Geometrical factors in surface EMG of the vastus medialis and lateralis muscles
Abstract
Surface EMG signals detected in dynamic conditions are affected by a number of artefacts. Among them geometrical factors play an important role. During movement the muscle slides with respect to the skin because of the variation of its length. Such a shift can considerably modify sEMG amplitude. The purpose of this work is to assess geometrical artefacts on sEMG during isometric contractions at different muscle lengths. The average rectified value (ARV) of 15 single differential signals was obtained by means of a linear array of 16 bar electrodes from the vastus medialis and lateralis muscles. The knee angle was changed from 75 degrees to 165 degrees in steps of 30 degrees and voluntary isometric contractions at a low, medium and high force level were performed for each angle. The ARV pattern was normalized with respect to the mean activity to compare signals from different joint angles. From the data collected it was possible to separate the geometrical changes from the changes due to different intensities of activation. In three out of five subjects, we found (within the resolution of our measures) a 1 cm shift for the vastus medialis muscle while no shift was observed for the other two subjects. For the vastus lateralis muscle a 1 cm shift was found in two out of four subjects. Such a shift produces the main contribution to geometrical artefacts. To avoid such artefacts the innervation zones should be located and the EMG electrodes should not be placed near them.
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Use of EMG for exoskeleton control under dynamic conditions presents problems because of muscle dynamics and possible prostheses.
“the use of EMG for this purpose under dynamic conditions (as in the case of exoskeleton control) presents several problems because of muscle dynamics and possible prostheses (Rainoldi et al., 2000)”
From A critical review of interfaces with the peripheral nervous system for the control of neuroprostheses and hybrid bionic systems (2005) · cites this paper as Rainoldi et al., 2000
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“However, the use of EMG for this purpose under dynamic conditions (as in the case of exoskeleton control) presents several problems because of muscle dynamics and possible prostheses (Rainoldi et al., 2000).”
BackgroundSampling, noise-reduction and amplitude estimation issues in surface electromyography.
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Self-citationA method for positioning electrodes during surface EMG recordings in lower limb muscles.
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BackgroundMethodSelf-citationInfluence of anatomical, physical, and detection-system parameters on surface EMG
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“Figure 3 shows the changes in ARV of the differential EMG detected along an electrode array (14).”
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“The area where nerve terminations and muscles connect is known as the innervation zone (IZ) [44].”
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“Research has demonstrated that positioning sEMG electrodes over the IZ and movement of muscle underneath sEMG electrodes can substantially alter sEMG amplitude variables (Masuda et al., 1985; Roy et al., 1986; Mathiassen and Hägg, 1997; Rainoldi et al., 2000).”
BackgroundSelf-citationTutorial. Surface EMG detection in space and time: Best practices.
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“1 and 2 explains and confirms the clinical observation that the amplitude of the EMG signal detected with a pair of electrodes has a minimum over the IZ (Beck et al., 2008; Rainoldi et al., 2000).”
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“pects of electrode placement are even more important in contractions at different muscle lengths since there will be changes in the muscle-electrode relative position (Farina et al., in press; Rainoldi et al. 2000).”
Self-citationPatterns of leg muscle recruitment vary between novice and highly trained cyclists.
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EMG normalization to study muscle activation in cycling
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“During pedaling movement, the lower limb muscles move with respect to the recording electrodes due to changes in the joints angles so that the amplitude of EMG signals is affected by non-physiological factors (Farina et al., 2004b; Rainoldi et al., 2000).”
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“In recent years, it has been clarified that the surface EMGs are also affected by the position of recording electrodes with respect to the innervation zones and tendons (Basmajian and De Luca, 1985; Roy et al., 1986; Saitou et al., 1996; Rainoldi et al., 2000).”
BackgroundUsing two-dimensional spatial information in decomposition of surface EMG signals
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Self-citationMuscle activations under varying lifting speeds and intensities during bench press
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“The geometric position of electrodes relative to the muscle fibers will vary during dynamic movements and thus affects the EMG recorded at different joint angles (Rainoldi et al. 2000).”
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“These methods may also be used to identify anatomical features of the muscle (and their change during the contraction) such as innervation location and muscle fibre orientation, critically affecting the estimation of EMG variables (Rainoldi et al 2000, Farina et al 2002b) as described below.”
MethodPellegrini, B., Peyré-Tartaruga, L. A., Zoppirolli, C., Bortolan, L., Bacchi, E., Figard-Fabre, H., & Schena, F. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0138906 · Cited by 102
“3, 5-mm single differential surface EMG sensor with two 1-mm Ag contacts 10 mm apart) were positioned longitudinally on the belly of each muscle with respect to the underlying muscle fibres in accordance with standard recommendations [19,20] to minimize cross-talk and geometrical artifacts [21].”
