introduction to the fractional fourier transform and its applications
Open accessThe claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Time-frequency distributions-a review
Cohen, L. W. (1989) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/5.30749 · Cited by 3,580 · see citing works
The fractional Fourier transform and time-frequency representations
Almeida, L. B. (1994) · IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/78.330368 · Cited by 1,924 · see citing works
On a Hilbert space of analytic functions and an associated integral transform part I
Bargmann, V. (1961) · Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics · doi:10.1002/cpa.3160140303 · Cited by 1,830 · see citing works
The Fractional Order Fourier Transform and its Application to Quantum Mechanics
NAMIAS, V. (1980) · IMA Journal of Applied Mathematics · doi:10.1093/imamat/25.3.241 · Cited by 1,722 · see citing works
Linear and quadratic time-frequency signal representations
Hlawatsch, F., & Boudreaux-Bartels, G. F. (1992) · IEEE Signal Processing Magazine · doi:10.1109/79.127284 · Cited by 1,632 · see citing works
Smithey, D. T., Beck, M., Raymer, M. G., & Faridani, A. (1993) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.70.1244 · Cited by 1,538 · see citing works
Digital computation of the fractional Fourier transform
Ozaktas, H. M., Arikan, O., Kutay, M. A., & Bozdagt, G. (1996) · IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/78.536672 · Cited by 1,187 · see citing works
Self-citationImage rotation, Wigner rotation, and the fractional Fourier transform
Lohmann, A. W. (1993) · Journal of the Optical Society of America A · doi:10.1364/josaa.10.002181 · Cited by 1,019 · see citing works
Fractional Fourier transforms and their optical implementation: I
Mendlovic, D., & Ozaktas, H. M. (1993) · Journal of the Optical Society of America A · doi:10.1364/josaa.10.001875 · Cited by 848 · see citing works
Self-citationLinear Canonical Transformations and Their Unitary Representations
Moshińsky, M., & Quesne, C. (1971) · Journal of Mathematical Physics · doi:10.1063/1.1665805 · Cited by 845 · see citing works
On Namias's Fractional Fourier Transforms
McBRIDE, A. C., & KERR, F. H. (1987) · IMA Journal of Applied Mathematics · doi:10.1093/imamat/39.2.159 · Cited by 597 · see citing works
Ozaktas, H. M., Mendlovic, D., Onural, L., & Barshan, B. (1994) · Journal of the Optical Society of America A · doi:10.1364/josaa.11.000547 · Cited by 483 · see citing works
Self-citationNoise reduction using an undecimated discrete wavelet transform
Lang, M., Guo, H., Odegard, J. E., Burrus, C. S., & Wells, R. O. (1996) · IEEE Signal Processing Letters · doi:10.1109/97.475823 · Cited by 479 · see citing works
Wigner distribution function and its application to first-order optics
Bastiaans, M. J. (1979) · Journal of the Optical Society of America · doi:10.1364/josa.69.001710 · Cited by 466 · see citing works
Fractional Fourier transforms and their optical implementation II
Ozaktas, H. M., & Mendlovic, D. (1993) · Journal of the Optical Society of America A · doi:10.1364/josaa.10.002522 · Cited by 424 · see citing works
Self-citationIntegral Transforms in Science and Engineering
Wolf, K. B. (1979) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-0872-1 · Cited by 397 · see citing works
The Wigner distribution function applied to optical signals and systems
Bastiaans, M. J. (1978) · Optics Communications · doi:10.1016/0030-4018(78)90080-9 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Complex wave-field reconstruction using phase-space tomography
Raymer, M. G., Beck, M., & McAlister, D. F. (1994) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.72.1137 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
(1999) · Taylor & Francis eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781420069006.ch5 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Optimal filtering in fractional Fourier domains
Kutay, M. A., Özaktaş, H. M., Ankan, O., & Onural, L. (1997) · IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/78.575688 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Self-citationÖzaktaş, H. M., & David Mendlovic, B. (1995) · Journal of the Optical Society of America A · doi:10.1364/josaa.12.000743 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Fourier transforms of fractional order and their optical interpretation
Özaktaş, H. M., & Mendlovic, D. (1993) · Optics Communications · doi:10.1016/0030-4018(93)90359-d · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Wigner distribution : theory and applications in signal processing
Mecklenbräuker, W., & Hlawatsch, F. (1997) · Elsevier eBooks · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Fresnel diffraction and the fractional-order Fourier transform
