The DOI matches its Crossref record; 82 of the 82 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Medication-overuse headache: a worldwide problem
Abstract
Medication overuse and subsequent medication-overuse headache (MOH) is a growing problem worldwide. Epidemiological data suggest that up to 4% of the population overuse analgesics and other drugs for the treatment of pain conditions such as migraine and that about 1% of the general population in Europe, North America, and Asia have MOH. Recent clinical studies gave further insights in clinical and pharmacological features, such as critical monthly doses and frequencies. These features seem to vary significantly and depend on the primary headache disorder and the type of drug that is overused. Along with these findings the new international classification of headache disorders has now incorporated additional criteria and new headache entities that will facilitate the diagnosis of MOH. Withdrawal therapy is the only treatment for this disorder and clear restriction of monthly doses is the central requirement for successful prevention.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Medication overuse headache (MOH) is a severe burden to sufferers and its treatment has few evidence-based indications.”
From Nabilone for the treatment of medication overuse headache: results of a preliminary double-blind, active-controlled, randomized trial (2012) · cites this paper as [6]
In the citing paper
“In these patients, the main unresolved problem is the excessive use of drugs for the acute treatment and the overall deterioration experienced in their quality of life, so the headache symptoms should be considered as part of the issue as a whole [2, 6, 7].”
From Nabilone for the treatment of medication overuse headache: results of a preliminary double-blind, active-controlled, randomized trial (2012) · cites this paper as [6]
Citations
Cites
The International Classification of Headache Disorders: 2nd edition
Olesen, J., Goadsby, P. J., & Steiner, T. (2003) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(03)00590-8 · Cited by 5,046
Sorge, F., Simone, R. D., Marano, E., Nolano, M., Orefice, G., & Carrieri, P. B. (1988) · Cephalalgia · doi:10.1046/j.1468-2982.1988.0801001.x · Cited by 3,464
Goadsby, P. J. (2004) · Cephalalgia · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2982.2004.00711.x · Cited by 2,381
Epidemiology of Tension-Type Headache
Schwartz, B. S. (1998) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.279.5.381 · Cited by 762
Scher, I., Stewart, F. W., Rícci, A., & Lipton, B. R. (2003) · Pain · doi:10.1016/s0304-3959(03)00293-8 · Cited by 714
Epidemiology of Chronic Daily Headache in the General Population
Castillo, J., Muñoz, P., Guitera, V., & Pascual, J. (1999) · Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1046/j.1526-4610.1999.3903190.x · Cited by 711
Silberstein, S., Olesen, J., Bousser, M.-G., Diener, H.-C., Dodick, D., First, M., Goadsby, P., Göbel, H., Lainez, M., Lance, J., et al. (2005) · Cephalalgia · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2982.2005.00878.x · Cited by 517
Self-citationFeatures of medication overuse headache following overuse of different acute headache drugs
Limmroth, V., Katsarava, Z., Fritsche, G., Przywara, S., & Diener, H. (2002) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.59.7.1011 · Cited by 391
Self-citationWithdrawal Syndrome after the Double-Blind Cessation of Caffeine Consumption
Silverman, K., Evans, S. M., Strain, E. C., & Griffiths, R. R. (1992) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199210153271601 · Cited by 380
Incidence and predictors for chronicity of headache in patients with episodic migraine
Katsarava, Z., Schneeweiß, S., Kurth, T., Kroener, U., Fritsche, G., Eikermann, A., Diener, H., & Limmroth, V. (2004) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000113747.18760.d2 · Cited by 375
Self-citationThe alpha 1-fetoprotein test in hepatocellular carcinoma.
Fox, H., Kondi, A., Linsell, C. A., PARKER, A. M., & Sizaret, P.-Y. (1970) · PubMed · Cited by 290
Repetitive intravenous dihydroergotamine as therapy for intractable migraine
Raskin, N. H. (1986) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.36.7.995 · Cited by 288
Drug Induced Refractory Headache ‐ Clinical Features and Management
Mathew, N. T., Kurman, R., & Perez, F. (1990) · Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.1990.hed3010634.x · Cited by 276
Caffeine physical dependence: a review of human and laboratory animal studies
Griffiths, R. R., & Woodson, P. P. (1988) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00212836 · Cited by 276
Clinical features of withdrawal headache following overuse of triptans and other headache drugs
Katsarava, Z., Fritsche, G., Muessig, M., Diener, H., & Limmroth, V. (2001) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.57.9.1694 · Cited by 271
Self-citationChronic daily headache in Chinese elderly
Wang, S.-J., Fuh, J., Lu, S. ‐., Liu, C. Y., Hsu, L., Wang, P.-N., & Liu, H.-C. (2000) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.54.2.314 · Cited by 270
Does Chronic Daily Headache Arise De Novo in Association With Regular Use of Analgesics?
