Misconceptions in the debate on the iron hypothesis

IRON AND THE SEX DIFFERENCE IN HEART DISEASE RISK

Sullivan, J. (1981) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(81)92463-6 · Cited by 969 · see citing works

Dietary iron intake and risk of coronary disease among men.

Ascherio, A., Willett, W. C., Rimm, E. B., Giovannucci, E. L., & Stampfer, M. J. (1994) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.89.3.969 · Cited by 286 · see citing works

Iron, Atherosclerosis, and Ischemic Heart Disease

de Valk, B., & Marx, J. J. M. (1999) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.159.14.1542 · Cited by 250 · see citing works

Heterozygosity for a Hereditary Hemochromatosis Gene Is Associated With Cardiovascular Death in Women

Roest, M., van der Schouw, Y. T., de Valk, B., Marx, J. J. M., Tempelman, M. J., de Groot, P. G., Sixma, J. J., & Banga, J. D. (1999) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.100.12.1268 · Cited by 245 · see citing works

Increased Risk of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Carriers of the Hemochromatosis Gene Cys282Tyr Mutation

Tuomainen, T., KONTULA, K. K., Nyyssönen, K., Lakka, T. A., Heliö, T. M., & Salonen, J. T. (1999) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.100.12.1274 · Cited by 232 · see citing works

Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase-dependent iron reduction and LDL oxidation--a potential mechanism in atherosclerosis.

Paolicchi, A., Minotti, G., Tonarelli, P., Tongiani, R., Cesare, D. D., Mezzetti, A., Dominici, S., Comporti, M., & Alfonso Pompella, C. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 197 · see citing works

Iron Overload Augments the Development of Atherosclerotic Lesions in Rabbits

Araujo, J. A., Romano, E. L., Brito, B. E., Parthe, V., Romano, M., Bracho, M. P., Montaño, R. F., & Cardier, J. E. (1995) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.15.8.1172 · Cited by 180 · see citing works

Iron-Deficient Diet Reduces Atherosclerotic Lesions in ApoE-Deficient Mice

Lee, T.-S., Shiao, M.-S., Pan, C.-C., & Chau, L.-Y. (1999) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.99.9.1222 · Cited by 179 · see citing works

Iron and Human Disease

Lauffer, R. B. (2018) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781351073899 · Cited by 152 · see citing works

Iron-Dependent Human Platelet Activation and Hydroxyl Radical Formation

Praticò, D., Pasin, M., Barry, Ó. P., Ghiselli, A., Sabatino, G., Iuliano, L., FitzGerald, G. A., & Violi, F. (1999) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.99.24.3118 · Cited by 129 · see citing works

Treatment with deferoxamine during ischemia improves functional and metabolic recovery and reduces reperfusion-induced oxygen radical generation in rabbit hearts.

Williams, R. E., Zweier, J. L., & Flaherty, J. T. (1991) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.83.3.1006 · Cited by 128 · see citing works

Iron in human atheroma and LDL oxidation by macrophages following erythrophagocytosis

Yuan, X., Li, W., OLSSON, A. G., & Brunk, U. T. (1996) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/0021-9150(96)05817-0 · Cited by 118 · see citing works

Iron-mediated cardiovascular injury

Horwitz, L. D., & Rosenthal, E. A. (1999) · Vascular Medicine · doi:10.1177/1358836x9900400207 · Cited by 98 · see citing works

Colocalization of iron and ceroid in human atherosclerotic lesions

Lee, F.-Y., Lee, T., Pan, C., Huang, A.-L., & Chau, L. (1998) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/s0021-9150(98)00033-1 · Cited by 91 · see citing works

Iron-mediated radical reactions upon reperfusion contribute to myocardial "stunning"

Bolli, R., Patel, B. S., Jeroudi, M. O., Li, X. Y., Triana, J. F., Lai, E. K., & McCay, P. B. (1990) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.1990.259.6.h1901 · Cited by 79 · see citing works

Serum Iron Level, Coronary Artery Disease, and All-Cause Mortality in Older Men and Women

Corti, M., Guralnik, J. M., Salive, M. E., Ferrucci, L., Pahor, M., Wallace, R. B., & Hennekens, C. H. (1997) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9149(96)00697-2 · Cited by 78 · see citing works

Iron and the Genetics of Cardiovascular Disease

Sullivan, J. L. (1999) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.100.12.1260 · Cited by 74 · see citing works

Lipid-induced changes in intracellular iron homeostasis in vitro and in vivo.

