A randomized study of the use of screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT) for drug and alcohol use with jail inmates

May combine two claims.

At follow-up, drug use over the 3 months before the interview was reported by 75.1% of the SBIRT group and 69.2% of the control group, a nonsignificant difference (p = 0.19).

“At follow-up, drug use over the 3 months prior to the interview was reported by 75.1% of the SBIRT group and 69.2% of the control group, a nonsignificant difference (p = 0.19).”

May combine two claims.

Similar percentages of SBIRT and control participants reported attending outpatient treatment over the 12 months before the interview (9.3% vs. 11.1%), and the difference was not significant.

“When asked about participation in treatment over the 12 months prior to the interview, similar percentages of SBIRT and control group participants reported attending inpatient treatment (14.7% vs. 15.1%) and outpatient treatment (9.3% vs. 11.1%). Neither of these differences was significant.”

May combine two claims.

Change in risk level between baseline and follow-up for all drugs examined and for alcohol did not differ significantly between groups.

“Change in risk level between baseline and follow-up for all drugs examined and for alcohol did not differ significantly between groups.”

May combine two claims.

Similar percentages of SBIRT and control participants reported attending inpatient treatment over the 12 months before the interview (14.7% vs. 15.1%), and the difference was not significant.

“When asked about participation in treatment over the 12 months prior to the interview, similar percentages of SBIRT and control group participants reported attending inpatient treatment (14.7% vs. 15.1%) and outpatient treatment (9.3% vs. 11.1%). Neither of these differences was significant.”

May combine two claims.

Median days until first drug use was 2 for SBIRT and 1 for control; median days until first alcohol use was 1 for SBIRT and 2 for control.

“The distribution was very skewed, with the median days until drug use being 2 for SBIRT and 1 for control; for alcohol use, the medium was 1 for SBIRT and 2 for control.”

May combine two claims.

Within 3 months of admission to the study, 3.3% of SBIRT participants and 4.7% of control participants were recorded in agency records as having been admitted to treatment, a nonsignificant difference.

“Within 3 months of admission to the study, 3.3% of SBIRT participants and 4.7% of control participants were recorded in agency records as having been admitted to treatment, a nonsignificant difference.”

May combine two claims.

Controlling for time to follow-up, no significant group differences were found for drug use (p = 0.37) or alcohol use (p = 0.08).

“No significant group differences were found for either drug use (p = 0.37) or alcohol use (p = 0.08), controlling for time to follow-up.”

May combine two claims.

On the four domains of the WHO Quality of Life assessment (Physical, Psychological, Social, and Environment), scores for the SBIRT and control groups were nearly the same, with none of the differences statistically significant.

“On the four domains of the WHO Quality of Life assessment (Physical, Psychological, Social, and Environment), the scores for the participants in the SBIRT and control groups were nearly the same, with none of the differences being statistically significant.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

About half of respondents reported never having used condoms.

“About half of the respondents reported never having used condoms.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The brief intervention for this study varied from 5 minutes to 45 minutes, with an average of 23 minutes.

“The brief intervention for this study varied from 5 minutes to 45 minutes, with an average of 23 minutes.”

May combine two claims.

Reported attendance at a self-group after release from jail was similar for both groups (28.8% for SBIRT, 27.0% for control) and was not statistically significant.

“Reported attendance at a self-group after release from jail was similar for both groups (28.8% for SBIRT, 27.0% for control) and was not statistically significant.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The mean time to administer the ASSIST in this study was 9.1 minutes (SD = 6.4).

“The mean time to administer the ASSIST was 9.1 minutes (SD = 6.4).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The WHOQOL-BREF showed high internal consistency (0.82-0.95 across domains) and reproducibility (0.83-0.96).

“The instrument has been found to have a high degree of internal consistency (0.82–0.95 across domains) and reproducibility (0.83–0.96) (Bonomi, Patrick, Bushnell, & Martin, 2000).”

• cites Bonomi, Patrick, Bushnell, & Martin, 2000Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Studies in healthcare settings reported that the costs of SBIRT for alcohol users are relatively low and that the benefit-cost ratio is favorable ($3-$4 for every dollar spent).

