The DOI matches its Crossref record; 135 of the 135 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Inflammation and immunity in schizophrenia: implications for pathophysiology and treatment
Open accessAbstract
Complex interactions between the immune system and the brain might have important aetiological and therapeutic implications for neuropsychiatric brain disorders. A possible association between schizophrenia and the immune system was postulated over a century ago, and is supported by epidemiological and genetic studies pointing to links with infection and inflammation. Contrary to the traditional view that the brain is an immunologically privileged site shielded behind the blood-brain barrier, studies in the past 20 years have noted complex interactions between the immune system, systemic inflammation, and the brain, which can lead to changes in mood, cognition, and behaviour. In this Review, we describe some of the important areas of research regarding innate and adaptive immune response in schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders that, we think, will be of interest to psychiatric clinicians and researchers. We discuss potential mechanisms and therapeutic implications of these findings, including studies of anti-inflammatory drugs in schizophrenia, describe areas for development, and offer testable hypotheses for future investigations.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“according to the immune hypothesis of psychiatric diseases, therapeutic control of peripheral and brain inflammation could offer novel, important tools in the treatment of severe mental and mood disorders, such as major depression (Khandaker et al. 2015; Miller and Raison 2016).”
From Prospective examination of synthetic 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine inhalation: effects on salivary IL-6, cortisol levels, affect, and non-judgment (2020) · cites this paper as Khandaker et al. 2015
In the citing paper
“These triggers can induce inflammatory changes that are associated with reduced neurotransmitter signaling, increased oxidative stress, and reduced synaptic branching [118].”
From Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Brain Disorders: Focus on Neuroinflammation (2019) · cites this paper as [118]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Amyloid oligomers exacerbate tau pathology in a mouse model of tauopathy
Selenica, M.-L. B., Brownlow, M., Jimenez, J. P., Lee, D. C., Pena, G., Dickey, C. A., Gordon, M. N., & Morgan, D. (2013) · Neurodegenerative Diseases · doi:10.1159/000337230 · Cited by 10,359
Polazzi, E., Mengoni, I., Caprini, M., Peña‐Altamira, E., Kurtys, E., & Monti, B. (2012) · Neurosignals · doi:10.1159/000337115 · Cited by 9,023
Glutamate neurotoxicity and diseases of the nervous system
Choi, D. W. (1988) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/0896-6273(88)90162-6 · Cited by 8,188
Biological insights from 108 schizophrenia-associated genetic loci
Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature13595 · Cited by 7,577
From inflammation to sickness and depression: when the immune system subjugates the brain
Dantzer, R., O'Connor, J. C., Freund, G. G., Johnson, R. W., & Kelley, K. W. (2008) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2297 · Cited by 7,395
Mind-altering microorganisms: the impact of the gut microbiota on brain and behaviour
Cryan, J. F., & Dinan, T. G. (2012) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3346 · Cited by 4,572
C-Reactive Protein, Interleukin 6, and Risk of Developing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Pradhan, A. D. (2001) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.286.3.327 · Cited by 4,433
Immunobiology: the immune system in health and disease
(1995) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.32-3876 · Cited by 4,111
Bravo, J. A., Forsythe, P., Chew, M. V., Escaravage, E., Savignac, H. M., Dinan, T. G., Bienenstock, J., & Cryan, J. F. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1102999108 · Cited by 3,888
Inflammation and Its Discontents: The Role of Cytokines in the Pathophysiology of Major Depression
Miller, A. H., Maletic, V., & Raison, C. L. (2009) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.11.029 · Cited by 3,848
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 801–900 of 931
Magnani, L., Fusar‐Poli, L., Parise, A., Nguyen, K. D., Saverino, D., & Costanza, A. (2023) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2023.111158
Islamy, N. N. B., Nugroho, I. G. B. I., & Herdaetha, A. (2023) · JUXTA Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Kedokteran Universitas Airlangga · doi:10.20473/juxta.v14i22023.52-56
Colonoscopy: body and psyche. Can psychiatry contribute to the quality of the examination?
