The DOI matches its Crossref record; 63 of the 65 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and the dose–response relationship with three major antibodies: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: The efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in preventing severe COVID-19 illness and death is uncertain due to the rarity of data in individual trials. How well the antibody concentrations can predict the efficacy is also uncertain. We aimed to assess the efficacy of these vaccines in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infections of different severities and the dose-response relationship between the antibody concentrations and efficacy. METHODS: We did a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs). We searched PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, WHO, bioRxiv, and medRxiv for papers published between Jan 1, 2020 and Sep 12, 2022. RCTs on the efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines were eligible. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane tool. A frequentist, random-effects model was used to combine efficacy for common outcomes (ie, symptomatic and asymptomatic infections) and a Bayesian random-effects model was used for rare outcomes (ie, hospital admission, severe infection, and death). Potential sources of heterogeneity were investigated. The dose-response relationships of neutralising, spike-specific IgG and receptor binding domain-specific IgG antibody titres with efficacy in preventing SARS-CoV-2 symptomatic and severe infections were examined by meta-regression. This systematic review is registered with PROSPERO, CRD42021287238. FINDINGS: 28 RCTs (n=286 915 in vaccination groups and n=233 236 in placebo groups; median follow-up 1-6 months after last vaccination) across 32 publications were included in this review. The combined efficacy of full vaccination was 44·5% (95% CI 27·8-57·4) for preventing asymptomatic infections, 76·5% (69·8-81·7) for preventing symptomatic infections, 95·4% (95% credible interval 88·0-98·7) for preventing hospitalisation, 90·8% (85·5-95·1) for preventing severe infection, and 85·8% (68·7-94·6) for preventing death. There was heterogeneity in the efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines against asymptomatic and symptomatic infections but insufficient evidence to suggest whether the efficacy could differ according to the type of vaccine, age of the vaccinated individual, and between-dose interval (p>0·05 for all). Vaccine efficacy against symptomatic infection waned over time after full vaccination, with an average decrease of 13·6% (95% CI 5·5-22·3; p=0·0007) per month but can be enhanced by a booster. We found a significant non-linear relationship between each type of antibody and efficacy against symptomatic and severe infections (p<0·0001 for all), but there remained considerable heterogeneity in the efficacy, which cannot be explained by antibody concentrations. The risk of bias was low in most studies. INTERPRETATION: The efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines is higher for preventing severe infection and death than for preventing milder infection. Vaccine efficacy wanes over time but can be enhanced by a booster. Higher antibody titres are associated with higher estimates of efficacy but precise predictions are difficult due to large unexplained heterogeneity. These findings provide an important knowledge base for interpretation and application of future studies on these issues. FUNDING: Shenzhen Science and Technology Programs.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In our review, we found a pooled VE of 71% against SARS-CoV-2 infection, whereas systematic reviews of randomised clinical trials reported higher pooled vaccine efficacy of 83% [26] and 77% [27].”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations
Guyatt, G. H., Oxman, A. D., Vist, G. E., Kunz, R., Falck-Ytter, Y., Alonso-Coello, P., & Schünemann, H. J. (2008) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.39489.470347.ad · Cited by 23,305
Page, M. J., Moher, D., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., et al. (2021) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.n160 · Cited by 13,262
Gelman, A. (2006) · Bayesian Analysis · doi:10.1214/06-ba117a · Cited by 4,050
Khoury, D. S., Cromer, D., Reynaldi, A., Schlub, T. E., Wheatley, A. K., Juno, J. A., Subbarao, K., Kent, S. J., Triccas, J. A., & Davenport, M. P. (2021) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01377-8 · Cited by 3,742
Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against the Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant of concern
Andrews, N., Stowe, J., Kirsebom, F., Toffa, S., Rickeard, T., Gallagher, E., Gower, C., Kall, M., Groves, N., O’Connell, A.-M., et al. (2021) · doi:10.1101/2021.12.14.21267615 · Cited by 2,420