“Studies in healthcare settings have reported that the costs of SBIRT for alcohol users are relatively low and that the benefit-cost ratio is favorable ($3–$4 for every dollar spent; Babor et al., 2007)”

• cites Babor et al., 2007 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The groups did not differ in readiness to change, with just over half of each group in the contemplation phase.

“The groups did not differ with regard to readiness to change, with just over one-half of each group falling in the contemplation phase.”

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

There were no baseline differences between groups in the frequency of condom use in the past 30 days or in the percentage who shared needles in the past 30 days.

“With regard to HIV status, there were no differences in the frequency of condom use in the past 30 days or in the percentage who shared needles in the past 30 days.”

May combine two claims.

The ASSIST showed strong internal consistency across the drugs it assessed (0.77-0.94) and acceptable correlations with risk-factor measures for alcohol and drug problems (0.48-0.76).

“The ASSIST has high internal consistency across drugs examined (0.77–0.94) and acceptable correlations between ASSIST scores and measures of risk factors for alcohol and drug use problems (0.48–0.76) (Humeniuk et al., 2008).”

• cites Humeniuk et al., 2008 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Mean time to follow-up was 14.0 months (SD = 4.3), range 10.4 to 35.0 months, and did not differ by group (p = 0.64).

“The mean time to the follow-up interview was 14.0 months (SD = 4.3), with a range of 10.4 to 35.0 months; time to follow-up did not differ by group (p = 0.64).”

May combine two claims.

All participants assigned to the SBIRT group received the brief intervention, and none of the control group participants received it.

“All participants who were assigned to the SBIRT group received the brief intervention; none of the control group participants received the brief intervention.”

May combine two claims.

One randomized study of screening and brief intervention with women in jail found improved effects for drug and alcohol use at 2 months after release, but no difference between groups in treatment engagement; only 20.4% of the sample was interviewed at follow-up.

“One randomized study (Begun, Rose, & Lebel, 2011) of screening and brief intervention with women in jail found improved effects for drug and alcohol use at follow-up (2 months following release), but with no difference between groups for engagement in treatment; only 20.4% of the sample was interviewed for the follow-up.”

• cites Begun, Rose, & Lebel, 2011Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

A large randomized multisite study of SBIRT for harmful alcohol use in probation settings in England found no statistically significant effect on alcohol use at 12 months, but the brief intervention group had a lower reconviction rate than the information-only group.

“A large (N = 525) randomized, multisite study of SBIRT for harmful alcohol use in probation settings in England found no statistically significant effect on alcohol use at 12 months, although those in the brief intervention group did have a lower reconviction rate than did those in the information-only group (Newbury-Birch et al., 2014).”

• cites Newbury-Birch et al., 2014 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

A validation study of the URICA among male prisoners confirmed its factor structure and reported acceptable internal consistency (subscale alphas 0.60-0.93).

“A validation study of the URICA with male prisoners confirmed the factor structure of the URICA and indicated that internal consistency was acceptable (alphas 0.60–0.93 for the subscales) (Polascheka, Anstiss, & Wilson, 2010).”

• cites Polascheka, Anstiss, & Wilson, 2010Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Drug use, particularly injection, contributes to increased risk of HIV transmission.

“Drug use, particularly when involving injection, also contributes to increased risk of HIV transmission (Taylor, 2009).”

• cites Taylor, 2009Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

For amphetamine and opioids, much lower percentages of SBIRT participants reported never having used the drugs than control participants (amphetamine 20.0% vs. 35.3%; opioids 59.8% vs. 72.2%).

“For amphetamine and opioids, much lower percentages of SBIRT participants reported never having used the drugs than control participants (for amphetamine, 20.0% vs. 35.3%; for opioids, 59.8% vs. 72.2%).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Brief interventions typically are based on motivational interviewing and consist of one to four sessions, with session length varying from 10 to 60 minutes.