Pellat-Finet, P. (1994) · Optics Letters · doi:10.1364/ol.19.001388 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Relationships between the Radon–Wigner and fractional Fourier transforms
Lohmann, A. W., & Soffer, B. H. (1994) · Journal of the Optical Society of America A · doi:10.1364/josaa.11.001798 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Graded-index fibers, Wigner-distribution functions, and the fractional Fourier transform
Mendlovic, D., Özaktaş, H. M., & Lohmann, A. W. (1994) · Applied Optics · doi:10.1364/ao.33.006188 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Self-citationFirst-order optics—a canonical operator representation: lossless systems
Nazarathy, M., & Shamir, J. (1982) · Journal of the Optical Society of America · doi:10.1364/josa.72.000356 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Immersion of the Fourier transform in a continuous group of functional transformations
Condon, E. U. (1937) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.23.3.158 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Quantum superpositions generated by quantum nondemolition measurements
Yurke, B., Schleich, W. P., & Walls, D. F. (1990) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.42.1703 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Hermitian polynomials and Fourier analysis
Wiener, N. (1929) · Journal of Mathematics and Physics · doi:10.1002/sapm19298170 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Ozaktas, H. M., & Aytür, O. (1995) · Signal Processing · doi:10.1016/0165-1684(95)00076-p · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Self-citationMendlovic, D., Özaktaş, H. M., & Lohmann, A. W. (1995) · Applied Optics · doi:10.1364/ao.34.000303 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Fractional Fourier Transform in Optical Propagation Problems
Alieva, T., López, V., Agulló-López, F., et al. (1994) · Journal of Modern Optics · doi:10.1080/09500349414550971 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Linear signal synthesis using the Radon-Wigner transform
Wood, J. C., & Barry, D. T. (1994) · IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/78.301845 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Optical phase retrieval by phase-space tomography and fractional-order Fourier transforms
McAlister, D. F., Beck, M., Clarke, L., et al. (1995) · Optics Letters · doi:10.1364/ol.20.001181 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Chronocyclic tomography for measuring the amplitude and phase structure of optical pulses
Beck, M., Walmsley, I. A., Wong, V., & Raymer, M. G. (1993) · Optics Letters · doi:10.1364/ol.18.002041 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
A theory of generalized functions, with applications to Wigner distribution and Weyl correspondence
Bruijn, D. N. D. (1973) · TU/e Research Portal · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Erden, M. F., Kutay, M. A., & Özaktaş, H. M. (1999) · IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/78.757244 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Self-citationCanonical Transformations and the Radial Oscillator and Coulomb Problems
Moshińsky, M., Seligman, T. H., & Wolf, K. B. (1972) · Journal of Mathematical Physics · doi:10.1063/1.1666074 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Fractional Fourier transforms and imaging
Bernardo, L. M., & Soares, O. D. D. (1994) · Journal of the Optical Society of America A · doi:10.1364/josaa.11.002622 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Özaktaş, H. M., & Mendlovic, D. (1994) · Optics Letters · doi:10.1364/ol.19.001678 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Self-citationFractional Fourier transforms and optical systems
Bernardo, L. M., & Soares, O. D. D. (1994) · Optics Communications · doi:10.1016/0030-4018(94)90242-9 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
(1989) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-408-04392-2.50028-x · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Fractional order Fourier transform and Fourier optics
Pellat-Finet, P., & Bonnet, G. (1994) · Optics Communications · doi:10.1016/0030-4018(94)90154-6 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
The fractional fourier transform and the wigner distribution
Mustard, D. (1996) · ANZIAM Journal · doi:10.1017/s0334270000000606 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Wood, J. C., & Barry, D. T. (1994) · IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/78.301844 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Adaptive chirplet representation of signals on time–frequency plane
Mihovilovic, D. A., & Bracewell, R. N. (1991) · Electronics Letters · doi:10.1049/el:19910723 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Some important fractional transformations for signal processing