Safety and Efficacy of Single-Dose Ad26.COV2.S Vaccine against Covid-19
Sadoff, J., Gray, G., Vandebosch, A., Cárdenas, V., Shukarev, G., Grinsztejn, B., Goepfert, P. A., Truyers, C., Fennema, H., Spiessens, B., et al. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2101544 · Cited by 2,397
Logunov, D. Y., Dolzhikova, I. V., Shcheblyakov, D. V., Tukhvatulin, A. I., Zubkova, O. V., Dzharullaeva, A. S., Kovyrshina, A. V., Lubenets, N. L., Grousova, D. M., Erokhova, A. S., et al. (2021) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00234-8 · Cited by 1,747
Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine through 6 Months
Thomas, S. J., Moreira, E. D., Kitchin, N., Absalon, J., Gurtman, A., Lockhart, S., Perez, J. L., Pérez Marc, G., Polack, F. P., Zerbini, C., et al. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2110345 · Cited by 1,640
Efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Covid-19 Vaccine against the B.1.351 Variant
Madhi, S. A., Baillie, V., Cutland, C. L., Voysey, M., Koen, A. L., Fairlie, L., Padayachee, S. D., Dheda, K., Barnabas, S. L., Bhorat, Q. E., et al. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2102214 · Cited by 1,257
Feikin, D. R., Higdon, M. M., Abu-Raddad, L. J., Andrews, N., Araos, R., Goldberg, Y., Groome, M. J., Huppert, A., O'Brien, K. L., Smith, P. G., et al. (2022) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(22)00152-0 · Cited by 1,237
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Andrews, 2022, COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against the omicron (B.1.1.529) variant, N Engl J Med, 386, 1532, 10.1056/NEJMoa2119451 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Fu, D., He, G., Li, H., Tan, H., Ji, X., Lin, Z., Hu, J., Liu, T., Xiao, J., Liang, X., et al. (2023) · China CDC Weekly · doi:10.46234/ccdcw2023.070 · Cited by 97
Beladiya, J., Kumar, A., Vasava, Y., Parmar, K., Patel, D., Patel, S., Dholakia, S., Sheth, D., Boddu, S. H. S., & Patel, C. (2024) · Reviews in Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/rmv.2507 · Cited by 96
In search of a pan-coronavirus vaccine: next-generation vaccine design and immune mechanisms
Cankat, S., Demael, M. U., & Swadling, L. (2023) · Cellular & Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41423-023-01116-8 · Cited by 84
Choi, Y., Kim, H. J., Park, J., Lee, M., Kim, S. Y., Koyanagi, A., Smith, L., Kim, M. S., Rahmati, M., Lee, H., et al. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-48825-w · Cited by 60
Hazan, G., Duek, O. A., Alapi, H., Mok, H., Ganninger, A., Ostendorf, E., Gierasch, C. M., Chodick, G., Greenberg, D. A., & Haspel, J. A. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci167339 · Cited by 48
Zhou, G., Dael, N., Verweij, S., Balafas, S., Mubarik, S., Oude Rengerink, K., Pasmooij, A. M. G., van Baarle, D., Mol, P. G. M., de Bock, G. H., et al. (2025) · European Respiratory Review · doi:10.1183/16000617.0222-2024 · Cited by 34
“In our review, we found a pooled VE of 71% against SARS-CoV-2 infection, whereas systematic reviews of randomised clinical trials reported higher pooled vaccine efficacy of 83% [26] and 77% [27].”
Aboshi, M., Matsuda, K., Kawakami, D., Kono, K., Kazami, Y., Sekida, T., Komori, M., Morey, A. L., Suga, S., Smith, J. F., et al. (2024) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2024.108964 · Cited by 36
SARS-CoV-2 Related Antibody-Dependent Enhancement Phenomena In Vitro and In Vivo
Nakayama, E. E., & Shioda, T. (2023) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms11041015 · Cited by 32
Persistent epigenetic memory of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination in monocyte-derived macrophages
Simonis, A., Theobald, S. J., Koch, A. E., Mummadavarapu, R., Mudler, J. M., Pouikli, A., Göbel, U., Acton, R., Winter, S., Albus, A., et al. (2025) · Molecular Systems Biology · doi:10.1038/s44320-025-00093-6 · Cited by 34
Circadian immunity from bench to bedside: a practical guide
Mok, H., Ostendorf, E., Ganninger, A., Adler, A. J., Hazan, G., & Haspel, J. A. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci175706 · Cited by 32
Vaccines Alone Cannot Slow the Evolution of SARS-CoV-2
Egeren, D. V., Stoddard, M., White, L. F., Hochberg, N. S., Rogers, M. S., Zetter, B. R., Joseph‐McCarthy, D., & Chakravarty, A. (2023) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines11040853 · Cited by 28
Nanotechnology in the COVID-19 era: Carbon-based nanomaterials as a promising solution
Papi, M., Spirito, M. D., & Palmieri, V. (2023) · Carbon · doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2023.118058 · Cited by 26
Vaccine Strategies Against RNA Viruses: Current Advances and Future Directions
Hsiung, K. C., Chiang, H.-J., Reinig, S., & Shih, S. (2024) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines12121345 · Cited by 25