MethodMesin, L., Cescon, C., Gazzoni, M., Merletti, R., & Rainoldi, A. (2009) · Journal of Electromyography & Kinesiology · doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2008.08.003 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“…requested mechanical task (Merletti and Roy, 1996)); they change as a function of the muscle position with respect to the electrodes on the skin (Rainoldi et al., 2000) and in relation to limb position (Farina et al., 1999); they are related to age (Merletti et al., 2002), and to pathological…”
BackgroundSelf-citationChapman, A., Vicenzino, B., Blanch, P., Knox, J., & Hodges, P. (2010) · Journal of Electromyography & Kinesiology · doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2008.11.013 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“Recordings from surface electrodes during dynamic tasks involving large ranges of motion, such as cycling, may also include artifactual changes due to movement of the muscle relative to the recording electrode (Rainoldi et al., 2004; Rainoldi et al., 2000; Roy et al., 1986).”
BackgroundMyoelectric manifestations of muscle fatigue
Merletti, R., & Farina, D. (2004) · doi:10.1002/0471678384.ch9 · Cited by 86
Self-citationAmarantini, D., & Martin, L. (2004) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2003.12.020 · Cited by 84
“Conversely, the use of EMG as an input variable under dynamic conditions involves major limitations because of muscle dynamics and possible signal artefacts (Kellis, 1998; Rainoldi et al., 2000).”
BackgroundAn Adaptive Classification Strategy for Reliable Locomotion Mode Recognition
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A finite element model for describing the effect of muscle shortening on surface EMG
Mesin, L., Joubert, M., Hanekom, T., Merletti, R., & Farina, D. (2006) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2006.870256 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“with respect to the skin surface may occur when the joint angle changes [21].”
Self-citationXu, Q., Quan, Y., Yang, L., & He, J. (2012) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2012.2226916 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“For some muscles it is now possible to uncover otherwise inaccessible physiological information using multichannel sEMG which conventionally has been the domain of needle EMG [10], [11].”
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Lee, D. C., Lim, H., Mckay, W., Priebe, M., Holmes, S., & Sherwood, A. (2004) · Journal of Electromyography & Kinesiology · doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2003.10.006 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“These amplitude differences are due to differences in muscle size, subcutaneous fat thickness and other geometrical factors [13,26].”
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Leg muscle recruitment in highly trained cyclists
Chapman, A., Vicenzino, B., Blanch, P., Knox, J., & Hodges, P. (2006) · Jurnal sport science · doi:10.1080/02640410500131159 · Cited by 68
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InfluentialSurface electromyogram signal modelling
McGill, K. C. (2004) · Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing · doi:10.1007/bf02350985 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
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“Furthermore, during muscle contractions the muscle moves under the skin and the electrodes, which may also have considerable effects on the recorded surface EMG signal (De Luca, 1997; Rainoldi et al., 2000; Farina et al., 2001).”
BackgroundSurface EMG alterations induced by underwater recording.
Rainoldi, A., Cescon, C., Bottin, A., Casale, R., & Caruso, I. (2004) · Journal of Electromyography & Kinesiology · doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2003.10.002 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“Special care was taken in electrode location to avoid artifacts induced by the innervation zone [9,11,16].”
BackgroundSelf-citationIs the Use of a Low-Cost sEMG Sensor Valid to Measure Muscle Fatigue?
del Toro, S. F., Santos-Cuadros, S., Olmeda, E., Álvarez-Caldas, C., Díaz, V., & Román, J. S. (2019) · Italian National Conference on Sensors · doi:10.3390/s19143204 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“Electrode positioning plays a critical role in achieving accurate and repeatable estimates of sEMG signal amplitude, spectral variables and muscle fibre conduction velocity [44,45].”
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“To avoid this problem, one could first detect EMG at various electrode longitudinal positions in a preliminary experiment and then determine the appropriate electrode position (Rainoldi et al., 2000) where the index sensitivity is maximal (in our case 6th and 7th electrodes situated in the middle of the semi-fibre).”
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“However several studies have outlined the lack of linear relationship between vasti EMG amplitude and force during knee flexions and extensions [33,34], thus suggesting caution when inferring patellar tracking on the basis of sEMG amplitude.”
BackgroundKnee joint angle affects EMG-force relationship in the vastus intermedius muscle.