Bahra, A., Walsh, M., Menon, S., & Goadsby, P. J. (2003) · Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1046/j.1526-4610.2003.03041.x · Cited by 269
Chronic Daily Headache in Taipei, Taiwan: Prevalence, Follow-Up and Outcome Predictors
Lu, S., Fuh, J., Chen, W., Juang, K., & Wang, S.-J. (2001) · Cephalalgia · doi:10.1046/j.1468-2982.2001.00294.x · Cited by 253
Migraine Pathophysiology and its Clinical Implications
Silberstein, S. (2004) · Cephalalgia · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2982.2004.00892.x · Cited by 243
Prevalence of Migraine and Non-Migrainous Headache—Head-HUNT, A Large Population-Based Study
Hagen, K., Zwart, J.-A., Vatten, L. J., Stovner, L., & Bovim, G. (2000) · Cephalalgia · doi:10.1046/j.1468-2982.2000.00145.x · Cited by 232
Medication Overuse Headache: Rates and Predictors for Relapse in a 4-year Prospective Study
Katsarava, Z., Muessig, M., Dzagnidze, A., Fritsche, G., Diener, H., & Limmroth, V. (2004) · Cephalalgia · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2982.2004.00789.x · Cited by 226
Self-citationAnalgesic use: A predictor of chronic pain and medication overuse headache
Zwart, J. ‐., Dyb, G. A., Hagen, K. B., Svebak, S., & Holmen, J. (2003) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000069924.69078.8d · Cited by 219
Prevalence and description of chronic daily headache in the general population in France
Lantéri‐Minet, M., Auray, J., Hasnaoui, A. E., Dartigues, J., Duru, G., Henry, P., Lucas, C., Pradalier, A., Chazot, G., & Gaudin, A.-F. (2003) · Pain · doi:10.1016/s0304-3959(02)00348-2 · Cited by 211
Clinical features of withdrawal headache following overuse of triptans and other headache drugs
Mauskop, A. (2002) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.58.9.1443 · Cited by 181
Neurological disorders : course and treatment
Brandt, T. (1996) · Cited by 163
Analgesic-induced chronic headache: long-term results of withdrawal therapy
Diener, H., DICHGANS, J., Scholz, E., Geiselhart, S., Gerber, W. D., & Bille, A. (1989) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/bf00314210 · Cited by 156
Self-citationAnalgesic Rebound Headache in Clinical Practice: Data From a Physician Survey
Rapoport, A. M., Stang, P., Gutterman, D. L., Cady, R., Markley, H., Weeks, R. E., Saiers, J., & Fox, A. W. (1996) · Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1046/j.1526-4610.1996.3601014.x · Cited by 147
Analgesic overuse among subjects with headache, neck, and low-back pain
Zwart, J. ‐., Dyb, G. A., Hagen, K., Svebak, S., Stovner, L. J., & Holmen, J. (2004) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000123262.96132.fc · Cited by 145
Repetitive Intravenous DHE in the Treatment of Refractory Headache
Silberstein, S. D., Schulman, E. A., & Hopkins, M. M. (1990) · Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.1990.hed3006334.x · Cited by 136
INCREASED FREQUENCY OF EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS EXCRETION IN PATIENTS WITH NEW DAILY PERSISTENT HEADACHES
Díaz‐Mitoma, F., Vanast, W. J., & Tyrrell, D. (1987) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(87)90119-x · Cited by 132
Headache after frequent use of serotonin agonists zolmitriptan and naratriptan
Limmroth, V., Kazarawa, Z., Fritsche, G., & Diener, H. (1999) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)74950-3 · Cited by 131
Self-citationLongterm Prognosis of Analgesic Withdrawal in Patients with Drug‐Induced Headaches
Baumgartner, C., Wessely, P., Bingöl, C., Maly, J., & Holzner, F. (1989) · Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.1989.hed2908510.x · Cited by 131
Prednisone as Initial Treatment of Analgesic-Induced Daily Headache
Krymchantowski, A. V., & Barbosa, J. (2000) · Cephalalgia · doi:10.1046/j.1468-2982.2000.00028.x · Cited by 130
Rates and predictors for relapse in medication overuse headache: A 1-year prospective study
Katsarava, Z., Limmroth, V., Finke, M., Diener, H., & Fritsche, G. (2003) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000063322.14078.90 · Cited by 130
Self-citationMathew, N. T. (1990) · Neurologic Clinics · doi:10.1016/s0733-8619(18)30325-6 · Cited by 125
Long-Term Outcome of Patients with Headache and Drug Abuse after Inpatient Withdrawal
Schnider, P., Aull, S., Baumgartner, C., Marterer, A., Wöber, C., Zeiler, K., & Wessely, P. (1996) · Cephalalgia · doi:10.1046/j.1468-2982.1996.1607481.x · Cited by 123
Does Analgesic Abuse Cause Headaches De Novo?
