Sleep in infants and young children
Abstract
Approximately 25% of children younger than 5 years experience some type of sleep problem. Whether the problem is acute or chronic, significant disruption to the child's sleep can occur and have a negative impact on the child and family. This article is the second in a two-part series on sleep in infants and young children. The purpose of this article is to provide fundamental information regarding common pediatric sleep problems for the clinician to use when assessing a child's sleep behaviors or addressing parental concerns. The definition, impact, and clinical evaluation of sleep problems are discussed.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Sleep loss and consistently shorter sleep durations have been linked to inattentiveness, frustration and hyperactivity in 2-5-year-old children.
“Sleep loss and consistently shorter sleep durations have been linked to inattentiveness, frustration and hyperactivity in 2–5-year-old children53,54.”
From Rhythms of life: circadian disruption and brain disorders across the lifespan (2019) · cites this paper as [53]
Cites
Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine
Kryger, M. H., Roth, T. G., & Dement, W. C. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2009-0-59875-3 · Cited by 5,118 · see citing works
Roffwarg, H. P., Muzio, J. N., & Dement, W. C. (1966) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.152.3722.604 · Cited by 1,559 · see citing works
Sleep-Disordered Breathing and School Performance in Children
Gozal, D. (1998) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.102.3.616 · Cited by 1,178 · see citing works
Standards and Indications for Cardiopulmonary Sleep Studies in Children. American Thoracic Society
(1996) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/ajrccm.153.2.8564147 · Cited by 1,178 · see citing works
Normal Human Sleep: An Overview
Carskadon, M. A., & Dement, W. C. (2005) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b0-72-160797-7/50009-4 · Cited by 1,161 · see citing works
Clinical Practice Guideline: Diagnosis and Management of Childhood Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome
Pulmonology, S. O. P. (2002) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.109.4.704 · Cited by 930 · see citing works
Sleep Habits and Sleep Disturbance in Elementary School‐Aged Children
Owens, J., Spirito, A., McGuinn, M., & Nobile, C. (2000) · Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/00004703-200002000-00005 · Cited by 789 · see citing works
Symptoms of Sleep Disorders, Inattention, and Hyperactivity in Children
Chervin, R. D., Dillon, J. E., Bassetti, C. L., Ganoczy, D. A., & Pituch, K. (1997) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/20.12.1185 · Cited by 577 · see citing works
The impact of inadequate sleep on children's daytime cognitive function
Dahl, R. E. (1996) · Seminars in Pediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1071-9091(96)80028-3 · Cited by 566 · see citing works
Parental and Self-report of Sleep in Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Owens, J. A., Maxim, R., Nobile, C., McGuinn, M., & Msall, M. E. (2000) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpedi.154.6.549 · Cited by 397 · see citing works
Chervin, R. D., Archbold, K. H., Dillon, J. E., Pituch, K., Panahi, P., Dahl, R. E., & Guilleminault, C. (2002) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/25.2.213 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Regulation of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms
(1999) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781420001211 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
The Practice of Pediatric Sleep Medicine: Results of a Community Survey
Owens, J. A. (2001) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.108.3.e51 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Solve your child's sleep problems
Brown, L. W. (1985) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(85)80520-5 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Developmental Features of Sleep
Mindell, J. A. A., Owens, J. A., & Carskadon, M. A. (1999) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s1056-4993(18)30149-4 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Sustained sleep deprivation impairs host defense
Everson, C. A. (1993) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1993.265.5.r1148 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Positioning and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS): Update
TASK FORCE ON INFANT POSITIONING AND SIDS (1996) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.98.6.1216 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Factors Associated With the Transition to Nonprone Sleep Positions of Infants in the United States
Willinger, M., Hoffman, H. J., Wu, K.-T., Hou, J.-R., Kessler, R. C., Ward, S. L., Keens, T. G., & Corwin, M. J. (1998) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.280.4.329 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Sleep and Daytime Behavior in Children With Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Behavioral Sleep Disorders
Owens, J., Opipari, L. C., Hart, C. N., & Spirito, A. (1998) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.102.5.1178 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Solve Your Child's Sleep Problems
Ferber, R. A., & Wilson, G. K. (1986) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine in the Child
Ferber, R. A., & Kryger, M. H. (1995) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Mindell, J. A. A. (1999) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/24.6.465 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Trends in Infant Bed Sharing in the United States, 1993-2000
Willinger, M., Ko, C., Hoffman, H. J., Kessler, R. C., & Corwin, M. J. (2003) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpedi.157.1.43 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Factors Associated With Caregivers' Choice of Infant Sleep Position, 1994-1998
Willinger, M., Ko, C., Hoffman, H. J., Kessler, R. C., & Corwin, M. J. (2000) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.283.16.2135 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Pediatric Sleep Disorders: A Review of the Past 10 Years
Anders, T. F., & Eiben, L. A. (1997) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199701000-00012 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Sleep Problems Seldom Addressed at Two General Pediatric Clinics
Chervin, R. D., Archbold, K. H., Panahi, P., & Pituch, K. (2001) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.107.6.1375 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Pediatricians and Sleep Disorders: Training and Practice
Mindell, J. A. A., Moline, M. L., Zendell, S. M., Brown, L. W., & Fry, J. M. (1994) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.94.2.194 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Sleep and its disorders in children
Guilleminault, C. (1987) · Raven Press eBooks · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Sleep and Its Disorders in Children
Manon‐Espaillat, R. (1987) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.37.11.1822 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Sleep Disorders: Diagnosis and Treatment
(1999) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpedi.153.2.208 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Sleep Disorders Medicine: Basic Science, Technical Considerations, and Clinical Aspects
Nofzinger, E. A. (1995) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.152.1.147-a · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Neuroimmunologic aspects of sleep and sleep loss
Rogers, N. L., Szuba, M. P., Staab, J. P., Evans, D. L., & Dinges, D. F. (2001) · Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1053/scnp.2001.27907 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Adair, R. H., & Bauchner, H. (1993) · Current Problems in Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/0045-9380(93)90011-z · Cited by 98 · see citing works
THE INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF SLEEP DISORDERS REVISED 1997
(2004) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-56053-592-8.50031-2 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Understanding sleep: The evaluation and treatment of sleep disorders.
