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Cited by 127Historical Psychiatry and Medical PracticesMental Health and PsychiatryBipolar Disorder and Treatment

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 75 of the 81 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Historical aspects of the dichotomy between manic-depressive disorders and schizophrenia

Angst, Jules·2002·Schizophrenia Research
DOI 10.1016/s0920-9964(02)00328-6
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Abstract

The history of psychiatric classification is highly complex and this presentation must be restricted to a simplified overview. Guislain [Guislain, J., 1833. Traité des phrénopathies ou doctrine nouvelle des maladies mentales. Etablissement Encyclopédique, Brussels] and Zeller [Beil. Med. Corresp.-Bl. Würtemb. Arztl. Ver. 7 (1837) 321] established a unitarian concept of psychiatric disorder, permutations of which have survived until the present day. Kraepelin's [Kraepelin, E., 1899. Psychiatrie. Ein Lehrbuch für Studierende und Arzte (6th edn.). Johann Ambrosius Barth, Leipzig] dichotomy between "manic-depressive insanity" and dementia praecox was built mainly on Kahlbaum's [Kahlbaum, K., 1863. Die Gruppirung der Psychischen Krankheiten und die Eintheilung der Seelenstörungen. AW Kafemann, Danzig] classification, which took clinical symptoms, course and outcome into account. Kraepelin's well-accepted approach sought to provide a basis for diagnosis, prognosis, choice of treatment and causal research. Kraepelin's dichotomy came to be questioned on several grounds: (1) doubts about his unification of bipolar disorder [Gaz. Hôp. 24 (1851) 18] with melancholia, (2) doubts about the significance of Kraepelin's diagnostic groups for causal research [Z. Gesamte Neurol. Psychiatr. 12 (1912) 540], illustrated best by the work of Bonhoeffer [Bonhoefferm, K., 1912. Die symptomatischen Psychosen im Gefolge akuter Infektionen, Allgemeinerkrankungen und innerer Krankheiten. In: Aschaffenburg, G. (Ed.), Handbuch der Psychiatrie, 3. Abt., 1. Hälfte. Deuticke, Leipzig Wien], (3) the complex psychopathological descriptions and classifications of numerous subgroups of psychoses by Kleist [Monatsschr. Psychiatr. Neurol. 125 (1953) 526] and Leonhard [Leonhard, K., 1968. Aufteilung der endogenen Psychosen (4th edn.). Akademie Verlag, Berlin] and (4) description of the psychoses between affective and schizophrenic disorders (intermediate psychoses, mixed psychoses, schizo-affective psychoses) beginning with Kehrer and Kretschmer [Kehrer, F., Kretschmer, E., 1924. Die Veranlagung zu seelischen Störungen. (Monographien aus dem Gesamtgebiete der Neurologie 40) Springer, Berlin] and persisting up to the modern findings of a continuum between the two major groups of psychiatric disorders. Kraepelin's simplification has so far been more successful than the Kleist-Leonhard approach, but the modern and more descriptive trend in psychiatric classification favours the syndromal concept of Hoche and the concepts of continua between affective and schizophrenic disorders and between normal and pathological behaviour.

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Citations

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Research works printed but not linked: 14

  1. Bumke, 1909, Über die Umgrenzung manisch-depressiven Irreseins, Zentralbl. Nervenheilkd. Psychiatr, N.F., 20, 381
  2. Falret, 1851, Marche de la folie, Gaz. Hôp., 24, 18
  3. Flemming, 1844, Über Classification der Seelenstörungen nebst einem neuen Versuche derselben mit besonderer Rücksicht auf gerichtliche Psychologie, Allg. Z. Psychiatr., 1, 97
  4. Haustgen, 1993, Jean-Pierre Falret ou les débuts de la clinique psychiatrique moderne, Synapse, 95
  5. Heimann, 1986, Spezifität und Unspezifität bei psychischen Erkrankungen, Schweiz. Arch. Neurol. Neurochir. Psychiatr., 137, 67
  6. Huber, 1966, Reine Defektsyndrome und Basisstadien endogener Psychosen, Fortschr. Neurol. Psychiatr., 34, 409
  7. Kahlbaum, 1882, Über cyklisches Irresein, Irrenfreund, 24, 145
  8. Kick, 1981, Die Dichotomie der idiopathischen Psychosen im Syndromprofil-vergleich der Kraepelinschen Krankheitsbeschreibungen, Nervenarzt, 52, 522
  9. Kraepelin, 1897, Ziele und Wege der klinischen Psychiatrie (3. Sitzung, 19.9.1996), Allg. Z. Psychiatr., 53, 840
  10. Perris, 1966, A study of bipolar (manic–depressive) and unipolar recurrent depressive psychoses, Acta Psychiatr. Scand.,, 194, 1
  11. Rennert, 1965, Die Universalgenese der endogenen Psychosen. Ein Beitrag zum Problem “Einheitspsychose”, Fortschr. Neurol. Psychiatr., 33, 251
  12. Smith, 1925, Atypical psychoses and heterologous hereditary taints, J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 62, 1
  13. Zeller, 1837, Bericht über die Wirksamkeit der Heilanstalt Winnenthal von ihrer Eröffnung den 1. März 1834 bis zum 28. February 1837, Beil. Med. Corresp.-Bl. Würtemb. Ärztl. Ver., 7, 321
  14. Zendig, 1909, Beiträge zur Differentialdiagnose des manisch-depressiven Irreseins und der Dementia praecox, Allg. Z. Psychiatr., 66, 932

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Metadata

Authors
Angst, J.
Affiliations
University of Zurich (CH)
Corresponding author
Angst, Jules
ORCID
Angst, Jules
Venue
Schizophrenia Research
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2002-09
Volume
57
Issue
1
Pages
5-13
ISSN
0920-9964 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/s0920-9964(02)00328-6
OpenAlex
W2090250370
Cited by
127
References
81
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 10
FWCI
7.95
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Schizophrenia Research (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Historical Psychiatry and Medical Practices
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Bipolar Disorder and Treatment
Keywords
manic-depressive insanity
MeSH terms
Bipolar Disorder, Diagnosis, Differential, Humans, Psychotic Disorders, Schizophrenia, History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century

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