Lance, F., Parkes, C., & Wilkinson, M. (1988) · Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.1988.hed2801060_2.x · Cited by 117
Reinforcing properties of caffeine: Studies in humans and laboratory animals
Griffiths, R. R., & Woodson, P. P. (1988) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(88)90180-3 · Cited by 113
Dobson, C., Tohyama, Y., Dikšić, M., & Hamel, É. (2003) · Cephalalgia · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2982.2004.00647.x · Cited by 113
Valproate in the Treatment of Persistent Chronic Daily Headache. An Open Label Study
Mathew, N. T., & Ali, S. (1991) · Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.1991.hed3102071.x · Cited by 110
Abrupt outpatient withdrawal of medication in analgesic-abusing migraineurs
Hering, R., & Steiner, T. (1991) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(91)93129-w · Cited by 102
Drug-Induced Headache: Long-Term Follow-Up of Withdrawal Therapy and Persistence of Drug Misuse
Fritsche, G., Eberl, A., Katsarava, Z., Limmroth, V., & Diener, H. (2001) · European Neurology · doi:10.1159/000052134 · Cited by 99
Self-citationPeters, G. A., & Horton, B. T. (1951) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/s0025-6196(25)10824-0 · Cited by 99
Chronic Daily Headache: Long‐Term Prognosis Following Inpatient Treatment With Repetitive IV DHE
Silberstein, S. D., & Silberstein, J. R. (1992) · Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.1992.hed3209439.x · Cited by 98
Dusseldorp, M., & Katan, M. (1990) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.300.6739.1558 · Cited by 92
Drug Abuse in Chronic Headache: A Clinico-Epidemiologic Study
Granella, F., Farina, S., Malferrari, G., & Manzoni, G. C. (1987) · Cephalalgia · doi:10.1046/j.1468-2982.1987.0701015.x · Cited by 92
Kaube, H., May, A., Diener, H., & Pfaffenrath, V. (1994) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.308.6943.1573d · Cited by 87
Self-citationErgotamine Tartrate Dependency
Saper, J. R., & Jones, J. M. (1986) · Clinical Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1097/00002826-198606000-00003 · Cited by 81
Horton, B. T., & Peters, G. A. (1963) · Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.1963.hed0204214.x · Cited by 77
Analgesic Rebound Headache: Theoretical and Practical Implications
Rapoport, A. M., Weeks, R. E., & Sheftell, F. D. (1985) · Cephalalgia · doi:10.1177/03331024850050s3176 · Cited by 72
A Practical Guide to the Management and Prevention of Migraine
Diener, H., Kaube, H., & Limmroth, V. (1998) · Drugs · doi:10.2165/00003495-199856050-00006 · Cited by 70
Self-citationVuori, E., Lönnqvist, J. K., & Klaukka, T. (1994) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.308.6943.1573a · Cited by 65
How do the Currently Used Prophylactic Agents Work in Migraine?
