The DOI matches its Crossref record; 135 of the 135 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Inflammation and immunity in schizophrenia: implications for pathophysiology and treatment
Open accessAbstract
Complex interactions between the immune system and the brain might have important aetiological and therapeutic implications for neuropsychiatric brain disorders. A possible association between schizophrenia and the immune system was postulated over a century ago, and is supported by epidemiological and genetic studies pointing to links with infection and inflammation. Contrary to the traditional view that the brain is an immunologically privileged site shielded behind the blood-brain barrier, studies in the past 20 years have noted complex interactions between the immune system, systemic inflammation, and the brain, which can lead to changes in mood, cognition, and behaviour. In this Review, we describe some of the important areas of research regarding innate and adaptive immune response in schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders that, we think, will be of interest to psychiatric clinicians and researchers. We discuss potential mechanisms and therapeutic implications of these findings, including studies of anti-inflammatory drugs in schizophrenia, describe areas for development, and offer testable hypotheses for future investigations.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“according to the immune hypothesis of psychiatric diseases, therapeutic control of peripheral and brain inflammation could offer novel, important tools in the treatment of severe mental and mood disorders, such as major depression (Khandaker et al. 2015; Miller and Raison 2016).”
From Prospective examination of synthetic 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine inhalation: effects on salivary IL-6, cortisol levels, affect, and non-judgment (2020) · cites this paper as Khandaker et al. 2015
In the citing paper
“These triggers can induce inflammatory changes that are associated with reduced neurotransmitter signaling, increased oxidative stress, and reduced synaptic branching [118].”
From Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Brain Disorders: Focus on Neuroinflammation (2019) · cites this paper as [118]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Amyloid oligomers exacerbate tau pathology in a mouse model of tauopathy
Selenica, M.-L. B., Brownlow, M., Jimenez, J. P., Lee, D. C., Pena, G., Dickey, C. A., Gordon, M. N., & Morgan, D. (2013) · Neurodegenerative Diseases · doi:10.1159/000337230 · Cited by 10,359
Polazzi, E., Mengoni, I., Caprini, M., Peña‐Altamira, E., Kurtys, E., & Monti, B. (2012) · Neurosignals · doi:10.1159/000337115 · Cited by 9,023
Glutamate neurotoxicity and diseases of the nervous system
Choi, D. W. (1988) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/0896-6273(88)90162-6 · Cited by 8,188
Biological insights from 108 schizophrenia-associated genetic loci
Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature13595 · Cited by 7,577
From inflammation to sickness and depression: when the immune system subjugates the brain
Dantzer, R., O'Connor, J. C., Freund, G. G., Johnson, R. W., & Kelley, K. W. (2008) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2297 · Cited by 7,395
Mind-altering microorganisms: the impact of the gut microbiota on brain and behaviour
Cryan, J. F., & Dinan, T. G. (2012) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3346 · Cited by 4,572
C-Reactive Protein, Interleukin 6, and Risk of Developing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Pradhan, A. D. (2001) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.286.3.327 · Cited by 4,433
Immunobiology: the immune system in health and disease
(1995) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.32-3876 · Cited by 4,111
Bravo, J. A., Forsythe, P., Chew, M. V., Escaravage, E., Savignac, H. M., Dinan, T. G., Bienenstock, J., & Cryan, J. F. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1102999108 · Cited by 3,888
Inflammation and Its Discontents: The Role of Cytokines in the Pathophysiology of Major Depression
Miller, A. H., Maletic, V., & Raison, C. L. (2009) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.11.029 · Cited by 3,848
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 401–500 of 931
Lång, U., Metsälä, J., Ramsay, H., Boland, F., Heikkilä, K., Pulakka, A., Lawlor, A., O’Connor, K., Veijola, J. M., Kajantie, E., et al. (2025) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.20240958 · Cited by 14
