The DOI matches its Crossref record; 75 of the 76 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Institutionalisation and deinstitutionalisation of children 2: policy and practice recommendations for global, national, and local actors
Open accessAbstract
Worldwide, millions of children live in institutions, which runs counter to both the UN-recognised right of children to be raised in a family environment, and the findings of our accompanying systematic review of the physical, neurobiological, psychological, and mental health costs of institutionalisation and the benefits of deinstitutionalisation of child welfare systems. In this part of the Commission, international experts in reforming care for children identified evidence-based policy recommendations to promote family-based alternatives to institutionalisation. Family-based care refers to caregiving by extended family or foster, kafalah (the practice of guardianship of orphaned children in Islam), or adoptive family, preferably in close physical proximity to the biological family to facilitate the continued contact of children with important individuals in their life when this is in their best interest. 14 key recommendations are addressed to multinational agencies, national governments, local authorities, and institutions. These recommendations prioritise the role of families in the lives of children to prevent child separation and to strengthen families, to protect children without parental care by providing high-quality family-based alternatives, and to strengthen systems for the protection and care of separated children. Momentum for a shift from institutional to family-based care is growing internationally—our recommendations provide a template for further action and criteria against which progress can be assessed.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The global community is unanimous in supporting this agenda (Geneva Working Group, 2013; Goldman et al., 2020; UN General Assembly, 2019; van IJzendoorn et al., 2020).”
From Residential care as an alternative care option: A review of literature within a global context (2022) · cites this paper as Goldman et al., 2020
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Increases in orphanhood that are associated with COVID-19 occur against a backdrop of more than 140 million existing orphans in need of global health and social care prioritisation.28”
From Global minimum estimates of children affected by COVID-19-associated orphanhood and deaths of caregivers: a modelling study (2021) · cites this paper as [28]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“We adjusted for possible clustering of deaths between parents using an estimate of secondary attack rates and age-specific infection–fatality ratios to provide unduplicated counts for children losing one parent (single orphan) or both parents (double orphan; appendix p 4).24”
From Global minimum estimates of children affected by COVID-19-associated orphanhood and deaths of caregivers: a modelling study (2021) · cites this paper as [24]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The weirdest people in the world?
Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x0999152x · Cited by 12,641
Structural causes and regime consequences: regimes as intervening variables
Krasner, S. D. (1982) · International Organization · doi:10.1017/s0020818300018920 · Cited by 2,673
Adolescence and the social determinants of health
Viner, R. M., Ozer, E. M., Denny, S., Marmot, M., Resnick, M., Fatusi, A., & Currie, C. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60149-4 · Cited by 2,199
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
Myhill, W. N. (2014) · Encyclopedia of Human Services and Diversity · doi:10.4135/9781483346663.n124 · Cited by 2,158
A multifaceted program causes lasting progress for the very poor: Evidence from six countries
Banerjee, A., Duflo, E., Goldberg, N., Karlan, D., Osei, R., Parienté, W., Shapiro, J., Thuysbaert, B., & Udry, C. (2015) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1260799 · Cited by 1,075
Chibanda, D., Weiss, H. A., Verhey, R., Simms, V., Munjoma, R., Rusakaniko, S., Chingono, A., Munetsi, E., Bere, T., Manda, E., et al. (2016) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2016.19102 · Cited by 502
Patel, V., Weobong, B., Weiss, H. A., Anand, A., Bhat, B., Katti, B., Dimidjian, S., Araya, R., Hollon, S. D., King, M., et al. (2017) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31589-6 · Cited by 448
Attachment disturbances in young children: I: the continuum of caretaking casualty
SMYKE, A. T., DUMITRESCU, A., & ZEANAH, C. H. (2002) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200208000-00016 · Cited by 362
Self-citationvan IJzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Duschinsky, R., Fox, N. A., Goldman, P. S., Gunnar, M. R., Johnson, D. E., Nelson, C. A., Reijman, S., Skinner, G. C. M., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(19)30399-2 · Cited by 306
