The DOI matches its Crossref record; 73 of the 74 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Functional (psychogenic) movement disorders: merging mind and brain
Abstract
Functional (psychogenic) movement disorders (FMD) are part of the wide spectrum of functional neurological disorders, which together account for over 16% of patients referred to neurology clinics. FMD have been described as a "crisis for neurology" and cause major challenges in terms of diagnosis and treatment. As with other functional disorders, a key issue is the absence of pathophysiological understanding. There has been an influential historical emphasis on causation by emotional trauma, which is not supported by epidemiological studies. The similarity between physical signs in functional disorders and those that occur in feigned illness has also raised important challenges for pathophysiological understanding and has challenged health professionals' attitudes toward patients with these disorders. However, physical signs and selected investigations can help clinicians to reach a positive diagnosis, and modern pathophysiological research is showing an appreciation of the importance of both physical and psychological factors in FMD.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Citations
Cites
Human volition: towards a neuroscience of will
Haggard, P. (2008) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2497 · Cited by 1,134
Who is referred to neurology clinics?—The diagnoses made in 3781 new patients
Stone, J., Carson, A. J., Duncan, R., Roberts, R., Warlow, C., Hibberd, C., Coleman, R. J., Cull, R. E., Murray, G. D., Pelosi, A. J., et al. (2010) · Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2010.05.011 · Cited by 538
Psychological Mechanisms of Medically Unexplained Symptoms: An Integrative Conceptual Model.
Brown, R. J. (2004) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.5.793 · Cited by 498
Psychogenic movement disorders
Gupta, A., & Lang, A. E. (2009) · Current Opinion in Neurology · doi:10.1097/wco.0b013e32832dc169 · Cited by 440
How many patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures also have epilepsy?
Benbadis, S. R., Agrawal, V. K., & Tatum, W. O. (2001) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.57.5.915 · Cited by 365
Emotional stimuli and motor conversion disorder
Voon, V., Brezing, C., Gallea, C., Ameli, R., Roelofs, K., LaFrance, W. C., & Hallett, M. (2010) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awq054 · Cited by 353
The syndrome of fixed dystonia: an evaluation of 103 patients
Schrag, A. E., Trimble, M., Quinn, N. P., & Bhatia, K. P. (2004) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awh262 · Cited by 351
Self-citationWhat should we say to patients with symptoms unexplained by disease? The “number needed to offend”
Stone, J., Wojcik, W., Durrance, D., Carson, A., Lewis, S. C., MacKenzie, L., Warlow, C. P., & Sharpe, M. (2002) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.325.7378.1449 · Cited by 336
The involuntary nature of conversion disorder
Voon, V., Gallea, C., Hattori, N., Bruno, M., Ekanayake, V., & Hallett, M. (2010) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181ca00e9 · Cited by 335
Expression profile of transcripts in Alzheimer's disease tangle-bearing CA1 neurons
Ginsberg, S. D., Hemby, S. E., Lee, V. M. ‐., Eberwine, J. H., & Trojanowski, J. Q. (2000) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/1531-8249(200007)48:1 · Cited by 315
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Physiotherapy for functional motor disorders: a consensus recommendation
Nielsen, G., Stone, J., Matthews, A., Brown, M., Sparkes, C., Farmer, R., Masterton, L., Duncan, L., Winters, A., Daniell, L., et al. (2014) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2014-309255 · Cited by 427
Self-citationThe prognosis of functional (psychogenic) motor symptoms: a systematic review
Gelauff, J., Stone, J., Edwards, M., & Carson, A. (2014) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2013-305321 · Cited by 368
Self-citationStructure and neural mechanisms of catatonia
Walther, S., Stegmayer, K., Wilson, J. E., & Heckers, S. (2019) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(18)30474-7 · Cited by 331
Loss of sensory attenuation in patients with functional (psychogenic) movement disorders
Pareés, I., Brown, H., Nuruki, A., Adams, R. A., Davare, M., Bhatia, K. P., Friston, K., & Edwards, M. J. (2014) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awu237 · Cited by 155
“Secondly, most patients in our sample suffered from functional fixed dystonia, which is the second most common FMD (Edwards and Bhatia, 2012).”
BackgroundSelf-citationPathogenesis and pathophysiology of functional (psychogenic) movement disorders
Baizabal-Carvallo, J. F., Hallett, M., & Jankovic, J. (2019) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2019.02.013 · Cited by 163
Metadata
- Authors
- Edwards, M. J., & Bhatia, K. P.
- Affiliations
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Bhatia, Kailash P
- Venue
- The Lancet Neurology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-03
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 250-260
- ISSN
- 1474-4422 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2103595952
- Cited by
- 314
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 2.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Lancet Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Deep Brain Stimulation and Movement Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Pain Management and Placebo Effect
- Keywords
- functional movement disorders, psychogenic movement disorders, conversion disorder, pathophysiology, feigned illness, psychological trauma, diagnosis, treatment, mind-brain relationship, psychological factors
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Humans, Movement Disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