Lohmann, A. W., David Mendlovic, B., Zalevsky, Z., & Dorsch, R. G. (1996) · Optics Communications · doi:10.1016/0030-4018(95)00748-2 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Optimal image restoration with the fractional Fourier transform
Kutay, M. A., & Özaktaş, H. M. (1998) · Journal of the Optical Society of America A · doi:10.1364/josaa.15.000825 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationSecond-order moments of the Wigner distribution function in first-order optical systems
Bastiaans, M. J. (1991) · Optical Society of America Annual Meeting · doi:10.1364/oam.1991.fc2 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Sahin, A., Özaktaş, H. M., & David Mendlovic, B. (1995) · Optics Communications · doi:10.1016/0030-4018(95)00438-e · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Zalevsky, Z., & Mendlovic, D. (1996) · Applied Optics · doi:10.1364/ao.35.003930 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationThe wigner distribution function and Hamilton's characteristics of a geometric-optical system
Bastiaans, M. J. (1979) · Optics Communications · doi:10.1016/0030-4018(79)90361-4 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Fractional Fourier transform used for a lens-design problem
Dorsch, R. G., & Lohmann, A. W. (1995) · Applied Optics · doi:10.1364/ao.34.004111 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Ozaktas, H. M., Erkaya, N., & Kutay, M. A. (1996) · IEEE Signal Processing Letters · doi:10.1109/97.484211 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationA fake zoom lens for fractional Fourier experiments
Lohmann, A. W. (1995) · Optics Communications · doi:10.1016/0030-4018(95)00018-4 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Agarwal, G. S., & Simon, R. (1994) · Optics Communications · doi:10.1016/0030-4018(94)90165-1 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Uncertainty principles invariant under the fractional Fourier transform
Mustard, D. (1991) · ANZIAM Journal · doi:10.1017/s0334270000006986 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Construction and Properties of Canonical Transforms
Wolf, K. B. (1979) · Integral Transforms in Science and Engineering · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-0872-1_9 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Synthesis of pattern recognition filters for fractional Fourier processing
Lohmann, A. W., Zalevsky, Z., & Mendlovic, D. (1996) · Optics Communications · doi:10.1016/0030-4018(95)00080-1 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationOptical fractional correlation: experimental results
David Mendlovic, B., Dorsch, R. G., Lohmann, A. W., & Bitran, Y. (1995) · Journal of the Optical Society of America A · doi:10.1364/josaa.12.001665 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Özaktaş, H. M., & Erden, M. F. (1997) · Optics Communications · doi:10.1016/s0030-4018(97)00305-2 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Aytür, O., & Özaktaş, H. M. (1995) · Optics Communications · doi:10.1016/0030-4018(95)00452-e · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Anamorphic fractional Fourier transform: optical implementation and applications
Mendlovic, D., Bitran, Y., Dorsch, R. G., et al. (1995) · Applied Optics · doi:10.1364/ao.34.007451 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationGeneral optical implementations of fractional Fourier transforms
Liu, S., Xu, J., Zhang, Y., et al. (1995) · Optics Letters · doi:10.1364/ol.20.001053 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Optical illustration of a varied fractional Fourier-transform order and the Radon–Wigner display
Mendlovic, D., Dorsch, R. G., Lohmann, A. W., et al. (1996) · Applied Optics · doi:10.1364/ao.35.003925 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationAccumulated Gouy phase shift in Gaussian beam propagation through first-order optical systems
Erden, M. F., & Özaktaş, H. M. (1997) · Journal of the Optical Society of America A · doi:10.1364/josaa.14.002190 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Almost-Fourier and almost-Fresnel transformations
Abe, S., & Sheridan, J. T. (1995) · Optics Communications · doi:10.1016/0030-4018(94)00521-u · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Fractional Fourier transform applied to spatial filtering in the Fresnel domain
Granieri, S., Trabocchi, O., & Sicre, E. E. (1995) · Optics Communications · doi:10.1016/0030-4018(95)00348-c · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Design of dynamically adjustable anamorphic fractional Fourier transformer
Erden, M. F., Özaktaş, H. M., Sahin, A., et al. (1997) · Optics Communications · doi:10.1016/s0030-4018(96)00613-x · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Fractional Wigner distribution function
