiatric Treatment · doi:10.1192/apt.12.6.432 · Cited by 6
Adolescent cannabis use disorders
Leung, J., Hall, W., & Degenhardt, L. J. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818626-8.00004-9 · Cited by 8
Naeem, F., Munshi, T. A., Gratzer, D., Rodie, D. J., Irfan, M., Rao, S., Husain, N., Farooq, S., Sanches, M., Ayub, M., et al. (2019) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2019.59 · Cited by 6
Metadata
- Authors
- Copeland, J., Swift, W., Roffman, R., & Stephens, R.
- Affiliations
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- University of Washington (US)
- Virginia Tech (US)
- Corresponding author
- Copeland, Jan
- ORCID
- Copeland, Jan
- Venue
- Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2001-09
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 55-64
- ISSN
- 0740-5472 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2017872800
- Cited by
- 322
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 5.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Keywords
- cannabis use disorder, cognitive behavioral therapy, brief intervention, single-session intervention, abstinence maintenance, cannabis cessation, medication adherence, cannabis-related problems, therapist effects
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Australia, Marijuana Abuse, Female, Humans, Male, Patient Compliance, Self-Assessment, Time Factors, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Treatment Outcome
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