Zaczek, A., & Pudło, R. (2023) · Current Problems of Psychiatry · doi:10.12923/2353-8627/2023-0024
On the bumpy road of psychotic disorders
van Hooijdonk, C. F. M. (2023) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20231201ch
Amato, I. D. A., Silva, R., Lorencetti, P. G., Vicentin, S. R. C., do Prado, T. P., Bóbbo, V. C. D., Nogueira, G. A. S., Celeri, E. H. R. V., de Azevedo, R. C. S., Velloso, L. A., et al. (2023) · Debates em Psiquiatria · doi:10.25118/2763-9037.2023.v13.832
In the afterglow: Immune dysfunction in schizophrenia spectrum disorders
Gangadin, S. S. (2024) · doi:10.33612/diss.939086872
Correia, J., Cavaco, T. B., & Catanho, J. (2024) · Gazeta Médica · doi:10.29315/gm.v1i1.838
Zhu, X., Ma, S., & Wong, W. H. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24934202
Huang, Z., Ren, Z., Xiao, L., Xie, Y., Ling, Y., Wang, G., & Zhou, B. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4880658
Liu, Z., Sun, Y. H., Ren, Y., Perez, J. M., Scott, D. E., & Tamminga, C. A. (2024) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2024.08.012
Th17-Mediated Immune Responses in Pathogenesis of Neuroinflammatory Disorders
Pourgholaminejad, A., & Tahmasebinia, F. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-24297-7_3-1
Samoud, S., Zamali, I., Korbi, F., Mtiraoui, A., Hmid, A. B., Hannachi, N., Galaï, Y., Louzir, H., & Kissi, Y. E. (2024) · Antibodies · doi:10.3390/antib13040092
Krieger, J.-P., & Meyer, U. (2024) · Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks · doi:10.1039/9781837672059-00057
Guo, T., Chen, L., Sun, W., Yang, H., Li, J., Zhang, X., & Chen, P. (2024) · Schizophrenia · doi:10.1038/s41537-024-00541-6 · Cited by 1
Inflammatory Impact on Sleep, Schizophrenia, and Autism Spectrum Disorder
Kamijo, S., & Miwa, H. (2024) · Progress in inflammation research · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-74744-1_7
Role of Regulatory Immune Cells in Psychiatric Disorders
Balcioglu, S. S. K., & Balcıoğlu, Y. H. (2024) · Integrated science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-72079-6_5
Shi, R., & Morrison, J. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.01.08.631816
Morphological alterations of the thymus gland in individuals with schizophrenia
Zhao, Q., Xia, W., Yu, W., Li, X., Gao, Z., Liu, S., Liu, Z., Wang, K., Bishop, J. R., Hu, H., et al. (2025) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-025-02946-w
Neuroimaging in Psychoneuroimmunology Research
Chand, T., Gupta, R., Verma, K., & Nayak, K. (2025) · Advances in medical diagnosis, treatment, and care (AMDTC) book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-7432-0.ch011
A multilevel study on the genetic relationship between schizophrenia and inflammatory bowel disease
Li, C., Xu, X., Luo, Q., Yang, J., Shen, P., Yuan, X., Zhang, X., & Zhang, L. (2025) · Human Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.humimm.2025.111330
Amestoy, A., Mallet, J., Iftimovici, A., Lefebvre, A., & Stéphan, F. (2025) · médecine/sciences · doi:10.1051/medsci/2025070
Luo, Y., Sun, H., Fan, J., Zhang, X., & He, Y. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-06787-3
Pachi, A., Tselebis, A., Kavourgia, E., Soultanis, N., Kasimis, D., Sikaras, C., Baras, S., & Ilias, Ι. (2025) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare13141754
Intrinsic metabolic and immune impairments in a genetic mouse model of schizophrenia
Belmonte, M., Cardoso, S. L., Pietro, A. A. D., Veigas, F., Pasquini, L. A., & Gelman, D. M. (2025) · Schizophrenia · doi:10.1038/s41537-025-00651-9
THE ROLE OF DIETARY PATTERNS AND NUTRIENTS IN SCHIZOPHRENIA: A LITERATURE REVIEW
Kraciuk, N., Bury, A., Bartecki, K., Piekarska, M., Maciejczyk, A., Krupa, K., Błoniecka, J., Jankowski, K., & Daniel, A. (2025) · International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science · doi:10.31435/ijitss.3(47).2025.3483
Yang, J., Chen, Y., Dong, G., Ma, Y., Lin, R., & Yuan, Y. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.120044
Chen, P., Chen, P., Tsai, S., Lin, Y.-P., Su, S., Chen, C., & Kuo, C. (2025) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.13899
A rare case of isovaleric acidemia and schizophrenia: a case report