Self-citationGardner, F. E. M., Montgomery, P., & Knerr, W. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2015.1015134 · Cited by 292
Family as source, user, and builder of social capital
Bubolz, M. M. (2001) · The Journal of Socio-Economics · doi:10.1016/s1053-5357(00)00091-3 · Cited by 260
Children, AIDS and the politics of orphan care in Ethiopia: The extended family revisited
Abebe, T., & Aase, A. (2007) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.02.004 · Cited by 200
Juffer, F., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2007) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.6.1067 · Cited by 197
Desmond, C., Watt, K., Saha, A., Huang, J., & Lu, C. (2020) · The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/s2352-4642(20)30022-5 · Cited by 182
Berens, A. E., & Nelson, C. A. (2015) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61131-4 · Cited by 175
Self-citationJuffer, F., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2017) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.03.012 · Cited by 173
Self-citationA Neurobiological Perspective on Early Human Deprivation
Nelson, C. A. (2007) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/j.1750-8606.2007.00004.x · Cited by 168
Self-citationStructural adjustment and health: A conceptual framework and evidence on pathways
Kentikelenis, A. (2017) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.02.021 · Cited by 150
Vlahovicova, K., Meléndez‐Torres, G. J., Leijten, P. H. O., Knerr, W., & Gardner, F. E. M. (2017) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-017-0232-7 · Cited by 139
Trust-Based Relational Intervention (TBRI): A Systemic Approach to Complex Developmental Trauma
Purvis, K. B., Cross, D., Dansereau, D. F., & Parris, S. R. (2013) · Child & Youth Services · doi:10.1080/0145935x.2013.859906 · Cited by 137
Abebe, T. (2009) · Children s Geographies · doi:10.1080/14733280903234519 · Cited by 133
‘Looks good on your CV’: The sociology of voluntourism recruitment in higher education
McGloin, C., & Georgeou, N. (2015) · Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1177/1440783314562416 · Cited by 125
Cluver, L. D., Orkin, F. M., Boyes, M. E., & Sherr, L. (2014) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/qad.0000000000000340 · Cited by 118
Coaching Parents of Vulnerable Infants: The Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-up Approach
Paul, H. A. (2019) · Child & Family Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1080/07317107.2019.1650158 · Cited by 100
Ridde, V. (2010) · Tropical Medicine & International Health · doi:10.1111/tmi.2607 · Cited by 80
Selph, S., Bougatsos, C., Blazina, I., & Nelson, H. D. (2013) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-158-3-201302050-00590 · Cited by 78
Lin, S. H., Cermak, S., Coster, W. J., & Miller, L. (2005) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.59.2.139 · Cited by 78
Kukkonen, A., Ylä‐Anttila, T., Swarnakar, P., Broadbent, J. P., Lahsen, M., & Stoddart, M. C. J. (2017) · Environmental Science & Policy · doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2017.12.008 · Cited by 66
Sensory processing in internationally adopted, post-institutionalized children
Wilbarger, J., Gunnar, M., Schneider, M., & Pollak, S. (2010) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02255.x · Cited by 66
Self-citationThe implications of COVID-19 for the care of children living in residential institutions
Goldman, P., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Goldman, P., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., Bradford, B., Christopoulos, A., Cuthbert, C., Duchinsky, R., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/s2352-4642(20)30130-9 · Cited by 65
Self-citationVolunteer Tourism: Popular Humanitarianism in Neoliberal Times
Mostafanezhad, M. (2014) · Cited by 64
Integrating Globalization into the Social Work Curriculum
Rotabi, K. S., Gammonley, D., Gamble, D. N., & Weil, M. (2007) · The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare · doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3255 · Cited by 62
Coaching Parents of Vulnerable Infants: The Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-Up Approach
Dozier, M. G., & Bernard, K. (2019) · Cited by 59
Costs and Consequences of Placing Children in Care
Olsen, R., Ward, H., Holmes, L., & Soper, J. B. (2008) · Cited by 58
Comprehensive Health Evaluation of the Newly Adopted Child
Jones, V. F., High, P. C., Donoghue, E. A., Fussell, J. J., Gleason, M. M., Jaudes, P. K., Rubin, D. M., & Schulte, E. E. (2011) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2011-2381 · Cited by 57
Paper Orphans: Exploring Child Trafficking for the Purpose of Orphanages
van Doore, K. E. (2016) · The International Journal of Children s Rights · doi:10.1163/15718182-02402006 · Cited by 56
Family Environments and Children’s Outcomes