Lenten, B. J. V., Prieve, J., Navab, M., Hama, S. Y., Lusis, A. J., & Fogelman, A. M. (1995) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci117898 · Cited by 74 · see citing works

Metal Ion Release from Mechanically-Disrupted Human Arterial Wall. Implications for the Development of Atherosclerosis

Evans, P., Smith, C., Mitchinson, M. J., & Halliwell, B. B. (1995) · Free Radical Research · doi:10.3109/10715769509065267 · Cited by 73 · see citing works

Iron and Atherosclerosis: Inhibition by the Iron Chelator Deferiprone (L1)

Matthews, A. J., Vercellotti, G. M., Menchaca, H. J., Bloch, P. H. S., Michalek, V. N., Marker, P. H., Murar, J., & Buchwald, H. (1997) · Journal of Surgical Research · doi:10.1006/jsre.1997.5180 · Cited by 68 · see citing works

Antiproliferative effect of desferrioxamine on vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro and in vivo.

Porreca, E., Ucchino, S., Febbo, C. D., Bartolomeo, N. D., Angelucci, D., Napolitano, A. M., Mezzetti, A., & Cuccurullo, F. (1994) · Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis A Journal of Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.14.2.299 · Cited by 66 · see citing works

The iron (Fe) and atherosclerosis study (FeAST): A pilot study of reduction of body iron stores in atherosclerotic peripheral vascular disease

Zacharski, L. R., Chow, B. K., Lavori, P. W., Howes, P. S., Bell, M. R., DiTommaso, M. A., Carnegie, N. M., Bech, F. R., Amidi, M., & Muluk, S. C. (2000) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/s0002-8703(00)90244-8 · Cited by 59 · see citing works

Deferoxamine pretreatment reduces canine infarct size and oxidative injury.

Lesnefsky, E. J., Repine, J. E., & Horwitz, L. D. (1990) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3565(25)13209-6 · Cited by 54 · see citing works

Decrease of myocardial infarct size with desferrioxamine: possible role of oxygen free radicals in its ameliorative effect

Chopra, K., Singh, M., Kaul, N., Andrabi, K., & Ganguly, N. K. (1992) · Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/bf00230887 · Cited by 54 · see citing works

Iron chelation in myocardial preservation after ischemia-reperfusion injury: The importance of pretreatment and toxicity

DeBoer, D. A., & Clark, R. E. (1992) · The Annals of Thoracic Surgery · doi:10.1016/0003-4975(92)90260-b · Cited by 51 · see citing works

Effect of supplementing cardioplegic solution with deferoxamine on reperfused human myocardium

Ferreira, R., Burgos, M. H., Milei, J., Llesuy, S., Molteni, L., Hourquebie, H., & Boveris, A. (1990) · Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/s0022-5223(19)35468-6 · Cited by 51 · see citing works

Iron versus cholesterol—Perspectives on the iron and heart disease debate

Sullivan, J. L. (1996) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s0895-4356(96)00269-7 · Cited by 44 · see citing works

Elemental changes in atherosclerotic lesions using nuclear microscopy.

Thong, P. S. P., Selley, M. L., & Watt, F. (1996) · PubMed · Cited by 41 · see citing works

A promising approach for improving the recovery of heart transplants. Prevention of free radical injury through iron chelation by deferoxamine.

Menasché, P., Grousset, C., Mouas, C., & Piwnica, A. H. (1990) · PubMed · Cited by 40 · see citing works

Effects of Hydroxyethyl Starch Conjugated Deferoxamine on Myocardial Functional Recovery Following Coronary Occlusion and Reperfusion in Dogs

Maruyama, M., Pieper, G. M., Kalyanaraman, B., Hallaway, P. E., Hedlund, B. E., & Gross, G. J. (1991) · Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/00005344-199101000-00024 · Cited by 34 · see citing works

Maintenance of left ventricular function (90%) after twenty-four-hour heart preservation with deferoxamine

Ely, D., Dunphy, G., Dollwet, H. H. A., Richter, H. W., Sellke, F. W., & Azodi, M. (1992) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/0891-5849(92)90101-l · Cited by 25 · see citing works

Spermine prevent iron accumulation and depress lipofuscin accumulation in cultured myocardial cells

Marzabadi, M. R., & Løvaas, E. (1996) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/0891-5849(96)00038-x · Cited by 24 · see citing works

Nutritional iron restriction diminishes acute complement-dependent lung injury

Sullivan, J. L., Till, G. O., Ward, P. A., & Newton, R. B. (1989) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/s0271-5317(89)80129-0 · Cited by 23 · see citing works

Iron status and the risk of coronary heart disease: an example of the use of nutritional epidemiology in chronic disease research

Sempos, C. T., & Looker, A. C. (2001) · The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/s0955-2863(00)00153-4 · Cited by 22 · see citing works

Deferoxamine, an iron chelator, reduces myocardial injury and free radical generation in isolated neonatal rabbit hearts subjected to global ischaemia-reperfusion