Zhou, J., Chen, X., Chen, X., Tang, H., Li, S., & Zhou, J. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-07239-8
Su, X., Fan, X., Li, J., Li, R., Liu, J., Yang, Y., Song, M., Shao, M., Han, Y. K., Liu, Q., et al. (2025) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbaf194
Pavlović, M., Rastović, P., Ćorić, M. K., Burić, S., Rajić, T., & Martinac, M. (2025) · The Journal of Medical Investigation · doi:10.2152/jmi.72.408 · Cited by 1
Doborjeh, Z., Singh, B., Sumich, A. L., Doborjeh, M., Goh, W. W. B., & Kasabov, N. K. (2025) · International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN) · doi:10.1109/ijcnn64981.2025.11229023
Psychiatry at the turn of the century and a vision for future developments
Oquendo, M. A., Barrigón, M. L., & Baca‐García, E. (2025) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540261.2025.2591200 · Cited by 1
Targeted 19F MRI for molecular imaging of the immune response and its theranostics
Bouvain, P., Temme, S., & Flögel, U. (2025) · Immunotherapy Advances · doi:10.1093/immadv/ltaf035 · Cited by 2
Styla, A. M., Begas, E., & Pitsikas, N. (2025) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-025-06979-5
Bejerot, S., Eklund, D., Hesser, H., Hietala, M. A., Kariis, T., Lange, N., Lebedev, A. V., Montgomery, S., Nordenskjöld, A., Petrović, P., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26630833
Wang, C., Zhu, D., Zhang, D., Zuo, X., Yao, L., Liu, T., Ge, X., He, C., Zhou, Y., & Shen, Z. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26610588
Kachuri, L., Francis, S. S., Morrison, M. L., Wendt, G. A., Bossé, Y., Cavazos, T. B., Rashkin, S. R., Ziv, E., & Witte, J. S. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13152376
Wang, C., Zhu, D., Zhang, D., Zuo, X., Yao, L., Liu, T., Ge, X., He, C., Zhou, Y., & Shen, Z. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26610594
Bejerot, S., Eklund, D., Hesser, H., Hietala, M. A., Kariis, T., Lange, N., Lebedev, A. V., Montgomery, S., Nordenskjöld, A., Petrović, P., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26630827
Okano, Y., Kase, Y., Suematsu, Y., Nakamura, M., & Okano, H. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25397529
Lee, D. Y., Kim, C., Kim, J., Yun, J., Lee, Y. J., Chui, C. S. L., Son, S. J., Park, R. W., & You, S. C. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25237409
Wang, C., Zhu, D., Zhang, D., Zuo, X., Yao, L., Liu, T., Ge, X., He, C., Zhou, Y., & Shen, Z. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26610591
Wang, C., Zhu, D., Zhang, D., Zuo, X., Yao, L., Liu, T., Ge, X., He, C., Zhou, Y., & Shen, Z. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26610597
Wang, C., Zhu, D., Zhang, D., Zuo, X., Yao, L., Liu, T., Ge, X., He, C., Zhou, Y., & Shen, Z. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26610585
Bejerot, S., Eklund, D., Hesser, H., Hietala, M. A., Kariis, T., Lange, N., Lebedev, A. V., Montgomery, S., Nordenskjöld, A., Petrović, P., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26630830
Lee, D. Y., Kim, C., Kim, J., Yun, J., Lee, Y., Chui, C. S. L., Son, S. J., Park, R. W., & You, S. C. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25237295
Wang, C., Zhu, D., Zhang, D., Zuo, X., Yao, L., Liu, T., Ge, X., He, C., Zhou, Y., & Shen, Z. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26610582
Chen, Z., Li, Y., Gao, Y., Fan, X., Du, X., Li, X., 刘志芬, Liu, S., & Cao, X. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25749918
Kachuri, L., Francis, S. S., Morrison, M. L., Wendt, G. A., Bossé, Y., Cavazos, T. B., Rashkin, S. R., Ziv, E., & Witte, J. S. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13152379
Zhu, X., Ma, S., & Wong, W. H. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26658229
Wang, C., Zhu, D., Zhang, D., Zuo, X., Yao, L., Liu, T., Ge, X., He, C., Zhou, Y., & Shen, Z. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26610600
Zhu, X., Ma, S., & Wong, W. H. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24934550
Lee, D. Y., Kim, C., Kim, J., Yun, J., Lee, Y., Chui, C. S. L., Son, S. J., Park, R. W., & You, S. C. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26681719
Bejerot, S., Eklund, D., Hesser, H., Hietala, M. A., Kariis, T., Lange, N., Lebedev, A. V., Montgomery, S., Nordenskjöld, A., Petrović, P., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26630824
