Pharmacokinetic modeling of the glucoregulatory system

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Because simulations can quickly show system responses across many design configurations and scenarios, using them before experiments is highly effective for improving design.

“In addition to these two primary advantages, the ability of simulations to show the system response for a large number of design configurations and scenarios in a relatively short amount of time demonstrates that, at the very least, the use of simulations as a precursor to experiments is a highly effective way to improve the design process.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Detailed models can greatly improve the development of novel medical therapeutic systems.

“The development of novel medical therapeutic systems can be greatly improved using detailed models.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

GLP-1 is one of several gastrointestinal hormones that produce the incretin effect of raising insulin secretion.

“To be more accurate, GLP-1 is actually a part of many gastrointestinal hormones responsible for what it known as the incretin effect of increasing insulin secretion [15].”

• cites [15]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Prior modeling has concentrated mainly on insulin and glucose, with some models covering glucagon and fatty acids.

“Previous modeling work has focused mostly on insulin and glucose modeling, while some models do exist that describe glucagon [2–4], and fatty acids [4, 5].”

• cites [2]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [3] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [4] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [5] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Gastrointestinal hormones including GLP-1 raise insulin production, and amino acids enhance insulin secretion.

“In addition, insulin production is increased by an increase in gastrointestinal hormones, including glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and amino acids are known to have a potentiating effect on insulin secretion [6].”

• cites [6]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Insulin inhibits glucagon secretion because glucagon-producing alpha cells lie downstream of insulin-producing beta cells.

“Because the glucagon-producing alpha cells are downstream of the insulin-producing beta cells, the presence of insulin is also able to inhibit glucagon secretion [9].”

• cites [9] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Absorption and elimination kinetics are most often modeled as first order.

“Elimination and absorption kinetics are most often described by first order kinetics.”

• cites [1] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A single compartment representing the circulation is often selected in pharmacokinetic models.

“Often a single compartment representing the circulation is chosen.”

• cites [1] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Model identification and validation were outside the scope of this work due to the size of the models and lack of appropriate data.

“However, given the size of the models, with respect to equations and model parameters, and the lack of appropriate data, it was decided that model identification and validation was outside the scope of this work.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The metabolic source and sink terms were left general because their exact form could not be determined without data.

“The metabolic source and sink terms were left in a general form. Without data, the exact form of the terms could not be determined.”

May combine two claims.

Physiologically-based models can simulate and support model-based control because they describe each species thoroughly.

“The physiologically-based model has the potential to simulate and to be used in model-based control methods, as a result of its thorough description of each species in the body.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Simulation can rapidly identify ineffective device design features, preventing catastrophic outcomes including death.

“Second, a simulation can quickly reveal device design characteristics that will not be effective, preventing any catastrophic results from occurring, including the loss of lives.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Physiologically-based models require major organ tissues to be well-mixed compartments with uniform species concentration.

“Physiologically-based models [2] require that most significant organ tissues are chosen as well-mixed compartments and the concentration of species is uniform within that compartment.”

• cites [2]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A pharmacokinetic model describes absorption and elimination kinetics of a species across a given number of theoretical compartments.

“Among patient models, the pharmacokinetic model [1] simply describes the kinetics of absorption and elimination of a species for a certain number of theoretical compartments.”

• cites [1] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Simulation is much cheaper than testing in patients and animals in money and time for approval, protocol development, and experimental setup and performance.

“First, the use of simulation is a significantly cheaper alternative to testing in patients and animals, both in terms of dollars spent and time spent in gaining approval for such experiments, the development of experimental protocols, and experimental setup and performance.”

May combine two claims.

Pharmacokinetic models are easier to use than physiologically-based models because their parameters are easier to estimate, though they may describe metabolism less accurately.

“However, because there are so many parameters to be identified with such a large model, the pharmacokinetic models have the advantage that, while perhaps not describing metabolism as accurately as the physiologically-based models, an estimate of the model parameters is easier to obtain, thus making them easier to use.”