KATOH, S. (1992) · Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology · doi:10.1016/0022-2828(92)93093-y · Cited by 17 · see citing works

Studies of hypoxemic/reoxygenation injury: Without aortic clamping

Morita, K., Ihnken, K. A., Buckberg, G. D., Sherman, M. P., & Young, H. (1995) · Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/s0022-5223(95)70005-6 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

Effects of deferoxamine on H2O2-induced oxidative stress in isolated rat heart

Dulchavsky, S. A., Davidson, S. B., Cullen, W. J., Devasagayam, T. P. A., Diebel, L. N., & Dutta, S. (1996) · Basic Research in Cardiology · doi:10.1007/bf00788722 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Coronary venous retroinfusion of deferoxamine reduces infarct size in pigs

Kobayashi, S., Tadokoro, H., Wakida, Y., Kar, S., Nordlander, R., Haendchen, R. V., & Corday, E. (1991) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/0735-1097(91)90622-g · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Dietary iron elevates LDL-cholesterol and decreases plasma antioxidant levels: influence of antioxidants.

Pool, G. F., & van Jaarsveld, H. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Transferrin delays oxygen radical induced cardiac-contractile failure

Tiede, R., Sareen, S., & Singal, P. K. (1990) · Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1139/y90-068 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Dietary iron concentration alters LDL oxidatively. The effect of antioxidants.

van Jaarsveld, H., Pool, G. F., & Barnard, H. C. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Incremental iron overload during reperfusion progressively augments oxidative injury.

Jian, Y., & Ej, L. (1996) · PubMed · Cited by 2 · see citing works

[A study on the protective effect of metallic chelators on ischemia-reperfusion injury of isolated rat heart].

Ll, L., & Bl, Z. (1993) · PubMed · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Iron behaving badly: inappropriate iron chelation as a major contributor to the aetiology of vascular and other progressive inflammatory and degenerative diseases

Kell, D. B. (2009) · BMC Medical Genomics · doi:10.1186/1755-8794-2-2 · Cited by 554 · see citing works

Towards a unifying, systems biology understanding of large-scale cellular death and destruction caused by poorly liganded iron: Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, Alzheimer’s, prions, bactericides, chemical toxicology and others as examples

Kell, D. B. (2010) · Archives of Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00204-010-0577-x · Cited by 361 · see citing works

Macrophage Iron, Hepcidin, and Atherosclerotic Plaque Stability

Sullivan, J. L. (2007) · Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.3181/0703-mr-54 · Cited by 143 · see citing works

Iron Stores and Vascular Function in Voluntary Blood Donors

Zheng, H., Cable, R. G., Spencer, B. R., Votto, N., & Katz, S. D. (2005) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.0000174126.28201.61 · Cited by 112 · see citing works

Effect of iron treatment on circulating cytokine levels in ESRD patients receiving recombinant human erythropoietin

Weiss, G., Meusburger, E., Radacher, G., Garimorth, K., Neyer, U., & Mayer, G. (2003) · Kidney International · doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00099.x · Cited by 105 · see citing works

Iron: Protector or Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease? Still Controversial

Muñoz-Bravo, C., Gutiérrez‐Bedmar, M., Gómez-Aracena, J., Garcı́a-Rodrı́guez, A., & Navajas, J. F.-C. (2013) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu5072384 · Cited by 81 · see citing works

Are menstruating women protected from heart disease because of, or in spite of, estrogen? Relevance to the iron hypothesis

Sullivan, J. L. (2003) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1067/mhj.2003.142 · Cited by 72 · see citing works

Iron gene expression profile in atherogenic Mox macrophages

Marques, L., Nègre‐Salvayre, A., Costa, L. M. G., & Canonne‐Hergaux, F. (2016) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.03.004 · Cited by 59 · see citing works

Adaptations to iron deficiency: cardiac functional responsiveness to norepinephrine, arterial remodeling, and the effect of beta-blockade on cardiac hypertrophy

Turner, L. R., Premo, D. A., Gibbs, B. J., Hearthway, M. L., Motsko, M., Sappington, A., Walker, L., Mullendore, M. E., & Chew, H. G. (2002) · BMC Physiology · doi:10.1186/1472-6793-2-1 · Cited by 58 · see citing works

Effect of controlled reduction of body iron stores on clinical outcomes in peripheral arterial disease

Zacharski, L. R., Shamayeva, G., & Chow, B. K. (2011) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2011.08.013 · Cited by 52 · see citing works

Erythrocytes: Central Actors in Multiple Scenes of Atherosclerosis

Turpin, C., Catan, A., Meilhac, O., Bourdon, E., Canonne‐Hergaux, F., & Rondeau, P. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22115843 · Cited by 51 · see citing works

Stored Iron and Vascular Reactivity

Sullivan, J. L. (2005) · Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.0000174124.20147.22 · Cited by 41 · see citing works

Do Hemochromatosis Mutations Protect Against Iron-Mediated Atherogenesis?