Saito, A., & Akima, H. (2013) · Journal of Electromyography & Kinesiology · doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2013.08.009 · Cited by 53
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“This has been reported many times before (Masuda et al., 1985; Roy et al., 1986; Mathiassen & H€agg, 1997; Rainoldi et al., 2000).”
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“…focused on EMG data to study cocontraction and, as noticed by Kellis (1998), EMG data alone could lead to misinterpretations because of normalization issues, possible distortions of the signal (Rainoldi et al., 2000) and the influence of joint kinematics in dynamic conditions (Potvin, 1997).”
BackgroundMethodInfluence of Joint Angle on EMG-Torque Model During Constant-Posture, Torque-Varying Contractions
Liu, P., Liu, L., & Clancy, E. (2015) · IEEE transactions on neural systems and rehabilitation engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2015.2405765 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
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“The electrodes were placed longitudinally with respect to the underlying muscle fibre arrangement and located according to the recommendations by SENIAM (Surface EMG for Non-Invasive Assessment of Muscles) (Hermens et al., 2000; Rainoldi et al., 2000).”
MethodHeywood, S. E., Pua, Y., McClelland, J. A., Geigle, P. R., Rahmann, A., Bower, K. J., & Clark, R. A. (2018) · Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology · doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2018.05.010 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Do changes in neuromuscular activation contribute to the knee extensor angle–torque relationship?
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“…length because of the shift of the electrode position relative to the underlying fibres, which may lead to recording of different motor units (Rainoldi et al. 2000), and a change in the conduction velocity of fibre electrical activity (initiation, propagation, termination and slow…”
BackgroundMulti-Channel Surface Electromyography Electrodes: A Review
Kilby, J., Prasad, K., & Mawston, G. (2016) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2016.2569072 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“A linear array electrode usually has pre-gelled electrodes [20], [21], [23], [24], [28], [29], [31], [33], [42], [45], [50]–[53], [55], [56], [58]–[60], [64], but HD-sEMG uses dry pins electrodes [12]–[14], [16], [18], [26], [27], [30], [35]–[39], [44], [46], [48], [54], [61].”
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“This may lead to posture-dependent changes in the measured EMG that are unrelated to changes in muscle activation level (Mesin et al., 2006, 2009; Rainoldi et al., 2000).”
Yung, M., & Wells, R. P. (2013) · Journal of Electromyography & Kinesiology · doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2013.01.001 · Cited by 37
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Quantification of dynamic EMG patterns during gait in children with cerebral palsy.
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“Other investigators have reported a marked change in the level of recorded muscle activity could occur with even small changes in location of bar electrodes, 1 mm wide [38], particularly if they are located near the innervation zone [39].”
BackgroundInfluence of type of MVC test on electromyography measures of biceps brachii and triceps brachii
Roman-Liu, D., & Bartuzi, P. (2018) · International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/10803548.2017.1353321 · Cited by 33
“The main limitation of the study is that the different positions of the elbow can cause displacement of the electrodes in relation to the position of the examined muscle, which may also influence the EMG signal and, thus, the measures [27,28].”
BackgroundThe Application of sEMG in Aging: A Mini Review
Boccia, G., Dardanello, D., Rosso, V., Pizzigalli, L., & Rainoldi, A. (2014) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000368655 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationBoccia, G., & Rainoldi, A. (2014) · Journal of Electromyography & Kinesiology · doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2013.10.017 · Cited by 33
“In particular, a pairs of electrodes over the innervation zone will register: lower values of sEMG amplitude (such as ARV and RMS) and higher values of sEMG spectral variables (such as MNF and MDF), with respect to a proper positioning, between IZ and on tendon termination (Merletti et al., 2001; Rainoldi et al., 2000…”
BackgroundSelf-citationWalker, S., Peltonen, H., Avela, J., & Häkkinen, K. (2011) · Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology · doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2010.12.004 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“For example, anatomical changes throughout the range of motion, such as; electrode proximity to innervation zones and tendons (Rainoldi et al., 2000; Piitulainen et al., 2009), and fascicle length (Mesin et al.”
BackgroundSurface EMG signal alterations in Carpal Tunnel syndrome: a pilot study
Rainoldi, A., Gazzoni, M., & Casale, R. (2008) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-008-0694-x · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Improvements in surface EMG signal acquisition and processing during the last years (Masuda et al. 1999; Hermens et al. 2000; Rainoldi et al. 2000; Gazzoni et al. 2001; Merletti et al. 2001; Farina et al. 2002; Roeleveld and Stegeman 2002; Falla et al. 2003) greatly increased the amount of information extracted from t…”
Self-citationBeck, T., Housh, T., Mielke, M., Cramer, J., Weir, J., Malek, M. H., & Johnson, G. (2007) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2006.12.009 · Cited by 33
The effect of the estimated innervation zone on EMG amplitude and center frequency.
