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How do sleep disturbance and chronic pain inter-relate? Insights from the longitudinal and cognitive-behavioral clinical trials literature
Abstract
Sleep disturbance is perhaps one of the most prevalent complaints of patients with chronically painful conditions. Experimental studies of healthy subjects and cross-sectional research in clinical populations suggest the possibility that the relationship between sleep disturbance and pain might be reciprocal, such that pain disturbs sleep continuity/quality and poor sleep further exacerbates pain. This suggests that aggressive management of sleep disturbance may be an important treatment objective with possible benefits beyond the improvement in sleep. Little is known, however, about how to effectively treat sleep disturbance associated with pain or whether such treatment might have beneficial effects on reducing pain. A small, but growing literature has applied cognitive-behavioral therapies (CBT) for either pain management or insomnia to patients with chronic pain. In this article, we review the longitudinal literature on sleep disturbance associated with chronic pain and clinical trial literatures of cognitive-behavior therapy for pain management and insomnia secondary to chronic pain with the aim of evaluating whether the relationship between clinical pain and insomnia is reciprocal. While methodological problems are common, the literature suggests that the relationship is reciprocal and CBT treatments for pain or insomnia hold promise in reducing pain severity and improving sleep quality. Directions for future research include the use of validated measures of sleep, longitudinal studies, and larger randomized clinical trials incorporating appropriate attentional controls and longer periods of follow-up.
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“Dysfunction in the physiology of sleep is common in those suffering from chronic pain (Smith and Haythornthwaite, 2004).”
From Self-management strategies to consider to combat endometriosis symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020) · cites this paper as Smith and Haythornthwaite, 2004
In the citing paper
“Sleep disorders are among the most common concerns related to pain [73].”
From ACTsmart: Guided Smartphone-Delivered Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Chronic Pain—A Pilot Trial. (2021) · cites this paper as [73]
In the citing paper
“between 50% and 88% of patients with chronic pain report problems with sleep (Smith & Haythornthwaite, 2004).”
From Hypnotic approaches for chronic pain management: Clinical implications of recent research findings. (2014) · cites this paper as Smith & Haythornthwaite, 2004
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Lopez, A., Simburger, D., Zajacova, A., & Sheehan, C. M. (2024) · Sleep Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.sleepe.2024.100079 · Cited by 8
Kantor, D., Panchal, S. J., Patel, V. B., Bucior, I., & Rauck, R. L. (2015) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2015.08.011 · Cited by 7
“An example of such a reciprocal correlation is that between pain and sleep, where pain disturbs sleep, and poor sleep enhances pain.(23,35,39) The strength and significance of these wide-ranging correlations among changes in efficacy end points were dependent on the clinical significance of reductions in pain intensit…”
BackgroundContemporary approaches to the relationships between chronic pain and sleep
Kukushkin, M. L., & Poluektov, M. G. (2017) · S S Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry · doi:10.17116/jnevro20171174219-27 · Cited by 7
Ekici, Ö. (2021) · Journal of Turkish Sleep Medicine · doi:10.4274/jtsm.galenos.2021.16878 · Cited by 8
“In addition, the chronic pain group reported substantially greater difficulty in beginning sleep than in the control group (2,27).”
Kim, H. (2019) · Exercise Science · doi:10.15857/ksep.2019.28.2.191 · Cited by 7
“한편, 선행연구들[11,12]은 만성통증을 지닌 노인에서 수면장애를 나타내는 비율이 높고(67-88%) 불면증인 경우 통증이 더 심화된다고 보고하였다.”
Postoperative Patient Pain Severity and Its Association With Anxiety, Depression, and Sleep Quality
Husni, M., Jahrami, H., Shenawi, H. A., Alenenzi, S. F., Alhawas, F. N., Asiri, M. A., Haider, F., Alanazi, A. F., & Yaghan, R. J. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.54553 · Cited by 6
Fang, J., Tang, H., Liao, H., Zhong, Y., Li, Y., Liao, Y., & Li, Y. (2025) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s512848 · Cited by 6
Salvat, F., Berrozpe, E. C., Pueyrredòn, H., Amuchastegui, C., López, V., Castrillo, R., Alza, F., Rivas, R., Madrazo, J., Mazzola, M. E., et al. (2023) · Revista de Neurología · doi:10.33588/rn.7609.2023087 · Cited by 6
“despertares y disminuyen el sueño lento profundo [2].”