Cui, L.-B., Wang, X.-Y., Fu, Y.-F., Liu, X.-F., Wei, Y., Zhao, S.-W., Gu, Y.-W., Fan, J.-W., Wu, W.-J., Gong, H., et al. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.23651414
Neuro-inflammation and Serum Cytokine Levels in Schizophrenia Patients
Aljamah, A. A. B., & Komijani, M. (2025) · Academia Open · doi:10.21070/acopen.10.2025.12867
Transcriptomic integration nominates FOXN2 as a candidate schizophrenia risk gene
Yu, L., Chen, J., Du, S., Long, Q., Guo, Z., Liu, Y. K., Qin, F., Wang, M., Luo, R., Zhang, Y., et al. (2026) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2026.116068
Cai, J., Dai, S., Shao, P., & Wu, R. (2026) · Naunyn-Schmiedeberg s Archives of Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00210-026-04982-x
Sex-Based Transcriptomic Variations in Schizophrenia: Prospects for Targeted Therapy
Chen, E., Mann, J., Muler, F., Sun, H., Zaidi, E., McCullumsmith, R., Schmieder, J., & Eby, H. (2026) · Translation The University of Toledo Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.46570/utjms-2025-1899
Differential SP4 expression and HSP60 abundance in buccal swabs from patients with schizophrenia
Crosta, C. M., Vaglio, B. J., Stuckey, J. P., Bhattiprolu, A. K., Solis, J., Lamp, J. A., Umstead, A., Vega, I. E., Silverstein, S. M., & Firestein, B. L. (2026) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aeb0460
Chen, Y., Zhang, M., Qiao, L., Lu, F., & Ji, S. (2026) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-026-07918-0
Kannan, S., Ramachandran, N., Balakrishnan, J., & Arulvijayavani, S. (2026) · Medicine in Microecology · doi:10.1016/j.medmic.2026.100171
Zhang, T., Zhao, J., Tang, X., Wei, Y., Ju, M., Zhang, D. H., Tang, Y., Cui, H., Yi, Z., Liu, X., et al. (2026) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-025-03695-8
Peripheral complement C3 and C4 are associated with clinical features of schizophrenia
Szwajca, M., Śmierciak, N., Biesaga, B., Donicz, P., Szwajca, K., & Pilecki, M. W. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1767438 · Cited by 1
Jézéquel, J. (2016) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/a7276087zc049z442fz8b5bzab9e03d034cb
Altérations de la connectivité corticale au cours de périodes critiques du développement
Druart, M. (2020) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/b4f48d73za850z42b2z8dadzfad47d4f0a69
Chen, Y., Zhai, Y., Chen, H. I., & Liu, X. (2026) · Annals of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12991-026-00654-5
Aslan, M., Kaşıkçı, H. Ö., & İzci, F. (2026) · Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience · doi:10.9758/cpn.26.1455
Bai, L., Chen, J., Ma, Y., Yang, C., Liu, D., Jiang, Y., Liu, H., Wei, C., Li, Y., Lei, J., et al. (2026) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-026-04876-y
Woodard, G. E. (2026) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2026.106161
From neuroinflammation to neural inference: computational psychiatry meets precision medicine
Mansour, G. K., & Hajjar, A. W. (2026) · Schizophrenia · doi:10.1038/s41537-026-00757-8
The Changing Concept in the History of Schizophrenia
Cavalli, E., Nicoletti, G. R. P., & Nicoletti, F. (2026) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci16050447
de Oliveira, C. A., Soares, M. V. R., de Pinho, C. S. N., Pinto, J. P., Frota, A. F., Moreira, A. C. D. O., Silva, M. F. S., Batista, T. D. O., Hallak, J. E. C., Sheheryar, S., et al. (2026) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2026.04.022
Lou, W., Dang, X., & Luo, X. (2026) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-026-03652-x
Uzun, E., Uysal, Ö. A., & İnce, B. (2026) · International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1080/13651501.2026.2669132
Olejnik, P., Prisco, A., Menchetti, M., & Kasarełło, K. (2026) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-026-03180-6
Softić, R., Klebic, J., Tabaković, M., & Stiglic, I. (2026) · International Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.4236/ijcm.2026.175012
Zhang, T., Huo, X., Chen, J., & Zhao, X. (2026) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-026-04955-0