“typically brief interventions are based on motivational interviewing and consist of one to four sessions, with the length of a session varying from 10 minutes to 60 minutes (Jonas et al., 2012; Kaner, Brown, & Jackson, 2011).”

• cites Jonas et al., 2012 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Kaner, Brown, & Jackson, 2011Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Randomization used randomly ordered opaque envelopes prepared at the research center.

“Using a set of randomly ordered opaque envelopes prepared at the research center, the interviewer assigned a participant to the SBIRT group (N = 369) or to the comparison group (N = 363).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Health educators received a week-long training covering study design, ASSIST administration and scoring, brief intervention, brief treatment, and referral procedures.

“They received a week-long training in study design, administration and scoring of the ASSIST, brief intervention, brief treatment, and procedures for referral to treatment.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Follow-up interviews were completed with 72% of the full sample; after excluding deaths, refusals, deportations, and incarceration, the follow-up rate was 76%.

“Follow-up interviews were conducted with 72% of the full sample. Not counting those who had died, who refused, were deported, or were in jail or prison, the follow-up rate was 76%.”

May combine two claims.

The control group's ASSIST was administered by the interviewer rather than the health educator to ensure comparable risk-level data and to strengthen the intervention contrast between groups.

“The interviewer (rather than the health educator) administered the ASSIST to the control participants for two reasons: (1) it ensured that we had comparable data on risk levels for participants in both study groups, and (2) it ensured that control participants received the ASSIST in a research context rather than in a clinical context, in an effort to strengthen the intervention contrast between”

May combine two claims.

The groups did not differ in assignment preference, with about half of each group having no preference.

“The groups did not differ in assignment preference, with about half of each group having no preference.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Because of skewness, the Wilcoxon sign-ranks test was used.

“Because of the skewness, we used the Wilcoxon sign-ranks test;”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Time to complete the 12-month follow-up interviews was much longer than 12 months for some respondents, up to 34 months.

“Time to complete the 12-month follow-up interviews were much longer than 12 months for some respondents (up to 34 months).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

SBIRT has been shown to lower alcohol and drug use in healthcare, educational, and other settings.

“Screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT) is an evidence-based practice that has been shown to reduce alcohol and drug use in healthcare, educational, and other settings”

• Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · plain

  “although SBIRT has been found to be effective in healthcare and other settings”

May combine two claims.

For any drug use in the 3 months before incarceration, there was a statistically significant difference between groups, with daily or almost daily use higher in the SBIRT group (74.9%) than in the control group (66.4%).

“For any drug use in the 3 months prior to incarceration across the three use categories (daily/almost daily, sometimes, no use), there was a statistically significant difference between the groups, with the percentage reporting daily/almost daily use being higher in the SBIRT group (74.9%) than in the control group (66.4%).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Time to follow-up was controlled for in multinomial logistic regression models for the two primary outcomes of drug use and alcohol use 3 months before follow-up.

“But to account for any effect of differing time to follow up, this variable was controlled for in multinomial logistic regression models for the two primary outcomes of drug use and alcohol use 3 months prior to follow-up.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Drug users were three to four times more likely to commit crime than non-drug users.

“A meta-analysis of the literature on drug use and crime (Bennett, Holloway, & Farrington, 2008) found that drug users were three to four times more likely to commit crime than non-drug users.”

• cites Bennett, Holloway, & Farrington, 2008Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

If a paper version of the ASSIST is used, manually calculating the scores for each drug adds to the administration time.

“If a paper version of the ASSIST is used, manually calculating the scores for each drug adds to the time.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Criminal-justice involved persons are a particularly difficult population to track for follow-up given reluctance to provide detailed tracking information, a transient life style, wariness of being contacted, and little or no contact with family members.

“Criminal-justice involved persons are a particularly difficult population to track for follow-up given a reluctance to provide detailed tracking information, a transient life style, wariness of being contacted, and little or no contact with family members.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The brief intervention provided to participants in jail was typical of SBIRT applications in that it followed a motivational interviewing model that matched content to the client's drug(s) of choice and risk level.

