Cited by 586COVID-19 and Mental HealthMaternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and PostpartumAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

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The mental health impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on people with and without depressive, anxiety, or obsessive-compulsive disorders: a longitudinal study of three Dutch case-control cohorts

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Pan, Kuan-Yu, Kok, Almar A L, Eikelenboom, Merijn, Horsfall, Melany, Jörg, Frederike, Luteijn, Rob A, Rhebergen, Didi, Oppen, Patricia van, Giltay, Erik J, Penninx, Brenda W J H·2021·The Lancet Psychiatry

DOI 10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30491-0PMC PMC7831806

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Abstract

Background The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in people with pre-existing mental health disorders is unclear. In three psychiatry case-control cohorts, we compared the perceived mental health impact and coping and changes in depressive symptoms, anxiety, worry, and loneliness before and during the COVID-19 pandemic between people with and without lifetime depressive, anxiety, or obsessive-compulsive disorders.Methods Between April 1 and May 13, 2020, online questionnaires were distributed among the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety, Netherlands Study of Depression in Older Persons, and Netherlands Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Association cohorts, including people with (n=1181) and without (n=336) depressive, anxiety, or obsessive-compulsive disorders. The questionnaire contained questions on perceived mental health impact, fear of COVID-19, coping, and four validated scales assessing depressive symptoms, anxiety, worry, and loneliness used in previous waves during 2006-16. Number and chronicity of disorders were based on diagnoses in previous waves. Linear regression and mixed models were done.Findings The number and chronicity of disorders showed a positive graded dose-response relation, with greater perceived impact on mental health, fear, and poorer coping. Although people with depressive, anxiety, or obsessive-compulsive disorders scored higher on all four symptom scales than did individuals without these mental health disorders, both before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, they did not report a greater increase in symptoms during the pandemic. In fact, people without depressive, anxiety, or obsessive-compulsive disorders showed a greater increase in symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic, whereas individuals with the greatest burden on their mental health tended to show a slight symptom decrease.Interpretation People with depressive, anxiety, or obsessive-compulsive disorders are experiencing a detrimental impact on their mental health from the COVID-19 pandemic, which requires close monitoring in clinical practice. Yet, the COVID-19 pandemic does not seem to have further increased symptom severity compared with their prepandemic levels.Funding Dutch Research Council.

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Authors: Pan, K.-Y., Kok, A. A. L., Eikelenboom, M., Horsfall, M., Jörg, F., Luteijn, R. A., Rhebergen, D., Oppen, P. V., Giltay, E. J., & Penninx, B. W. J. H.
Affiliations: Amsterdam Public Health (NL)
University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
GGz centraal (NL)
Leiden University Medical Center (NL)
Corresponding author: Pan, Kuan-Yu
ORCID: Pan, Kuan-Yu
Kok, Almar A L
Eikelenboom, Merijn
Horsfall, Melany
Jörg, Frederike
Rhebergen, Didi
Oppen, Patricia van
Giltay, Erik J
Penninx, Brenda W J H
Venue: The Lancet Psychiatry
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2021-02
Volume: 8
Issue: 2
Pages: 121-129
ISSN: 2215-0366 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30491-0
PMC: PMC7831806
OpenAlex: W3110783124
Cited by: 585
References: 27
Citations by year: 2026: 15 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 68 · 2023: 113 · 2022: 185 · 2021: 178
FWCI: 47.59
Type: journal article
Language: en
Update notices: erratum (2021-03-01)
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: The Lancet Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion, other-oa)
University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders: Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords: COVID-19 pandemic, mental health outcomes, depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, depressive symptoms, anxiety, worry, loneliness, coping, fear of COVID-19, symptom severity, dose-response relationship
MeSH terms: COVID-19, Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Anxiety Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Loneliness, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Netherlands, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Severity of Illness Index, Cohort Studies, Young Adult

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The mental health impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on people with and without depressive, anxiety, or obsessive-compulsive disorders: a longitudinal study of three Dutch case-control cohorts

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