Pieters, S., Burk, W. J., Klip, H., de Weerth, C., van der Mheen, M., Mies, G. W., van Tetering, E. M. A., van den Hoek, A.-M., van Summeren, W., Staal, W., et al. (2026) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-026-01465-8
Bylund, S. B. A., Eklund, D., Humble, M. B., Bejerot, S., & Wikström, S. (2026) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2026.101270
Exploring Combination Therapy for the Management of Psychotic Disorders: A Comprehensive Review
Sharma, S., Behl, D. S., Suri, P., Sharma, T., Rai, G., Gauba, P., & Dang, S. (2026) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/0113816128440388260522052532
Shi, C., Zhang, G., Wang, Z., Chang, X., Yang, Z., Xue, H., & Guo, Y. (2026) · Annals of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12991-026-00677-y
Galbiati, C., Vitali, E., Bonvicini, C., Ghidoni, R., & Cattaneo, A. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27125285
Wan, C., Yang, X., Yang, H. T., Han, D., & Zhang, X. (2026) · European journal of medical research · doi:10.1186/s40001-026-04720-2
Bilirubin and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Substance-Induced Psychosis: a Real-World Pilot Study
Ferlauto, A., Sberna, E., Mandalari, T., Traina, F., & Messina, A. (2026) · Bratislavské lekárske listy/Bratislava medical journal · doi:10.1007/s44411-026-00696-x
Psychoneuroimmunology as a Case Study for Multidisciplinary Clinical Science
Bower, J. E., & Segerstrom, S. C. (2026) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026261424168 · Cited by 1
Sabouri, E., Shahmoradi, T., Keshvari, N. Z., khodaee, P., Saleki, K., & Rezaei, N. (2026) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/revneuro-2026-0064
Oracz, A. J., Modzelewski, S., Zwierz, M., Suprunowicz, M., Matowicka-Karna, J., & Waszkiewicz, N. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27146351
Pan, S., Zhang, W., Zhou, Q., Wang, X., Deng, H., Wang, L., Huang, J., Chen, S., Wan, Z., Tan, Y., et al. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10164733/v1
Sun, X., Feng, Y., Zhang, J., Tang, P., Xue, J., Yao, X., Li, W., Liu, L., & Liu, H. (2026) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2026.07.022
Imaging features of affective and non-affective psychosis
Delvecchio, G., Pigoni, A., Videtta, G., Colli, C., Squarcina, L., Bottaro, F., Enrico, P., Bellani, M., Maggioni, E., & Brambilla, P. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.122326
Deng, E. K., Yan, V. K. C., Leung, S. K., Wei, Y., Lee, K. J., Huang, C., Kan, C. K., Lai, F. T. T., Wong, I. C. K., Chen, E. Y. H., et al. (2026) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2026.117346
Lin, K., Wang, P., Li, S., Ma, C., Wen, D., Wang, X., & Liao, L. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1712425
Albariqi, A. A., Nawwar, D. A., Ibrahim, W. W., & Khattab, M. M. (2026) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2026.117303
Metadata
- Authors
- Khandaker, G. M., Cousins, L., Deakin, J., Lennox, B. R., Yolken, R., & Jones, P. B.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Venue
- The Lancet Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-03
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 258-270
- ISSN
- 2215-0366 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4595998
- OpenAlex
- W2121637331
- Cited by
- 926
- References
- 135
- Citations by year
- 2026: 82 · 2025: 81 · 2024: 111 · 2023: 104 · 2022: 94 · 2021: 105 · 2020: 78 · 2019: 86 · 2018: 62 · 2017: 63 · 2016: 54 · 2015: 5
- FWCI
- 3.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Lancet Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Apollo (University of Cambridge) (acceptedVersion)
- Explore Bristol Research (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust to GMK ((094790/Z/10/Z; 2010-'13))
- National Institute of Mental Health ((MH-94268))
- Wellcome Trust ((095844/Z/11/Z and 088869/Z/09/Z))
- National Institute for Health Research ((RP-PG-0606–1335))
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Keywords
- schizophrenia, inflammation, immunity, innate immune response, adaptive immune response, infection, blood-brain barrier, anti-inflammatory agents, psychosis, pathophysiology, treatment
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Immune System, Inflammation, Schizophrenia, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