Sullivan, J. L. (2009) · Circulation Cardiovascular Genetics · doi:10.1161/circgenetics.109.906230 · Cited by 43 · see citing works

Is serum ferritin within the reference range a risk predictor of cardiovascular disease? A population-based, long-term study comprising 2874 subjects

Friedrich, N., Milman, N. T., Völzke, H., Linneberg, A. R., & Jørgensen, T. (2009) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s000711450922085x · Cited by 39 · see citing works

The Statin–Iron Nexus: Anti-Inflammatory Intervention for Arterial Disease Prevention

Zacharski, L. R., DePalma, R. G., Shamayeva, G., & Chow, B. K. (2013) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2012.301163 · Cited by 37 · see citing works

Getting the iron out: Phlebotomy for Alzheimer’s disease?

Dwyer, B. E., Zacharski, L. R., Balestra, D. J., Lerner, A. J., Perry, G. L., Zhu, X., & Smith, M. A. (2009) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2008.12.029 · Cited by 35 · see citing works

Blood donation, iron depletion and vascular integrity

SULLIVAN, J. (2004) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2004.04.013 · Cited by 22 · see citing works

Stored iron and myocardial perfusion deficits

Sullivan, J. L. (2002) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1067/mhj.2002.120307 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

REVIEW PAPER Do changes in iron metabolism contribute to the acceleration of the atherosclerosis process?

Formanowicz, D. (2014) · Biotechnologia · doi:10.5114/bta.2011.46533 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Blood Donation Without Adequate Iron Depletion: An Invalid Test of the Iron Hypothesis

Sullivan, J. L. (2001) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circ.104.24.e149 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Nutritional status of elderly patients living in Budapest

Rurik, I., Gyömörei, E., Bíró, L., Nagy, K. E., Regöly‐Mérei, A., & Antal, M. (2003) · Acta Alimentaria · doi:10.1556/aalim.32.2003.4.4 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Interactions of stored iron with traditional and inflammatory cardiovascular risk factors

Sullivan, J. L. (2003) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/s0021-9150(02)00418-5 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Gut-brain axis modulation in remote rehabilitation of Parkinson’s disease: reconstructing the fecal metabolome and nigral network connectivity

Jin, Y., Wang, H., & Song, J. (2025) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2025.1644490 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

IRON HOMEOSTASIS IN IMMUNE MONONUCLEAR CELLS: A POTENTIAL ROLE IN ATHEROGENESIS

Marques, L. (2015) · Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) · doi:10.13140/rg.2.2.24210.40643

Relationships between iron, oxidative stress, glycated proteins and the development of atherosclerosis in Type 2 diabetes

Aljwaid, H. (2015) · PEARL (University of Plymouth) · doi:10.24382/2587

Are Hemochromatosis Mutations Protective Against Iron-Mediated Atherogenesis?

Jerome, L. (2012) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/26199

Stress oxydant et pathologie diabétique : impact de la glycation des érythrocytes sur leur morphologie, statut redox et capacité à moduler la fonctionnalité de cellules vasculaires humaines en culture.

Turpin, C. (2022) · doi:10.70675/324d6599ze396z4ca2z95eez37fd4d3b262a

Iron gene expression profile in atherogenic Mox macrophages

Marques, L., Nègre‐Salvayre, A., Costa, L. M. G., & Canonne‐Hergaux, F. (2016) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.03.004 · Cited by 59 · see citing works

Macrophage iron metabolism profile in proatherogenic conditions

Canonne‐Hergaux, F., Marques, L., Nègre‐Salvayre, A., & Costa, L. M. G. (2015) · Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT)

Ferroportin is transcriptionally upregulated by oxldl through nrf2 and is counteracted by lps/ifng in murine macrophages

Marques, L., Canonne‐Hergaux, F., & Costa, L. M. G. (2014) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.05.350

IRON HOMEOSTASIS IN IMMUNE MONONUCLEAR CELLS: A POTENTIAL ROLE IN ATHEROGENESIS

Marques, L. (2015) · Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) · doi:10.13140/rg.2.2.24210.40643

Secretion of Ferritin by Iron-laden Macrophages and Influence of Lipoproteins

Yuan, X., Li, W., Baird, S. K., Carlsson, M., & Melefors, Ö. (2004) · Free Radical Research · doi:10.1080/10715760400011692 · Cited by 64 · see citing works