Dragoman, D. (1996) · Journal of the Optical Society of America A · doi:10.1364/josaa.13.000474 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Erden, M. F., & Özaktaş, H. M. (1998) · Journal of the Optical Society of America A · doi:10.1364/josaa.15.001647 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Synthesis of mutual intensity distributions using the fractional Fourier transform
Erden, M. F., Özaktaş, H. M., & Mendlovic, D. (1996) · Optics Communications · doi:10.1016/0030-4018(95)00768-7 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationSignal spatial-filtering using the localized fractional Fourier transform
Mendlovic, D., Zalevsky, Z., Lohmann, A. W., et al. (1996) · Optics Communications · doi:10.1016/0030-4018(96)00014-4 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationGarcı́a, J., David Mendlovic, B., Zalevsky, Z., & Lohmann, A. W. (1996) · Applied Optics · doi:10.1364/ao.35.003945 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Incoherent fractional Fourier transform and its optical implementation
David Mendlovic, B., Zalevsky, Z., Konforti, N., Dorsch, R. G., & Lohmann, A. W. (1995) · Applied Optics · doi:10.1364/ao.34.007615 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Reconstruction of the optical correlation function in a quadratic refractive index medium
Alieva, T., & Agulló-López, F. (1995) · Optics Communications · doi:10.1016/0030-4018(94)00578-i · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Fractional correlation operation: performance analysis
Bitran, Y., Zalevsky, Z., Mendlovic, D., et al. (1996) · Applied Optics · doi:10.1364/ao.35.000297 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationPropagation of mutual intensity expressed in terms of the fractional Fourier transform
Erden, M. F., Mendlovic, D., & Özaktaş, H. M. (1996) · Journal of the Optical Society of America A · doi:10.1364/josaa.13.001068 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationFractional Fourier transformer of variable order based on a modular lens system
Dorsch, R. G. (1995) · Applied Optics · doi:10.1364/ao.34.006016 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
A new positive time-frequency distribution
Fonollosa, J. R., & Nikias, C. L. (2002) · IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/icassp.1994.389816 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Space–bandwidth-efficient realizations of linear systems
Kutay, M. A., Erden, M. F., Ozaktas, H. M., Arıkan, O., Güleryüz, Ö., & Candan, Ç. (1998) · Optics Letters · doi:10.1364/ol.23.001069 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationÖzaktaş, H. M. (1996) · Signal Processing · doi:10.1016/0165-1684(96)00095-3 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Scaling law and simultaneous optical implementation of various order fractional Fourier transforms
Jiang, Z. (1995) · Optics Letters · doi:10.1364/ol.20.002408 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Every Fourier optical system is equivalent to consecutive fractional-Fourier-domain filtering
Özaktaş, H. M., & Mendlovic, D. (1996) · Applied Optics · doi:10.1364/ao.35.003167 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationUniform asymptotic expansions for wave propagators via fractional transformations
Alonso, M. A., & Forbes, G. W. (1997) · Journal of the Optical Society of America A · doi:10.1364/josaa.14.001279 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Spatial and Temporal Optical Field Reconstruction Using Phase-Space Tomography
Raymer, M. G., Beck, M., & McAlister, D. F. (1994) · Springer proceedings in physics · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-79101-7_26 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Kutay, M. A., Erden, M. F., Ozaktas, H. M., Arikan, O., Candan, C., & Guleryuz, O. (2002) · Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, ICASSP '98 (Cat. No.98CH36181) · doi:10.1109/icassp.1998.679603 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationComment on 'The Fractional Fourier Transform in Optical Propagation Problems'
Abe, S., & Sheridan, J. T. (1995) · Journal of Modern Optics · doi:10.1080/713824347 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Fractional Fourier transform and Fresnel transform
Gori, F., Santarsiero, M., & Bagini, V. (1994) · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Repeated filtering in consecutive fractional Fourier domains
Erden, M. F. (1997) · Bilkent University Institutional Repository (Bilkent University) · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Grin optics, Fourier optics and optical connections
Gomez-Reino, C. C. (1996) · 17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology · doi:10.1117/12.2298947 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 7
- [6]6. I E E E Trans. Signal Process. 42 3084-3091.