Goadsby, P. J. (1997) · Cephalalgia · doi:10.1046/j.1468-2982.1997.1702085.x · Cited by 63
Fisher, M. A., & Glass, S. (1997) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.48.5.1156 · Cited by 62
Inappropriate use of sumatriptan: population based register and interview study
Gaist, D., Tsiropoulos, I., Sindrup, S. H., Hallas, J., Rasmussen, B. K., Kragstrup, J., & Gram, L. F. (1998) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.316.7141.1352 · Cited by 60
Twelve cases of analgesic headache
Symon, D. N. K. (1998) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.78.6.555 · Cited by 59
Hemicrania Continua: Attacks May Alternate Sides
Newman, L. C., Lipton, R. B., Russell, M., & Solomon, S. (1992) · Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.1992.hed3205237.x · Cited by 58
Amelioration of Ergotamine Withdrawal Symptoms With Naproxen
Mathew, N. T. (1987) · Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.1987.hed2703130.x · Cited by 58
Reuter, U., Salomone, S., Ickenstein, G. W., & Waeber, C. (2004) · Cephalalgia · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2982.2004.00683.x · Cited by 58
Subcutaneous Sumatriptan in the Treatment of Headache During Withdrawal From Drug‐Induced Headache
Diener, H., Haab, J., Peters, C., Ried, S., DICHGANS, J., & Pilgrim, A. (1991) · Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.1991.hed3104205.x · Cited by 56
Self-citationIs overuse of sumatriptan a problem?
Gaist, D., Hallas, J., Sindrup, S. H., & Gram, L. F. (1996) · European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s002280050086 · Cited by 55
Analgesic Overuse Is Not A Cause of Chronic Daily Headache
Dodick, D. W. (2002) · Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1046/j.1526-4610.2002.02133_2.x · Cited by 53
Analgesic Overuse Is A Cause of Chronic Daily Headache
Tepper, S. J. (2002) · Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1046/j.1526-4610.2002.02133_1.x · Cited by 53
Clinical and Epidemiological Observations on Drug Abuse in Headache Patients
Micieli, G., Manzoni, G. C., Granella, F., Martignoni, E., Malferrari, G., & Nappi, G. (1988) · Advances in applied neurological sciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-73327-7_5 · Cited by 48
Opiate and Opioid Use in Patients With Refractory Headache
Ziegler, D. K. (1994) · Cephalalgia · doi:10.1046/j.1468-2982.1994.1401005.x · Cited by 44
[Phenacetin addiction and injurious effects; inclusion-body anemia an interstitial nephritis].
MOESCHLIN, S. (1957) · PubMed · Cited by 42
Endogenous serotonin-2A and -2C receptors in Balb/c-3T3 cells revealed in serotonin-free medium
Saucier, C., Morris, S. J., & Albert, P. R. (1998) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0006-2952(98)00244-5 · Cited by 40
Successful Withdrawal From Analgesic Abuse in a Group of Youngsters With Chronic Daily Headache
Hering‐Hanit, R., Cohen, A., & Horev, Z. (2001) · Journal of Child Neurology · doi:10.1177/088307380101600613 · Cited by 40
Neurological Disorders: Course and Treatment
Bergen, D. C. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.290.7.959-a · Cited by 36
Ergotamine-Induced Headache can be Sustained by Sumatriptan Daily Intake
Catarci, T., Fiacco, F., Argentino, C., Sette, G., & Cerbo, R. (1994) · Cephalalgia · doi:10.1046/j.1468-2982.1994.1405374.x · Cited by 36
Phenacetin abuse and malignant tumors
Mihatsch, M. J., & Knüsli, C. (1982) · Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf01716213 · Cited by 36
Chronic daily headaches in children
Hershey, A. D. (2003) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1517/14656566.4.4.485 · Cited by 31
Capillary sclerosis of the urinary tract and analgesic nephropathy.
Mj, M., Hofer, H. O., Gudat, F. G., Knüsli, C., Torhorst, J. K. H., & ZOLLINGER, H. U. (1983) · PubMed · Cited by 28
Does Chronic Use of Sumatriptan Induce Dependence?