Anorexia nervosa and gut microbiome: implications for weight change and novel treatments
Wei, Y., Peng, S., Lian, C., Kang, Q., & Chen, J. (2022) · Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1080/17474124.2022.2056017 · Cited by 16
Foiselle, M., Barbosa, S., Godin, O., Wu, C., Boukouaci, W., André, M., Aouizerate, B., Berna, F. S., Barau, C., Capdevielle, D., et al. (2022) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2022.100436 · Cited by 14
King, S., Mothersill, D., Holleran, L., Patlola, S. R., McManus, R., Kenyon, M., McDonald, C., Hallahan, B. P., Corvin, A. P., Morris, D. W., et al. (2022) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2022.100540 · Cited by 14
Peripheral Complement Factor-Based Biomarkers for Patients with First-Episode Schizophrenia
Cao, Y., Xu, Y., Xia, Q., Shan, F., & Liang, J. (2023) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s420475 · Cited by 15
Du, J., Baranova, A. V., Zhang, G., & Zhang, F. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1452214 · Cited by 14
The effect of clozapine on immune-related biomarkers in schizophrenia patients
Shao, L., Yu, L., Yuan, Z., Guo, X., Zeng, G., & Liu, J. (2024) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2024.111104 · Cited by 13
Jemli, A., Esshili, A., Trifa, F., Mechri, A., Zaâfrane, F., Gaha, L., Juckel, G., & Jrad, B. B. H. (2016) · Immunological Investigations · doi:10.1080/08820139.2016.1237523 · Cited by 14
Makinodan, M., Iwata, K., Ikawa, D., Yamashita, Y., Yamamuro, K., Toritsuka, M., Kimoto, S., Okumura, K., Yamauchi, T., Yoshino, H., et al. (2016) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2016.12.005 · Cited by 14
Marballi, K. K., & MacDonald, J. L. (2021) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105076 · Cited by 15
Joe, P., Clemente, J. C., Piras, E., Wallach, D. S., Robinson‐Papp, J., Boka, E., Remsen, B., Bonner, M., Kimhy, D., Goetz, D. M., et al. (2021) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2021.09.019 · Cited by 14
Adraoui, F. W., Douw, L., Martens, G. J. M., & Maas, D. A. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24097680 · Cited by 14
What’s Hot in Schizophrenia Research?
Weickert, C. S., & Weickert, T. W. (2016) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2016.01.011 · Cited by 14
Clinically Relevant Anti-Neuronal Cell Surface Antibodies in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders
Colijn, M. A., & Ismail, Z. (2019) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000499714 · Cited by 14
Detection of autoantibodies against GABAARα1 in patients with schizophrenia
Shiwaku, H., Nakano, Y., Kato, M., & Takahashi, H. (2019) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2019.10.007 · Cited by 14
Gestational influenza and risk of hypomania in young adulthood: prospective birth cohort study
Anderson, J. J., Hoath, S., Zammit, S., Meyer, T. D., Pell, J. P., Mackay, D., & Smıth, D. J. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.04.048 · Cited by 14
Examining the genetic links between clusters of immune-mediated diseases and psychiatric disorders
Breunig, S., Lee, Y. H., Karlson, E. W., Krishnan, A., Lawrence, J. M., Schaffer, L. S., & Grotzinger, A. D. (2025) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-025-03470-9 · Cited by 13
Blood‑brain barrier dysfunction in schizophrenia: Mechanisms and implications (Review)
Lv, S., & Luo, C. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.3892/ijmm.2025.5594 · Cited by 18
Huang, T., Lo, L., Shiea, J., & Su, H. (2017) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2017.08.011 · Cited by 13
Fingertip advanced glycation end products and psychotic symptoms among adolescents
Miyashita, M., Yamasaki, S., Ando, S., Suzuki, K., Toriumi, K., Horiuchi, Y., Yoshikawa, A., Imai, A., Nagase, Y., Miyano, Y., et al. (2021) · Schizophrenia · doi:10.1038/s41537-021-00167-y · Cited by 13
Du, Y., Gao, Y., Wu, G., Li, Z., Du, X., Li, J., Li, X., Liu, Z., Xu, Y., & Liu, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.878997 · Cited by 14
Genetic effects of sequence-conserved enhancer-like elements on human complex traits
Zhu, X., Ma, S., & Wong, W. H. (2024) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-023-03142-1 · Cited by 15
Bhuiyan, P., Sun, Z., Khan, M. A., Hossain, M. A., Rahman, M. H., & Qian, Y. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25191 · Cited by 14
Cui, Z., Meng, X., Zhuang, S., Liu, Z., Zhou, F., & Tian, Y. (2019) · Calcified Tissue International · doi:10.1007/s00223-019-00625-x · Cited by 13