- [40]40. Kutay, M. A., Arikan, O., Candan, C., Giileryiiz, o., Erden, M. F., Ozaktas, H. M. (1998b). Cost-efficient approximation of linear systems with multi-channel fractional Fourier domain filtering. Submitted to IEEE Signal Process. Lett.
- [52]52. Mecklenbrauker, W. F. G. ( I 993). The Wigner Distribution: Theory and Applicutions it1 Signul Processing. W. F. G. Mecklenbrauker, ed. Elsevier. Amsterdam.
- [64]64. Mustard, D. A. (1987a). Lie group imbeddings of the Fourier transform. School of Mathematics Preprint AM87/13. The University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia.
- [66]66. Mustard, D. A. (1989). The fractional Fourier transform and the Wigner distribution. School of Mathematics Preprint AM89/6. The University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia.
- [90]90. Saleh, B. E. A. and Teich, M. C. (1991). Fundumentul qf Photonics. Wiley, New York.
- [91]91. Seger, 0. (1993). Model Building und Restorrrtion with Applications in Confocul Microscopy, P1i.D. thesis, Linkoping University, Sweden.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The discrete fractional Fourier transform
Candan, C., Kutay, M. A., & Ozaktas, H. M. (2000) · IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/78.839980 · Cited by 683 · see citing works
Self-citationThe discrete fractional cosine and sine transforms
Pei, S.-C., & Yeh, M.-H. (2001) · IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/78.923302 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
The discrete harmonic oscillator, Harper's equation, and the discrete fractional Fourier transform
Barker, L., Candan, Ç., Hakioglu, T., Kutay, M. A., & Ozaktas, H. M. (2000) · Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General · doi:10.1088/0305-4470/33/11/304 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citationThe discrete fractional Fourier transform
Candan, C., Kutay, M. A., & Ozaktas, H. M. (1999) · 1999 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing. Proceedings. ICASSP99 (Cat. No.99CH36258) · doi:10.1109/icassp.1999.756324 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationPrajna, K., & Mukhopadhyay, C. K. (2020) · Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation · doi:10.1007/s10921-020-0658-6 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Huang, D.-F., & Chen, B.-S. (2000) · Signal Processing · doi:10.1016/s0165-1684(00)00052-9 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Fractional-Fourier-domain weighted Wigner distribution
Stankovic, L., Alieva, T., & Bastiaans, M. J. (2002) · Proceedings of the 11th IEEE Signal Processing Workshop on Statistical Signal Processing (Cat. No.01TH8563) · doi:10.1109/ssp.2001.955287 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
- Authors
- Ozaktas, H. M., Kutay, M. A., & Mendlovic, D.
- Affiliations
- Bilkent University (TR)
- ORCID
- Kutay, M. Alper
- Venue
- Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics
- Publisher
- Elsevier
- Published
- 1999
- Pages
- 239-291
- ISSN
- 1076-5670 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W148353664
- Semantic Scholar
- 063c7043d28556a53b1eb471e1022e7a2c161e2c
- Cited by
- 164
- References
- 92
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 52.93
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- Advances in imaging and electron physics (publishedVersion)
- Bilkent University Institutional Repository (Bilkent University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Applied Mathematics › Mathematical Analysis and Transform Methods
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Modeling and Simulation › Fractional Differential Equations Solutions
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Signal Processing › Digital Filter Design and Implementation
- Keywords
- fractional Fourier transform, order parameter, inverse Fourier transform, signal processing applications
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