(1997) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10233-000 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
A Case-Crossover Study of Sleep and Childhood Injury
Valent, F., Brusaferro, S., & Barbone, F. (2001) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.107.2.e23 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
The Relationship Between Vigilance Deficits and Traffic Injuries Involving Children
Pless, I. B., Taylor, H. G., & Arsenault, L. (1995) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.95.2.219 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Infant-Parent Bed Sharing in an Inner-City Population
Brenner, R. A., Simons‐Morton, B. G., Bhaskar, B., Revenis, M. E., Das, A., & Clemens, J. D. (2003) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpedi.157.1.33 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
The Development and Disorders of Sleep
Dahl, R. E. (1998) · Advances in Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/s0065-3101(23)00113-5 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Ferber, R. A. (1996) · Neurologic Clinics · doi:10.1016/s0733-8619(05)70271-1 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Rhythmic Movement Disorder in Children
Hoban, T. F. (2003) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852900018368 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Circadian Rhythms in Mammals: Formal Properties and Environmental Influences
Mistlberger, R. E., & Rusak, B. (2005) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b0-72-160797-7/50034-3 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Does Bed Sharing Affect the Risk of SIDS?
Task Force on Infant Positioning and SIDS (1997) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.100.2.272 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Prevalence, Predictors, and Attitudes Toward Cosleeping in an Urban Pediatric Center
Weimer, S. M., Dise, T., Evers, P. B., Ortiz, M. A., Welidaregay, W., & Steinmann, W. C. (2002) · Clinical Pediatrics · doi:10.1177/000992280204100609 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Chokroverty, S. (2017) · Springer: New York · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-6578-6 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Ontogeny of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms
Davis, F. C., Frank, M. G., & Heller, H. C. (1999) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781420001211-6 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine in the Child
Stores, G. (1996) · Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1136/jmg.33.3.263-b · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Infant Sleep Position: A Telephone Survey of Inner-city Parents of Color
Johnson, C. M., Borkowski, M. M., Hunter, K. E., Zunker, C. L., Waskiewicz, K., Evans, J. M., Hether, N. W., & Coletta, F. A. (1999) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.104.s6.1208 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Healthy Sleep Habits, Happy Child
Weissbluth, M. (1987) · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Ray, B. J., Metcalf, S. C., Franco, S. M., & Mitchell, C. K. (1997) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.99.5.e12 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Sheldon, S. H. (2005) · doi:10.1002/0471751723.ch64 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Effectively Delivering the Message on Infant Sleep Position
Malloy, M. H. (1998) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.280.4.373 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Trends and Predictors of Infant Sleep Positions in Georgia, 1990 to 1995
Saraiya, M., Serbanescu, F., Rochat, R. W., Berg, C. J., Iyasu, S., & Gargiullo, P. M. (1998) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.102.3.e33 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome
Korson, R., & Guilleminault, C. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-6578-6_32 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Hypnotics, alcohol, and caffeine: Relation to insomnia.
Roehrs, T., & Roth, T. G. (1997) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10233-017 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Challenges in managing sleep problems in young children
Owens, J. A. (2000) · Western Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1136/ewjm.173.1.38 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Ferber, R. A. (1994) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-7506-9002-7.50031-8 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Pharmacology in Sleep Medicine
Mendelson, W. B., & Caruso, C. (1998) · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-2772-2_7 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Rhythms of life: circadian disruption and brain disorders across the lifespan
Logan, R. W., & McClung, C. A. (2019) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-018-0088-y · Cited by 713 · see citing works
Bathory, E., & Tomopoulos, S. (2017) · Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care · doi:10.1016/j.cppeds.2016.12.001 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
Pace-Schott, E. F., Amole, M. C., Aue, T., Balconi, M., Bylsma, L. M., Critchley, H., Demaree, H. A., Friedman, B. H., Gooding, A. E. K., Gosseries, O., et al. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.05.002 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
- Authors
- Davis, K. F., Parker, K. P., & Montgomery, G. L.
- Affiliations
- Emory University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Davis, Katherine Finn
- Venue
- Journal of Pediatric Health Care
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2004-05
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 130-137
- ISSN
- 0891-5245 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2019608572
- Cited by
- 67
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 0.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Pediatric Health Care (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Pharmacy › Infant Health and Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- pediatric sleep problems, infant sleep, young children, parental concerns
- MeSH terms
- Child, Child Behavior Disorders, Diagnosis, Differential, Humans, Infant, Information Services, Medical History Taking, Nurse Practitioners, Nursing Assessment, Parents, Pediatric Nursing, Physical Examination, Referral and Consultation, Risk Factors, Sleep Wake Disorders, Incidence, Nurse's Role
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review