Reduced levels of circulating adhesion molecules in adolescents with early-onset psychosis
Wedervang‐Resell, K., Ueland, T., Aukrust, P., Friis, S., Holven, K. B., Johannessen, C. H., Lekva, T., Lonning, V., Smelror, R. E., Szabó, A., et al. (2020) · Schizophrenia · doi:10.1038/s41537-020-00112-5 · Cited by 12
Omega-3 and Omega-6 fatty acids and risk of psychotic outcomes in the ALSPAC birth cohort
Thompson, A. D., Jones, H. J., Heron, J., Hibbeln, J. R., Sullivan, S. A., & Zammit, S. (2020) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2020.09.018 · Cited by 15
Genetic trade‐offs between complex diseases and longevity
Hu, D., Li, Y., Zhang, D., Ding, J., Song, Z., Min, J., Zeng, Y., & Nie, C. (2022) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.13654 · Cited by 13
Effect of quetiapine on inflammation and immunity: a systematic review
Ferrari, M., Godio, M., Martini, S., Callegari, C., Cosentino, M., & Marino, F. (2022) · International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1080/13651501.2022.2101928 · Cited by 15
Lee, J., Xue, X., Au, E., McIntyre, W. B., Asgariroozbehani, R., Panganiban, K. J., Tseng, G. C., Papoulias, M., Smith, E., Monteiro, J., et al. (2024) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-023-02716-8 · Cited by 13
Comorbidity between schizophrenia and keratoconus
Schürhoff, F., Leboyer, M., & Szöke, A. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.11.045 · Cited by 13
MRI investigation of immune dysregulation in schizophrenia
Gangadin, S. S., Nasib, L. G., Sommer, I. E., & Mandl, R. C. W. (2019) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000498 · Cited by 13
Abdoli, A., & Ardakani, H. M. (2019) · Metabolic Brain Disease · doi:10.1007/s11011-019-00466-5 · Cited by 13
Yeh, T., Chu, H., Tsai, C., Chang, H., Yang, F., Huang, S., & Liang, C. (2019) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2019.04.14 · Cited by 13
Melbourne, J. K., Pang, Y., Park, M. R., Sudhalkar, N., Rosen, C., & Sharma, R. P. (2019) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2019.106093 · Cited by 13
Network modules linking expression and methylation in prefrontal cortex of schizophrenia
Lin, D., Chen, J., Duan, K., Perrone‐Bizzozero, N. I., Jing Sui (Beijing Normal University), my correct affiliation is beijing normal university, N. Q. U. O. S. A. T., Calhoun, V. D., & Liu, J. (2020) · Epigenetics · doi:10.1080/15592294.2020.1827718 · Cited by 13
Cereda, G., Ciappolino, V., Boscutti, A., Cantù, F., Enrico, P., Oldani, L., Delvecchio, G., & Brambilla, P. (2021) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmab110 · Cited by 14
Abnormal RasGRP1 Expression in the Post-Mortem Brain and Blood Serum of Schizophrenia Patients
Rosa, A. D., Maio, A. D., Torretta, S., Garofalo, M., Giorgelli, V., Masellis, R., Nuzzo, T., Errico, F., Bertolino, A., Subramaniam, S., et al. (2022) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom12020328 · Cited by 13
Commentary: Anatomical constitution of sense organs as a marker of mental disorders
Schwitzer, T., Schwan, R., Bernardin, F., Jeantet, C., Angioï-Duprez, K., & Laprévote, V. (2016) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00056 · Cited by 13
Khandaker, G. M. (2019) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyz201 · Cited by 13
Self-citationLatifi, A., & Jaroslav Flegr, A. (2025) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines13071731 · Cited by 15
Bortoletto, R., Piscitelli, F., Candolo, A., Bhattacharyya, S., Balestrieri, M., & Colizzi, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1231710 · Cited by 12
Identification of Immune-Linked Hub Genes and Diagnostic Model Construction in Schizophrenia
Lian, K., Shen, Z., Yang, R., Ye, J., Shang, B., Dong, L., Li, H., Wu, J., Cheng, Y., & Xu, X. (2023) · Journal of Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s12031-023-02138-7 · Cited by 12
Zheng, Y., Zhang, Q., Zhou, X., Yao, L., Zhu, Q., & Fu, Z. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-49206-x · Cited by 12
Wang, Y., & Zhang, X. (2023) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115708 · Cited by 12
Casetta, C., Santosh, P., Bayley, R., Bisson, J. I., Byford, S., Dixon, C., Drake, R., Elvins, R., Emsley, R., Fung, N., et al. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-05397-1 · Cited by 13
Self-citationLo, L., Shiea, J., & Huang, T. (2016) · Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry · doi:10.1002/rcm.7753 · Cited by 12
Pradeu, T. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108616706 · Cited by 91
