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How do sleep disturbance and chronic pain inter-relate? Insights from the longitudinal and cognitive-behavioral clinical trials literature
Abstract
Sleep disturbance is perhaps one of the most prevalent complaints of patients with chronically painful conditions. Experimental studies of healthy subjects and cross-sectional research in clinical populations suggest the possibility that the relationship between sleep disturbance and pain might be reciprocal, such that pain disturbs sleep continuity/quality and poor sleep further exacerbates pain. This suggests that aggressive management of sleep disturbance may be an important treatment objective with possible benefits beyond the improvement in sleep. Little is known, however, about how to effectively treat sleep disturbance associated with pain or whether such treatment might have beneficial effects on reducing pain. A small, but growing literature has applied cognitive-behavioral therapies (CBT) for either pain management or insomnia to patients with chronic pain. In this article, we review the longitudinal literature on sleep disturbance associated with chronic pain and clinical trial literatures of cognitive-behavior therapy for pain management and insomnia secondary to chronic pain with the aim of evaluating whether the relationship between clinical pain and insomnia is reciprocal. While methodological problems are common, the literature suggests that the relationship is reciprocal and CBT treatments for pain or insomnia hold promise in reducing pain severity and improving sleep quality. Directions for future research include the use of validated measures of sleep, longitudinal studies, and larger randomized clinical trials incorporating appropriate attentional controls and longer periods of follow-up.
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“Dysfunction in the physiology of sleep is common in those suffering from chronic pain (Smith and Haythornthwaite, 2004).”
From Self-management strategies to consider to combat endometriosis symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020) · cites this paper as Smith and Haythornthwaite, 2004
In the citing paper
“Sleep disorders are among the most common concerns related to pain [73].”
From ACTsmart: Guided Smartphone-Delivered Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Chronic Pain—A Pilot Trial. (2021) · cites this paper as [73]
In the citing paper
“between 50% and 88% of patients with chronic pain report problems with sleep (Smith & Haythornthwaite, 2004).”
From Hypnotic approaches for chronic pain management: Clinical implications of recent research findings. (2014) · cites this paper as Smith & Haythornthwaite, 2004
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“A greater number of adverse childhood experiences also has been associated with more sleep disturbance (Chapman et al., 2011; Kajeepeta et al., 2015), and poor sleep quality can exacerbate reported pain intensity (Lautenbacher et al., 2006; Smith & Haythornthwaite, 2004).”
BackgroundTemporal Analysis of Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain and Sleep in Postmenopausal Women
Frange, C., Hachul, H., Hirotsu, C., Tufik, S., & Andersen, M. L. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.7622 · Cited by 21
Sadosky, A., Dukes, E. M., & Evans, C. A. (2009) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/1477-7525-7-12 · Cited by 21
Parsons, B., & Li, C. (2016) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1185/03007995.2016.1151776 · Cited by 20
Parsons, B., Emir, B., & Knapp, L. (2015) · American Journal of Therapeutics · doi:10.1097/mjt.0000000000000100 · Cited by 20
“Sleep interference has a substantial negative impact on patients’ quality of life and may also increase a patient’s sensitivity to pain.(19) Thus, the rapid reduction in sleep interference observed with Table 4.”
BackgroundInfluentialBlampied, N. M., & Bootzin, R. R. (2012) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/13938-017 · Cited by 21
Sleep Disturbance in Patients With Lumbar Spinal Stenosis
Lee, N.-K., Jeon, S. W., Heo, Y. W., Shen, F., Kim, H., Yoon, I., Chang, B., Lee, C., Chun, H., & Yeom, J. S. (2020) · Clinical Spine Surgery A Spine Publication · doi:10.1097/bsd.0000000000000944 · Cited by 21
Papaconstantinou, E. A., HODNETT, E. D., & Stremler, R. (2016) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2016.1228639 · Cited by 21
Yabe, Y., Hagiwara, Y., Sekiguchi, T., Sugawara, Y., Tsuchiya, M., Koide, M., Itaya, N., Yoshida, S., Sogi, Y., Yano, T., et al. (2018) · The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1620/tjem.244.25 · Cited by 20
“Sleep condition was assessed through the self-report questionnaire using the Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS), which is a selfassessment instrument for sleep disturbance based on the ICD-10 criteria.”
BackgroundRandomized double‐blind controlled study of bedtime low‐dose amitriptyline in chronic neck pain
Maarrawi, J., Hay, J. A., Kobaïter-Maarrawi, S., Tabet, P. P., Peyron, R., & Garcı́a-Larrea, L. (2018) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.1206 · Cited by 20
“…et al., 2014), attitudes still vary greatly due to the wide variety of options without any standardized protocol (Brockhusen et al., 2017) while acupuncture and botulinum toxin still lack sufficient proof regarding their long-term efficiency in CNP (Sycha et al., 2004, 2004; Trinh et al., 2007).”
BackgroundAn Initial Report of Sleep Disorders in Women in the U.S. Military
Capener, D. C., Brock, M. S., Hansen, S. L., Matsangas, P., & Mysliwiec, V. (2018) · Military Medicine · doi:10.1093/milmed/usx116 · Cited by 21
Sleep quality with WHO Step III opioid use for cancer pain
Jakobsen, G., Engstrøm, M., Fayers, P. M., Hjermstad, M. J., Kaasa, S., Kloke, M., Sabatowski, R., & Klepstad, P. (2018) · BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care · doi:10.1136/bmjspcare-2017-001399 · Cited by 20
Pain and sleep problems predict quality of life for veterans with serious mental illness.