“The brief intervention provided to participants in jail was typical of SBIRT applications in that it followed a motivational interviewing model (Miller & Rollnick, 2012) that matched the content of the intervention to the client’s drug(s) of choice and risk level.”

• cites Miller & Rollnick, 2012Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The content and procedures of the brief intervention were not explicitly adapted to clients with criminal backgrounds, other than to comply with jail regulations and space availability.

“The content and procedures of the brief intervention was not explicitly adapted to clients with criminal backgrounds, other than to comply with jail regulations and space availability.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The study was not able to break out personnel costs of the intervention by activity.

“We were not able to break out personnel costs of the intervention by activity, although most of the resources went into the screening and brief intervention components.”

May combine two claims.

These necessary research conditions would not be present in a typical setting that provided SBIRT to offenders, and thus the effects found may be different in a "real world" setting.

“These necessary research conditions would not be present in a typical setting that provided SBIRT to offenders, and thus, the effects found may be different in a “real world” setting.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Arrest and treatment participation following release from jail were based on records.

“Arrest and treatment participation following release from jail were based on records.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The ASSIST is widely used in SBIRT applications that assess for illicit drug use as well as alcohol use.

“The screening instrument selected for this study—the ASSIST (Humeniuk, Dennington, & Ali, 2008)—is widely used in SBIRT applications that assess for illicit drug use as well as alcohol use.”

• cites Humeniuk, Dennington, & Ali, 2008Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

This study attempted to reduce the impact of research effects by limiting the amount of data collected at baseline and by having the research interviewer rather than the health educator administer the ASSIST to control group participants.

“Although this study did not formally assess this possibility through manipulation, we attempted to reduce the impact of research effects by limiting the amount of data collected at baseline and by having the research interviewer (rather than the health educator) administer the ASSIST to participants in the control group.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Duration of brief interventions varies considerably, with some averaging 5-10 minutes, others lasting 60 minutes, and still others consisting of up to four separate sessions.

“The duration of brief interventions varies considerably. Some average 5–10 minutes; others last 60 minutes; still others may consist of up to four separate sessions (Jonas et al., 2012; Kaner, Brown, & Jackson, 2011).”

• cites Jonas et al., 2012 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Kaner, Brown, & Jackson, 2011Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The efforts to promote treatment participation in this study were far greater and more costly than is typical in most SBIRT interventions.

“These efforts were far greater (and more costly) than is typical in most SBIRT interventions.”

May combine two claims.

Participants were willing to participate in research activities, were compensated for their participation, and received an intervention from carefully trained and monitored counselors.

“They were willing to participate in research activities, were compensated for their participation in research, and received an intervention from carefully trained and monitored counselors.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Models of SBIRT that place increased emphasis on treatment referral will increase the cost of SBIRT, which undercuts one of its attractions.

“Although models of SBIRT that place increased emphasis on treatment referral may prove effective, such interventions will increase the cost of SBIRT, which undercuts one of its attractions within the continuum of substance use disorder treatment services.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Higher payments for follow-up interviews do not appear to increase drug use or perceived coercion, but they do lead to higher follow-up rates.

“Higher payments for follow-up interviews do not appear to increase drug use or perceived coercion, but they do lead to higher follow-up rates (Festinger, Marlowe, Dugosh, Croft, & Arabia, 2008).”

• cites Festinger, Marlowe, Dugosh, Croft, & Arabia, 2008Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The increasing use of mobile phones added to the difficulty of contacting participants for a follow-up interview.

“The increasing use of mobile phones added to the difficulty of contacting participants for a follow-up interview.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The health educators had participated in an earlier SBIRT study conducted with inmates being processed through the police department.

“The health educators had participated in an earlier SBIRT study conducted with inmates being processed through the police department (Lee et al., 2012).”

• cites Lee et al., 2012 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Because the ASSIST asks seven questions for each of 10 types of drugs, the time to administer it can vary considerably depending on the number of drugs the person endorses.

“Because the ASSIST asks seven questions for each of 10 types of drugs, the time to administer the ASSIST can vary considerably depending on the number of drugs that the person endorses (i.e., used in their lifetime).”