AUTOIMMUNE CONCEPT OF SCHIZOPHRENIA: HISTORICAL ROOTS AND CURRENT FACETS
Mayorova, M. A., Георгиевич, Б. Б., Churilov, L. P., Gilburd, B., Petrova, N. N., & Shoenfeld, Y. (2021) · Psychiatria Danubina · doi:10.24869/psyd.2021.3 · Cited by 12
Nogo, D., Wilkialis, L., Lui, L. M. W., Nasri, F., Rosenblat, J. D., & McIntyre, R. S. (2021) · Annals of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.12788/acp.0034 · Cited by 12
Ma, J., Zhang, Y., Huang, Z., Liu, X., Lv, L., & Li, Y. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.782289 · Cited by 12
Singh, S., Roy, D., Marzouk, T., & Zhang, J. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12040414 · Cited by 13
Disturbed sensitive equilibrium led by stress‐induced inflammation in psychiatric illness
Zhao, H., Jin, R., & Hu, J. (2022) · General Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/gpsych-2022-100910 · Cited by 12
Clinical and biological correlates of optical coherence tomography findings in schizophrenia
Kurtulmuş, A., Şahbaz, Ç., Elbay, A., Güler, E. M., Avaroglu, G. S., Koçyiğit, A., Ozdemir, M. H., & Kırpınar, İ. (2023) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-023-01587-w · Cited by 12
Leung, K. K., Wong, Y. C., Shea, K. S. C., Chan, S. C., Chang, W. C., Mo, Y. M. F., & Chan, S. S. M. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-37846-y · Cited by 16
Ye, J., Wei, Y., Zeng, J., Gao, Y., Tang, X., Xu, L., Hu, Y., Liu, X., Liu, H., Chen, T., et al. (2023) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s418381 · Cited by 12
Lv, Y., Wen, L., Hu, W.-J., Deng, C., Ren, H., Bao, Y.-N., Su, B.-W., Gao, P., Man, Z., Luo, Y.-Y., et al. (2023) · Metabolic Brain Disease · doi:10.1007/s11011-023-01271-x · Cited by 13
Sun, X., Luo, G., Li, X., Wang, J., Qiu, Y., Li, M., & Li, J. (2023) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-023-01677-9 · Cited by 12
Tkachev, A., Stekolshchikova, E., Bobrovskiy, D. M., Anikanov, N. A., Ogurtsova, P., Park, D. I., Horn, A. K. E., Petrova, D., Khrameeva, E. E., Golub, M. S., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22158089 · Cited by 12
Fu, Y. Y., Zhang, T., Xiu, M. H., Tang, W., Han, M., Yun, L., Chen, D. C., Chen, S., Tan, S., Soares, J. C., et al. (2016) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2016.05.010 · Cited by 12
Transcranial sonography in psychiatry as a potential tool in diagnosis and research
Drepper, C., Geissler, J. M., Pastura, G. M. C., Yılmaz, R., Berg, D., Romanos, M., & Gerlach, M. (2017) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/15622975.2017.1386325 · Cited by 12
Sønderby, I. E., Ching, C. R. K., Thomopoulos, S. I., van der Meer, D., Villalón‐Reina, J. E., Agartz, I., Amunts, K., Arango, C., Armstrong, N. J., Ayesa‐Arriola, R., et al. (2021) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/57erc · Cited by 11
Effects of Current Psychotropic Drugs on Inflammation and Immune System
Bhatt, S., Dhar, A. K., Samanta, M. K., & Suttee, A. (2023) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-7376-5_18 · Cited by 12
Peering into the mind: unraveling schizophrenia’s secrets using models
Nani, J. V. S., Muotri, A. R., & Hayashi, M. A. F. (2024) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-024-02728-w · Cited by 11
Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Cognitive Impairment in Schizophrenia: The Role of Inflammation
Wang, G., Liu, S., Fan, X., Li, J., Xue, Q., Liu, K., Li, X., Yang, Y., Wang, X., Song, M., et al. (2024) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbae196 · Cited by 14
García, S., Alberich, S., Martínez‐Cengotitabengoa, M., Arango, C., Castro‐Fornieles, J., Parellada, M., Baeza, I., Moreno, C., Micó, J. A., Berrocoso, E., et al. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0194685 · Cited by 11
Milewski, K. P., Żurakowski, A., Pająk, J., Pajak-Zielinska, E., Liszka, Ł., Buszman, P. P., Bis, J., Dębiński, M., & Buszman, P. E. (2010) · PubMed · Cited by 11
Santo, F. D., González-Blanco, L., García-Álvarez, L., de la Fuente-Tomás, L., Velasco, Á., Alvarez-Vázquez, C., Martínez-Cao, C., Sáiz, P. A., García‐Portilla, M. P., & Bobes, J. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-73043-x · Cited by 12
Cannabis Cessation, Inflammatory Markers and Schizophrenia
Roméo, B., Lestra, V., Martelli, C., Benyamina, A., & Hamdani, N. (2022) · Journal of Dual Diagnosis · doi:10.1080/15504263.2021.2013697 · Cited by 11
Gender-associated role in patients with schizophrenia. Is there a connection with the resistance?