Beck, T., Housh, T., Cramer, J., & Weir, J. (2007) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31806865f2 · Cited by 32
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Reliability of surface EMG matrix in locating the innervation zone of upper trapezius muscle.
Barbero, M., Gatti, R., Conte, L. L., Macmillan, F., Coutts, F., & Merletti, R. (2011) · Journal of Electromyography & Kinesiology · doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2011.05.013 · Cited by 31
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“These include the greater likelihood of cross-talk from adjacent muscles (De Luca & Merletti, 1988; Solomonow et al., 1994) and artefactual changes due to movement of the muscle relative to the recording electrode (Rainoldi et al., 2000).”
BackgroundMethodBeck, T., Housh, T., Cramer, J., Malek, M. H., Mielke, M., Hendrix, R., & Weir, J. (2007) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2007.07.002 · Cited by 31
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Electrode shift and normalization reduce the innervation zone's influence on EMG.
Beck, T., Housh, T., Cramer, J., Malek, M. H., Mielke, M., Hendrix, R., & Weir, J. (2008) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31816c4822 · Cited by 30
Accuracy of three different techniques for automatically estimating innervation zone location
Beck, T., DeFreitas, J., & Stock, M. S. (2012) · Comput. Methods Programs Biomed. · doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2010.07.003 · Cited by 30
“As stated previously, the phase reversal and minimum amplitude criteria are often used to visually identify the location of the IZ [1,6,7,16].”
MethodMohr, M., Schön, T., von Tscharner, V., & Nigg, B. (2018) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.00566 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Similarly, the innervation zone has been shown to move with respect to the skin as a function of knee angle (Rainoldi et al., 2000; Gallina et al., 2013).”
BackgroundInnervation zone of the vastus medialis muscle: position and effect on surface EMG variables
Gallina, A., Merletti, R., & Gazzoni, M. (2013) · Physiological Measurement · doi:10.1088/0967-3334/34/11/1411 · Cited by 29
“The small shifts of the IZ as a function of the knee joint angle observed in this and another study (Rainoldi et al 2000) suggest that the shortening of the muscle fibers might be small, influencing the EMG to a lesser extent.”
ResultSelf-citationTecco, S., Crincoli, V., Bisceglie, B. D., Caputi, S., & Festa, F. (2011) · Journal of Electromyography & Kinesiology · doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2010.10.014 · Cited by 28
Liu, S.-H., Chang, K.-M., & Cheng, D.-C. (2014) · IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics · doi:10.1109/jbhi.2013.2286408 · Cited by 27
Beck, T., Housh, T., Cramer, J., Mielke, M., & Hendrix, R. (2008) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2007.11.023 · Cited by 27
Knee angle-specific EMG normalization: the use of polynomial based EMG-angle relationships.
Earp, J. E., Newton, R., Cormie, P., & Blazevich, A. (2013) · Journal of Electromyography & Kinesiology · doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2012.08.015 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Surface electromyography and mechanomyography recording: A new differential composite probe
Gregori, B., Galiè, E., & Accornero, N. (2003) · Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing · doi:10.1007/bf02349974 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Nussbaum, M. (2009) · International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.ergon.2008.05.003 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
A comparison of electromyography techniques: surface versus intramuscular recording
Karacan, I., & Türker, K. (2024) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-024-05640-x · Cited by 24
“…signals are influenced not only by the muscle activity level but also by the electrodes’ location relative to the muscle’s innervation zone (Roy et al. 1986; Rainoldi et al. 2000; Martin and MacIsaac 2006; Campanini et al. 2007; Defreitas et al. 2008; Piitulainen et al. 2009; Huebner et al. 2015).”
Zoppirolli, C., Holmberg, H., Pellegrini, B., Quaglia, D., Bortolan, L., & Schena, F. (2013) · Journal of Electromyography & Kinesiology · doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2013.08.013 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Beck, T., Housh, T., Cramer, J., & Weir, J. (2009) · Journal of Electromyography & Kinesiology · doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2007.07.007 · Cited by 24
Liu, P., Liu, L., Martel, F., Rancourt, D., & Clancy, E. (2013) · Journal of Electromyography & Kinesiology · doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2013.06.011 · Cited by 23
“Vredenbregt and Rau’s (1973) classic single-subject study of biceps muscles (more recently supported by the work of Doheny et al. (2008)) suggests that this EMG–torque relationship may only change by a multiplicative gain factor as a function of joint angle.”