BackgroundInfluentialRavindranath, P. T., Smith, J. G., Niloofar, R. N., Ebelthite, C., & Renton, T. F. (2023) · Journal of Oral Rehabilitation · doi:10.1111/joor.13521 · Cited by 6
Sleep Efficiency and Sleep Onset Latency in One Saskatchewan First Nation
Karunanayake, C. P., Pahwa, P., Kirychuk, S., Fenton, M. E., Ramsden, V. R., Seeseequasis, J., Seesequasis, W., Skomro, R., Rennie, D., McMullin, K., et al. (2024) · Clocks & Sleep · doi:10.3390/clockssleep6010004 · Cited by 8
“Smith et al. [59] reported that sleep quality and pain intensity were related, and sleep quality was related to the patient’s mood and physical function factors [39].”
BackgroundGoel, V., Kaizer, A. M., Darrow, D., Rosielle, D. A., Owens, B., & Blaes, A. H. (2025) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnaf012 · Cited by 6
The Ising Model Applied on Chronification of Pain
Granan, L. (2015) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1111/pme.12933 · Cited by 7
Sueño: características generales. Patrones fisiológicos y fisiopatológicos en la adolescencia
Talero‐Gutiérrez, C., Durán-Torres, F., & Pérez, I. (2013) · Redalyc (Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México) · Cited by 6
Lower serotonin level and higher rate of fibromyalgia syndrome with advancing pregnancy
Atasever, M., Kalem, M. N., Sönmez, Ç., Seval, M. M., Yüce, T., Aker, S. Ş., Koç, A., & Genç, H. (2016) · The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.1080/14767058.2016.1243096 · Cited by 6
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Health Needs in Patients Suffering from Chronic Back Pain: A Qualitative Study
Rostami, K., Sharif, F., Zarshenas, L., Ebadi, A., & Farbood, A. (2019) · Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine · doi:10.5812/aapm.85244 · Cited by 6
“Since neural centers responsible for regulating sleep and pain are situated in one single part, persistent pains cause changes in the functioning of the neural system that regulates sleep and pain; hence, they interfere with the patient’s sleep (38).”
BackgroundASSOCIATION BETWEEN SLEEP QUALITY AND PAIN IN YOUNG AMATEUR ATHLETES
Bascour–Sandoval, C., Norambuena-Noches, Y., Uarac, M. A. M., Valderrama, J. F., Galvéz-García, G., & Gajardo-Burgos, R. E. (2021) · Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte · doi:10.1590/1517-8692202127022019_0008 · Cited by 6
Effect of Five-Consecutive-Day Exposure to an Anxiogenic Stressor on Sleep-Wake Activity in Rats
O’Malley, M. W., Fishman, R. L., Ciraulo, D. A., & Datta, S. (2013) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2013.00015 · Cited by 6
Sleep and Wakefulness in Children with Brain Tumors
Rosen, G. M. (2008) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2008.04.008 · Cited by 6
Assessment for the Quality of Recovery from General Anesthesia in Patients with Gynecologic Surgery
Hong, S. H., Lee, J. M., Park, C. M., Park, H. J., Jeon, J. P., Yu, M. R., & Lee, Y. K. (2008) · Korean Journal of Anesthesiology · doi:10.4097/kjae.2008.54.5.531 · Cited by 6
PRACTICAL CHRONIC PAIN ASSESSMENT TOOLS IN CLINICAL PRACTICE
Lončarić–Katušin, M., Milošević, M., Žilić, A., Mišković, P., Majerić-Kogler, V., & Žunić, J. (2016) · Acta Clinica Croatica · doi:10.20471/acc.2016.55.s1.02 · Cited by 6
The Clinical Importance of Conditioning Pain Modulation: A Review and Clinical Implications
Davis, M. P. (2013) · ACS symposium series · doi:10.1021/bk-2013-1131.ch003 · Cited by 6
Sleep in Women with Chronic Pain and Autoimmune Conditions
Shaver, J. L. F., & Iacovides, S. (2018) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2018.04.008 · Cited by 6
Hughes, J. M., & Martin, J. L. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822872-2.00005-0 · Cited by 6
Metadata
- Authors
- Smith, M. T., & Haythornthwaite, J. A.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Smith, Michael T
- Venue
- Sleep Medicine Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2004-04
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 119-132
- ISSN
- 1087-0792 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2167864730
- Cited by
- 914
- References
- 95
- Citations by year
- 2026: 38 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 61 · 2020: 59 · 2019: 58 · 2018: 55 · 2017: 58 · 2016: 64 · 2015: 64 · 2014: 52 · 2013: 33 · 2012: 41
- FWCI
- 2.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Sleep Medicine Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research
- Keywords
- sleep disorders, chronic pain, insomnia, cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia, pain management, sleep quality, longitudinal study
- MeSH terms
- Chronic Disease, Clinical Trials as Topic, Humans, Pain, Sleep Wake Disorders, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Pain Management
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