Panov, G. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.995455 · Cited by 11
Santo, F. D., González-Blanco, L., García‐Portilla, M. P., Alfonso, M., Hernández, C., Sánchez-Autet, M., Bernardo, M., Anmella, G., Amoretti, S., Safont, G., et al. (2023) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2023.10.004 · Cited by 11
He, J., Li, J., Wei, Y., He, Z., Liu, J., Yuan, N., Zhou, R., He, X., Ren, H., Gu, L., et al. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-05689-0 · Cited by 11
Tréhout, M., & Dollfus, S. (2018) · L Encéphale · doi:10.1016/j.encep.2018.05.005 · Cited by 17
Uldall, S. W., Nielsen, M. Ø., Carlsson, J. M., Glenthoj, B. Y., Siebner, H. R., Madsen, K. H., Madsen, C. G., Leffers, A.-M., Nejad, A. B., & Rostrup, E. (2020) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2020.1730091 · Cited by 11
Szabó, A., Akkouh, I. A., Ueland, T., Lagerberg, T. V., Dieset, I., Bjella, T. D., Aukrust, P., Hellard, S. L., Stavrum, A.-K., Melle, I. S., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00642 · Cited by 9
Cisani, F., Olivero, G., Usai, C., Camp, G. V., Maccari, S., Morley‐Fletcher, S., & Pittaluga, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.586521 · Cited by 11
Pinjari, O. F., Dasgupta, S. K., & Okusaga, O. O. (2021) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-021-09954-3 · Cited by 11
Huang, N., Cao, B., Brietzke, E. M., Park, C., Cha, D. S., Pan, Z., Zhu, J., Liu, Y., Xie, Q., Zeng, J., et al. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.11.064 · Cited by 11
Maximising the potential of neuroimmunology
Caldwell, L. J., Subramaniam, S., MacKenzie, G., & Shah, D. (2020) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.010 · Cited by 11
Li, X., Wang, X., Yang, Y., Zhou, J., Wu, X., Zhao, J., Zhang, J., Guo, X., Shao, M., Song, M., et al. (2024) · Schizophrenia · doi:10.1038/s41537-024-00494-w · Cited by 10
Moshfeghinia, R., Najibi, A., Moradi, M., Assadian, K., & Ahmadi, J. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1438002 · Cited by 13
Hikosaka, M., Parvez, M. S. A., Yamawaki, Y., Oe, S., Yuan, L., Wada, Y., Hirahara, Y., Koike, T., Imai, H., Oishi, N., et al. (2025) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-025-07566-2 · Cited by 13
The anti-inflammation pharmacodynamics of lithium: Therapy of bipolar disorder
Zhou, Y., Zheng, W., Guo, F., Wu, S., & Zhong, C. (2025) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811251326942 · Cited by 11
A study on the association of genes for pro-inflammatory cytokines and depression
Лежейко, Т. В., Andryushchenko, A. V., Коровайцева, Г. И., Kondratyev, N. V., Gabaeva, M. V., Крикова, Е. В., & Голимбет, В. Е. (2018) · S S Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry · doi:10.17116/jnevro20181183189-93 · Cited by 10
González-Blanco, L., García‐Portilla, M. P., García-Álvarez, L., de la Fuente-Tomás, L., García, C. I., Sáiz, P. A., Rodríguez‐González, S., Coto‐Montes, A. M., & Bobes, J. (2018) · Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental · doi:10.1016/j.rpsm.2018.03.004 · Cited by 10
Progress in mechanistically novel treatments for schizophrenia
Neef, J., & Palacios, D. S. (2021) · RSC Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1039/d1md00096a · Cited by 10
Can the current schizophrenia construct endure?