Travaglini, L. E., Cosgrave, J., & Klingaman, E. A. (2019) · Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal · doi:10.1037/prj0000358 · Cited by 20
Rhon, D., O'Hagan, E. T., Mysliwiec, V., & Lentz, T. A. (2019) · Spine · doi:10.1097/brs.0000000000003114 · Cited by 14
de Salas-Cansado, M., Pérez, C., Saldaña, M. T., Navarro, A., González-Gómez, F. J., Ruiz, L., & Rejas, J. (2012) · Primary care diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.pcd.2012.03.001 · Cited by 20
“Due to the presence of chronic pain, the patients experience anxiety, mood disorders and sleep disorders [7–11].”
BackgroundTroxel, W., Booth, M. J., Buysse, D. J., Elliott, M. N., Suskind, A. M., Clemens, J. Q., & Berry, S. H. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.4292 · Cited by 20
“4% (3,397) met the following validated high-sensitivity RICE symptom criteria (81% sensitivity and 54% specificity) to establish caseness: (1) pain, pressure, or discomfort in pelvic area; (2) urinary frequency 10+ times/day or urgency due to pain, pressure, or discomfort (not fear of wetting, which is associated with…”
Pain in an era of armed conflicts: prevention and treatment for warfighters and civilian casualties
George, E., Elman, I., Becerra, L., Berg, S., & Borsook, D. (2016) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.04.002 · Cited by 18
Zaharı, Z., Lee, C. S., Tan, S. C., Mohamad, N., Lee, Y. Y., & Ismail, R. (2015) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.839 · Cited by 19
“It is possible that the relationship between sleep disturbance and pain might be circular or reciprocal, with disturbed sleep contributing to enhanced pain-sensitivity, or disturbed sleep is caused by pain (Smith & Haythornthwaite, 2004; Edwards et al., 2008).”
BackgroundSleep disorders and concussion
Morse, A. M., & Kothare, S. V. (2018) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-63954-7.00013-6 · Cited by 19
Cognitive vulnerability in the development of concomitant pain and sleep disturbances
MacDonald, S., Linton, S. J., & Jansson‐Fröjmark, M. (2009) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1348/135910709x468089 · Cited by 19
Sleep Quality Among People Living With Chronic Noncancer Pain
Lintzeris, N., Moodley, R., Campbell, G., Larance, B., Bruno, R., Nielsen, S., & Degenhardt, L. J. (2015) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000000282 · Cited by 19
Mehta, N. D., Bucior, I., Bujanover, S., Shah, R., & Gulati, A. (2016) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s12955-016-0456-0 · Cited by 22
“Evidence supports a reciprocal relationship between pain and sleep in which pain disturbs sleep, and poor sleep enhances pain [6, 8, 13].”
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) for an Adult With Multiple Sclerosis
Majendie, C. M. A., Dysch, L., & Carrigan, N. (2016) · Clinical Case Studies · doi:10.1177/1534650116674594 · Cited by 22
“The cognitive model for the maintenance of insomnia (Harvey, 2002) proposes that although the original cause may be due to a variety of factors (e.g., illness, life changes, a stressful event), cognitive process contribute to its maintenance (see also Smith & Haythornthwaite, 2004).”
BackgroundUndercover Dogs: Pet Dogs in the Sleep Environment of Patients with Chronic Pain
Brown, C. A., Wang, Y., & Carr, E. (2018) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci7090157 · Cited by 19
“…related to both pain and sleep (Generaal et al. 2014) and a growing body of evidence reflects that pain and sleep have both a reciprocal nature and multiple shared neurophysiological mechanisms (Aili et al. 2015; American Sleep Association n.d.; Lerman et al. 2017; Smith and Haythornthwaite 2004).”
BackgroundOPRM1 Gene Interaction with Sleep in Chronic Pain Patients Treated with Opioids
Peiró, A. M. (2019) · Pain Physician · doi:10.36076/ppj/2019.22.97 · Cited by 19
“Experimental studies suggest that sleep problems and pain might be reciprocally related since pain disturbs sleep continuity/quality and poor sleep further exacerbates pain (4).”
BackgroundThe Case for Comorbid Myofascial Pain—A Qualitative Review
Vulfsons, S., & Minerbi, A. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17145188 · Cited by 18
“[120], indicate that sleep disturbances, most commonly insomnia, may predate the development of chronic regional and widespread pain.”
BackgroundSleep, pain, fibromyalgia, and chronic fatigue syndrome
Landis, C. A. (2010) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-52006-7.00039-3 · Cited by 19
Sarıyıldız, M. A., Batmaz, İ., Yazmalar, L., Güneş, M., & Turan, Y. (2016) · Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation · doi:10.3233/bmr-150438 · Cited by 19
“Previous researchers also suggests that, while poor sleep quality is a consequence of chronic pain, it may also exacerbate chronic pain [28].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Smith, M. T., & Haythornthwaite, J. A.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Smith, Michael T
- Venue
- Sleep Medicine Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2004-04
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 119-132
- ISSN
- 1087-0792 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2167864730
- Cited by
- 914
- References
- 95
- Citations by year
- 2026: 38 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 61 · 2020: 59 · 2019: 58 · 2018: 55 · 2017: 58 · 2016: 64 · 2015: 64 · 2014: 52 · 2013: 33 · 2012: 41
- FWCI
- 2.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Sleep Medicine Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research
- Keywords
- sleep disorders, chronic pain, insomnia, cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia, pain management, sleep quality, longitudinal study
- MeSH terms
- Chronic Disease, Clinical Trials as Topic, Humans, Pain, Sleep Wake Disorders, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Pain Management
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