BackgroundInvestigation of Innervation Zone Shift with Continuous Dynamic Muscle Contraction
Nishihara, K., Kawai, H., Chiba, Y., Kanemura, N., & Gomi, T. (2013) · Comput. Math. Methods Medicine · doi:10.1155/2013/174342 · Cited by 23
“It is difficult to identify the IZ location using raw EMG signals recorded by electrode array because changes in muscle length generate unsteady signals in continuous dynamic contraction signals for continuous changes in the recording condition and IZ location [16].”
DeFreitas, J., Costa, P., Ryan, E., Herda, T., Cramer, J., & Beck, T. (2010) · Journal of Electromyography & Kinesiology · doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2008.09.009 · Cited by 23
“Previous studies have shown that the locations of the IZs for different muscles in men moved significantly with changes in elbow (Martin and MacIsaac, 2006), knee (Farina et al., 2001; Rainoldi et al., 2000), and ankle (Farina et al., 2001) joint angles.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialBeck, T., Housh, T., Johnson, G., Cramer, J., Weir, J., Coburn, J., & Malek, M. H. (2006) · Journal of Electromyography & Kinesiology · doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2005.10.002 · Cited by 23
Corticospinal excitability of the biceps brachii is shoulder position dependent
Collins, B. W., Cadigan, E. W. J., Stefanelli, L., & Button, D. C. (2017) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00527.2017 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“The position-dependent differences in biceps brachii EMG may have occurred for two reasons: 1) biceps brachii length shortens when the shoulder is flexed, thus causing membrane properties such as fiber length and diameter to alter, and due to movement of the skin, the spatial orientation of the electrodes may also cha…”
BackgroundFlexor carpi radialis surface electromyography electrode placement for evoked and voluntary measures
Green, L. A., McGuire, J., & Gabriel, D. (2015) · Muscle and Nerve · doi:10.1002/mus.24631 · Cited by 22
“Therefore, it is reasonable to question the variability of amplitude and spectral estimates we obtained.(32,35,40) However, we have provided empirical evidence that FCR RMS amplitude (R 5 0.”
BackgroundTriceps surae stretch and voluntary contraction alters maximal M-wave magnitude.
Tucker, K., & Türker, K. (2007) · Journal of Electromyography & Kinesiology · doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2005.12.006 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“The movement of the electrodes relative to underlying muscle fibres becomes particularly important in the current investigation as a result of the complex innervation zones of the human gastrocnemius and soleus muscles (reviewed in [37]) given that large differences in SEMG amplitude are noted when electrodes are plac…”
Backgroundde Souza, L. M. L., da Fonseca, D. B., Cabral, H. V., de Oliveira, L. F., & Vieira, T. (2017) · Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology · doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2017.01.003 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
An examination of innervation zone movement with increases in isometric torque production.
DeFreitas, J., Costa, P., Ryan, E., Herda, T., Cramer, J., & Beck, T. (2008) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2008.09.021 · Cited by 21
“Thus, it was concluded (Rainoldi et al., 2000) that the IZs for the vastus lateralis and vastus medialis can move during activities that result in changes in knee joint angle (e.”
BackgroundMethodReducing Motor Variability Enhances Myoelectric Control Robustness Across Untrained Limb Positions
Stuttaford, S. A., Dyson, M., Nazarpour, K., & Dupan, S. S. G. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2023.3343621 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Bio-mechanical changes can cause subcutaneous muscle displacements relative to the surface electrode [17].”
BackgroundMancebo, F. D., Cabral, H., de Souza, L. D., de Oliveira, L. F., & Vieira, T. (2019) · Journal of Electromyography & Kinesiology · doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2019.03.002 · Cited by 19
- Authors
- Rainoldi, A., Nazzaro, M., Merletti, R., Farina, D., Caruso, I., & Gaudenti, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Rome Tor Vergata (IT)
- Politecnico di Torino (IT)
- École Centrale de Nantes (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Merletti, R
- Venue
- Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2000-10
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 327-336
- ISSN
- 1050-6411 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2018312124
- Cited by
- 192
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 5.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Ministero della Salute
- Regione Piemonte
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Muscle activation and electromyography studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Keywords
- vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, muscle length, knee joint angle, isometric contraction, innervation zone, electrode placement
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Electromyography, Humans, Isometric Contraction, Leg, Male, Mathematics, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted, Artifacts, Muscle, Skeletal
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