Kelly, D. L., & Buchanan, R. W. (2022) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2021.12.028 · Cited by 10
To Boldly Go Where One Has Gone Before.
Kelley, K. (2017) · Brain, behavior, and immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2017.08.013 · Cited by 8
A Destruction Model of the Vascular and Lymphatic Systems in the Emergence of Psychiatric Symptoms
Segawa, K., Blumenthal, Y., Yamawaki, Y., & Ohtsuki, G. (2021) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology10010034 · Cited by 11
Hung, Y.-F., & Hsueh, Y. (2021) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2021.102384 · Cited by 10
White matter microstructural associates of apathy-avolition in schizophrenia
Abdolalizadeh, A., Ostadrahimi, H., Ohadi, M. A. D., Saneei, S. A., & Ershadi, A. S. B. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.07.042 · Cited by 10
Mackey, M., Holleran, L., Donohoe, G. J., & McKernan, D. P. (2022) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2022.0173 · Cited by 10
Sotelo-Ramírez, C. E., Camarena, B., Sanabrais‐Jiménez, M. A., Zaragoza-Hoyos, J. U., Ordoñez-Martínez, B., Escamilla-Orozco, R. I., & Gómez‐González, B. (2023) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s420952 · Cited by 9
Molecular mapping of a core transcriptional signature of microglia-specific genes in schizophrenia
Fiorito, A. M., Fakra, É., Sescousse, G., Ibrahim, E. C., & Rey, R. (2023) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-023-02677-y · Cited by 9
Li, Y., Zhu, M., Dong, Y., Liu, N., Wang, X., Yang, B., Li, Z., & Li, S. (2024) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-024-01885-x · Cited by 9
Hong, F., Chen, Q., Luo, X., Xie, S., Wei, Y., Li, X., Li, K., Lebeau, B., Ling, C. C. Y., Dao, F., et al. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26157640 · Cited by 9
Zafarullah, M., Angkustsiri, K., Quach, A., Yeo, S., Durbin-Johnson, B. P., Bowling, H. L., & Tassone, F. (2024) · Metabolomics · doi:10.1007/s11306-024-02088-0 · Cited by 9
Boukouaci, W., Lajnef, M., Wu, C., Bouassida, J., Saitoh, K., Sugunasabesan, S., Richard, J., Apavou, M., Lamy, A., Henensal, A., et al. (2024) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2024.07.025 · Cited by 9
Self-citationInflammation proteomic profiling of psychosis in young adults: Findings from the ALSPAC birth cohort
Tsang, R. S. M., Timpson, N. J., & Khandaker, G. M. (2024) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2024.107188 · Cited by 10
Self-citationExperimental drugs for bipolar psychosis
Fornaro, M., Nardi, A. E., Berardis, D. D., & Carta, M. G. (2016) · Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs · doi:10.1080/13543784.2016.1256390 · Cited by 9
Liu, S., Zhang, X., Wang, J., Yang, H., Jiang, Y., Qiu, C., & Meng, Q. (2020) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577165 · Cited by 9
Metadata
- Authors
- Khandaker, G. M., Cousins, L., Deakin, J., Lennox, B. R., Yolken, R., & Jones, P. B.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Venue
- The Lancet Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-03
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 258-270
- ISSN
- 2215-0366 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4595998
- OpenAlex
- W2121637331
- Cited by
- 926
- References
- 135
- Citations by year
- 2026: 82 · 2025: 81 · 2024: 111 · 2023: 104 · 2022: 94 · 2021: 105 · 2020: 78 · 2019: 86 · 2018: 62 · 2017: 63 · 2016: 54 · 2015: 5
- FWCI
- 3.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Lancet Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Apollo (University of Cambridge) (acceptedVersion)
- Explore Bristol Research (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust to GMK ((094790/Z/10/Z; 2010-'13))
- National Institute of Mental Health ((MH-94268))
- Wellcome Trust ((095844/Z/11/Z and 088869/Z/09/Z))
- National Institute for Health Research ((RP-PG-0606–1335))
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Keywords
- schizophrenia, inflammation, immunity, innate immune response, adaptive immune response, infection, blood-brain barrier, anti-inflammatory agents, psychosis, pathophysiology, treatment
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Immune System, Inflammation, Schizophrenia, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review