Pint, L. A., & Trenti, T. (1994) · Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.1994.hed3410600.x · Cited by 27
Prophylaxe und Therapie des medikamenteninduzierten Dauerkopfschmerzes
Haag, G., Baar, H., Grotemeyer, K. ‐., Pfaffenrath, V., Ribbat, M.-J., & Diener, H. (1999) · Der Schmerz · doi:10.1007/s004820050185 · Cited by 21
Self-citationErgotism — The Clinical Picture
Andersson, P. G. (1988) · Advances in applied neurological sciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-73327-7_4 · Cited by 19
Prophylaxe und Therapie des medikamenteninduzierten Dauerkopfschmerzes
Haag, G., Baar, H., Grotemeyer, K. ‐., Pfaffenrath, V., Ribbat, M.-J., & Diener, H. (2000) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-59754-1_64 · Cited by 18
Self-citationProphylactic Treatment of Migraine: Evaluation of Clinical Trials and Choice among Drugs
Tfelt‐Hansen, P. C. (1995) · Cephalalgia · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2982.1995.tb00045.x · Cited by 14
Regulation of Prostaglandin Synthesis in Human Vascular Cells
Weksler, B. B. (1987) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb30991.x · Cited by 14
Long-term ergotamine abuse: Effect on adrenergically induced mydriasis
Fanciullacci, M., Alessandri, M., Pietrini, U., Bandini, E. B., & Beatrice, S. (1992) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1038/clpt.1992.26 · Cited by 14
Haag, G., Baar, H. A., Grotemeyer, K. ‐., Pfaffenrath, V., Ribbat, M.-J., & Diener, H. (1999) · PubMed · doi:10.1007/s004829900016 · Cited by 14
Self-citationSilberstein, S. D., & Limmroth, V. (2003) · Neurological Disorders · doi:10.1016/b978-012125831-3/50200-8 · Cited by 1
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Moeschlin, 1957, Phenacetinsucht und Schäden, Schweiz Med Wochenschr, 87, 123
- 1988, . Classification and diagnostic criteria for headache disorders, cranial neuralgias and facial pain, Cephalalgia, 8, 1
- Diener, 1988, Analgetikainduzierter Dauerkopfschmerz. Existiert eine kritische Dosis?, Arzneimitteltherapie, 6, 156
- Newman, 1993, Hemicrania continua: 7 new cases and a literature review, Headache, 32, 267
- Z Katsarava, M Müssig, A Dzagniza, G Fritsche, HC Diener, V Limmroth, Rate and predictors for relapses in medication overuse headache: a four year prospective study. Cephalalgia (in press).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Aurora, S. K., Dodick, D., Turkel, C., DeGryse, R., Silberstein, S., Lipton, R. B., Diener, H., & Brin, M. F. (2010) · Cephalalgia · doi:10.1177/0333102410364676 · Cited by 1,056
Self-citationDodick, D. W., Turkel, C. C., DeGryse, R. E., Aurora, S. K., Silberstein, S. D., Lipton, R. B., Diener, H., & Brin, M. F. (2010) · Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2010.01678.x · Cited by 1,006
Self-citationDiener, H., Dodick, D., Aurora, S. K., Turkel, C., DeGryse, R., Lipton, R. B., Silberstein, S., & Brin, M. F. (2010) · Cephalalgia · doi:10.1177/0333102410364677 · Cited by 974
Self-citationBuse, D. C., Rupnow, M. F. T., & Lipton, R. B. (2009) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/s0025-6196(11)60561-2 · Cited by 318
Defining the Differences Between Episodic Migraine and Chronic Migraine
Katsarava, Z., Buse, D. C., Manack, A. N., & Lipton, R. B. (2011) · Current Pain and Headache Reports · doi:10.1007/s11916-011-0233-z · Cited by 315
Metadata
- Authors
- Diener, H.-C., & Limmroth, V.
- Affiliations
- Essen University Hospital (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Diener, Hans-Christoph
- ORCID
- Limmroth, Volker
- Venue
- The Lancet Neurology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2004-08
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 475-483
- ISSN
- 1474-4422 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2115215127
- Cited by
- 455
- References
- 82
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 2.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Lancet Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Migraine and Headache Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Pharmaceutical Practices and Patient Outcomes
- Keywords
- medication overuse headache, analgesic overuse, migraine, headache frequency, International Classification of Headache Disorders, withdrawal therapy, headache prevention
- MeSH terms
- Diagnosis, Differential, Headache, Humans, Prognosis, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Headache Disorders, Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