Marjoribanks, K. (2005) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410500344704 · Cited by 54
Martin, F., & Zulaika, G. (2016) · Global Social Welfare · doi:10.1007/s40609-016-0060-6 · Cited by 52
McCall, R. B., Groark, C. J., Hawk, B. N., Julian, M. M., Merz, E. C., Rosas, J. M., Muhamedrahimov, R. J., Palmov, O. I., & Nikiforova, N. V. (2018) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-018-0270-9 · Cited by 49
Wouters, E., Masquillier, C., Ponnet, K. S., & Booysen, F. (2014) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.05.020 · Cited by 45
Davidson, J. C., Milligan, I., Quinn, N., Cantwell, N., & Elsley, S. (2016) · European Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1080/13691457.2016.1255591 · Cited by 42
Altruistic Exploitation: Orphan Tourism and Global Social Work
Rotabi, K. S., Roby, J. L., & Bunkers, K. M. (2016) · The British Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcv147 · Cited by 39
The Oxford Handbook of Children and the Law
Dwyer, J. G. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190694395.001.0001 · Cited by 38
Eckerle, J. K., Hill, L. K., Iverson, S. L., Hellerstedt, W. L., Gunnar, M. R., & Johnson, D. E. (2013) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-013-1274-1 · Cited by 37
Self-citationShang, X. (2002) · Social Service Review · doi:10.1086/339671 · Cited by 35
Boothby, N., Wessells, M., Williamson, J., Huebner, G., Canter, K., Rolland, E. G., Kutlesic, V., Bader, F., Diaw, L., Levine, M., et al. (2012) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2012.09.004 · Cited by 34
Ismayilova, L., Ssewamala, F. M., & Huseynli, A. (2014) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.09.007 · Cited by 34
HOW THE REPUBLIC OF GEORGIA HAS NEARLY ELIMINATED THE USE OF INSTITUTIONAL CARE FOR CHILDREN
Greenberg, A. L., & Partskhaladze, N. (2014) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21434 · Cited by 28
Sherr, L., Macedo, A., Tomlinson, M., Skeen, S., & Cluver, L. D. (2017) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-017-0883-z · Cited by 28
Nurturing children and families: building on the legacy of T. Berry Brazelton
(2011) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.48-4779 · Cited by 26
De-instituionalisation and transforming children's services:A guide to good practice.
Browne, K. D., Hamilton-Giachritsis, C. E., Mulheir, G., Agathonos-Georgopolou, H., Herzog, M., Keller-Hamela, M., Leth, I., Østergren, M. M., & Stan, V. (2007) · Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) · Cited by 24
Infections in Internationally Adopted Children
Eckerle, J. K., Howard, C. R., & John, C. C. (2013) · Pediatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2012.12.010 · Cited by 21
‘And then they left’: Challenges to child protection systems strengthening in South Sudan
Canavera, M., Lanning, K., Polin, K., & Stark, L. (2016) · Children & Society · doi:10.1111/chso.12172 · Cited by 19
Braitstein, P. K. A. (2015) · Global Health Science and Practice · doi:10.9745/ghsp-d-15-00228 · Cited by 18
Verger, A., & Novelli, M. (2012) · doi:10.1007/978-94-6091-879-7 · Cited by 18
Johnson, D. E., Dovbnya, S., Morozova, T. U., Richards, M. A., & Bogdanova, J. (2014) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21433 · Cited by 17
Self-citationProcess of Deinstitutionalization of Children at Risk in Bulgaria
Terziev, V. K., & Arabska, E. (2016) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.10.130 · Cited by 15
Hidden in plain sight: An inquiry into establishing a Modern Slavery Act in Australia
Defence, & Trade (2017) · Cited by 14
Supporting children and families returning home from care: counting the costs
Holmes, L. (2014) · Loughborough University Institutional Repository (Loughborough University) · Cited by 14
Crea, T. M., Reynolds, A. D., Bunkers, K. M., & Bishop, C. (2017) · International Journal of Social Welfare · doi:10.1111/ijsw.12306 · Cited by 13
Muriuki, A. M., & Moss, T. (2016) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.06.018 · Cited by 13
Young children in institutional care in Europe
Browne, K. D., Hamilton-Giachritsis, C. E., Johnson, R., & Chou, S. (2006) · The University of Bath Online Publications Store (The University of Bath) · Cited by 12
Misguided altruism: the risks of orphanage volunteering
Zeanah, C. H., Wilke, N. G., Shauffer, C. B., Rochat, T., Howard, A. R. H., & Dozier, M. (2019) · The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/s2352-4642(19)30213-5 · Cited by 11
Self-citationImproving the effectiveness of the child protection system: A review of literature
McMillan, S. S., & Barlow, J. (2017) · Cited by 10
Evaluation of Pause - Research Report
McCracken, K., Priest, S., FitzSimons, A., Bracewell, K., Torchia, K., Parry, W. E., & Stanley, N. (2017) · CLOK (University of Central Lancashire) · Cited by 8
‘Orphanage Tourism’ in Cambodia: When Residential Care Centres Become Tourist Attractions
Guiney, T. (2012) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 7
Babington, B. (2015) · ANU Open Research (Australian National University) · doi:10.25911/5d78d4c9711c4 · Cited by 6
Legislation In Search of “Good-Enough” Care Arrangements for the Child
van IJzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., Duschinsky, R., & Skinner, G. C. M. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190694395.013.5 · Cited by 6
Self-citationMeasuring Better Care: Building the Evidence to Inform Policy and Practice Around Children’s Care
Canavera, M., & Martin, F. (2016) · Global Social Welfare · doi:10.1007/s40609-016-0062-4 · Cited by 5
Rubenstein, B. L., MacFarlane, M., Jensen, C., & Stark, L. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0195515 · Cited by 4
Social Cohesion and Resilience in First Australian Family and Kinship Networks
O’Brien, K. (2017) · Journal of Family History · doi:10.1177/0363199017725347 · Cited by 4
Placing Relationships at the Core of Early Care and Education Programs
Jacobs, F. H., Swartz, M. I., Bartlett, J. D., & Easterbrooks, M. A. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444324617.ch30 · Cited by 4
Rogobete, I., Smyth, A. A., & Franciscus, G. (2011) · Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University) · Cited by 1
Rogers, E. (2017) · Children and Young People Now · doi:10.12968/cypn.2017.6.27 · Cited by 1
Transracial and Intercountry Adoption
Brodzinsky, D. M., Smith, D. W., & Brodzinsky, A. B. (1998) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781452220581.n6 · Cited by 1
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- 2013, Official Journal of the European Union
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Hillis, S. D., Unwin, H. J. T., Chen, Y., Cluver, L., Sherr, L., Goldman, P. S., Ratmann, O., Donnelly, C. A., Bhatt, S., Villaveces, A., et al. (2021) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)01253-8 · Cited by 317
“28 Negative socioeconomic impacts are strongly associated with adult deaths.”
Self-citationvan IJzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Duschinsky, R., Fox, N. A., Goldman, P. S., Gunnar, M. R., Johnson, D. E., Nelson, C. A., Reijman, S., Skinner, G. C. M., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(19)30399-2 · Cited by 306
Self-citationUnwin, H. J. T., Hillis, S. D., Cluver, L. D., Flaxman, S. R., Goldman, P., Butchart, A., Bachman, G. L., Rawlings, L. B., Donnelly, C. A., Ratmann, O., et al. (2022) · The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/s2352-4642(22)00005-0 · Cited by 99
Self-citationWilke, N. G., Howard, A. R. H., & Goldman, P. (2020) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104712 · Cited by 39
Self-citationA Comparative Analysis of Residential Care: A Five-Country Multiple Case-Design Study
James, S., Wilczek, L., Kilian, J., Timonen-Kallio, E., Bravo, A., del Valle, J. F., Formenti, L., Petrauskienė, A., Pivorienė, J., & Rigamonti, A. (2021) · Child & Youth Care Forum · doi:10.1007/s10566-021-09666-6 · Cited by 39
Metadata
- Authors
- Goldman, P. S., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Bradford, B., Christopoulos, A., Ken, P. L. A., Cuthbert, C., Duchinsky, R., Fox, N. A., Grigoras, S., Gunnar, M. R., Ibrahim, R. W., Johnson, D., Kusumaningrum, S., Agastya, N. L. P. M., Mwangangi, F. M., Nelson, C. A., Ott, E. M., Reijman, S., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Zeanah, C. H., Zhang, Y., & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S.
- Affiliations
- United Nations Children's Fund (US)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- German Jordanian University (JO)
- University of Indonesia (ID)
- Catholic Relief Services (US)
- Boston Children's Hospital (US)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Tulane University (US)
- University of Southampton (GB)
- King's College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Sonuga-Barke, Edmund J S
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-08
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 606-633
- ISSN
- 2352-4642 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7311356
- OpenAlex
- W3036972655
- Cited by
- 140
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 11
- FWCI
- 3.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (acceptedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Child Welfare and Adoption
- Social Sciences › Development › Poverty, Education, and Child Welfare
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Child and Adolescent Health
- Keywords
- deinstitutionalization, family-based care, child welfare system, foster care, adoption, kafalah, child separation from family, child protection, best interests of the child, policy recommendations, child mental health, orphans
- MeSH terms
- Child, Child Advocacy, Child Health Services, Deinstitutionalization, Health Policy, Humans, Institutionalization, Global Health, Practice Guidelines as Topic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