Abhishek, A., Peckham, N., Pade, C., Gibbons, J. M., Cureton, L., Francis, A., Barber, V. S., Williams, J. A. E., Appelbe, D. E., Eldridge, L., et al. (2023) · The Lancet Rheumatology · doi:10.1016/s2665-9913(23)00298-9 · Cited by 23
Excess mortality in COVID-19-affected solid organ transplant recipients across the pandemic
Yamanaga, S., Shimata, K., Ohfuji, S., Yoshikawa, M., Natori, Y., Hibi, T., Yuzawa, K., Egawa, H., Unagami, K., Ishida, H., et al. (2024) · American Journal of Transplantation · doi:10.1016/j.ajt.2024.03.016 · Cited by 23
Hybrid Immunity against SARS-CoV-2 Variants: A Narrative Review of the Literature
Tsagkli, P., Geropeppa, M., Papadatou, I., & Spoulou, V. I. (2024) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines12091051 · Cited by 24
Non-neutralizing functions in anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies
Reinig, S., & Shih, S. (2023) · Biomedical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.bj.2023.100666 · Cited by 22
Ponnaiah, M., Bhatnagar, T., Abdulkader, R. S., Elumalai, R., Surya, J., Jeyashree, K., Kumar, M. S., Govindaraju, R., Thangaraj, J. W. V., Aggarwal, H. K., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Microbiology Research · doi:10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_2105_23 · Cited by 18
Delmonte, O. M., Oguz, C., Dobbs, K., Myint‐Hpu, K., Palterer, B., Abers, M. S., Draper, D., Truong, M., Kaplan, I. M., Gittelman, R., et al. (2023) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2023.12.011 · Cited by 17
Previti, S., Ettari, R., Calcaterra, E., Roggia, M., Natale, B., Weldert, A. C., Müller, C., Salisch, F., Irto, A., Cigala, R. M., et al. (2024) · ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00562 · Cited by 15
A non-transmissible live attenuated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine
Adler, J. M., Vidal, R. M., Voß, A., Kunder, S., Nascimento, M., Abdelgawad, A., Langner, C., Vladimirova, D., Osterrieder, N., Gruber, A. D., et al. (2023) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.05.004 · Cited by 16
Davis, D. E., Thadhani, J., Choudhary, V., Nausheem, R., Zambrano, C. R. V., Arifuddin, B. M., Ali, M., Carson, B. J., Kanwal, F., & Nagarajan, L. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.46893 · Cited by 14
Reinig, S., Kuo, C., Wu, C., Huang, S., Yu, J., & Shih, S. (2024) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.29793 · Cited by 12
Goguet, E., Olsen, C. H., Meyer, W. A., Ansari, S., Powers, J. H., Conner, T. L., Coggins, S. A., Wang, W., Wang, R., Illinik, L., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1287504 · Cited by 12
Lu, W., Zeng, S., Yao, Y., Luo, Y., & Ruan, T. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1338208 · Cited by 11
Goodfellow, L., van Leeuwen, E., & Eggo, R. M. (2024) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-024-03387-y · Cited by 10
Usman, M., Abbas, M., & Omame, A. (2023) · Physica Scripta · doi:10.1088/1402-4896/ad075b · Cited by 10
Long Term Assessment of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Immunogenicity after mRNA Vaccine in Persons Living with HIV
Vergori, A., Cozzi‐Lepri, A., Matusali, G., Cicalini, S., Bordoni, V., Meschi, S., Mazzotta, V., Colavita, F., Fusto, M., Cimini, E., et al. (2023) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines11121739 · Cited by 9
Nakagawara, K., Shiraishi, Y., Chubachi, S., Tanabe, N., Maetani, T., Asakura, T., Namkoong, H., Tanaka, H., Shimada, T., Azekawa, S., et al. (2024) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2024.02.004 · Cited by 10
Diurnal rhythms in varicella vaccine effectiveness
Danino, D., Kalron, Y., Haspel, J. A., & Hazan, G. (2024) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.184452 · Cited by 9
Mizuno, Y., Nakasone, W., Nakamura, M., & Otaki, J. M. (2024) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines12050539 · Cited by 9
Gong, X., Peng, L., Wang, F., Liu, J., Tang, Y., Peng, Y., Niu, S., Yin, J., Guo, L., Lu, H., et al. (2024) · Journal of Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2024.106208 · Cited by 8
Dasti, L., Giampiccolo, S., Pettinà, E., Fiandaca, G., Zangani, N., Leonardelli, L., Hedayioglu, F. D. L., Campanile, E., & Marchetti, L. (2025) · CPT Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology · doi:10.1002/psp4.70041 · Cited by 9
Molecular networking unveils anti-SARS-CoV-2 constituents from traditionally used remedies
Wasilewicz, A., Bojková, D., Beniddir, M. A., Cinatl, J. J., Rabenau, H. F., Grienke, U., Rollinger, J. M., & Kirchweger, B. (2023) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2023.117206 · Cited by 10
Yan, X., Zhao, X., Du, Y., Wang, H., Liu, L., Wang, Q., Liu, J., & Wei, S. (2024) · International Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2024.107075 · Cited by 8
Šmíd, M., Barusová, T., Jarkovský, J., Májek, O., Pavlík, T., Přibylová, L., Weinerová, J., Zajíček, M., & Trnka, J. (2024) · Eurosurveillance · doi:10.2807/1560-7917.es.2024.29.35.2300690 · Cited by 7
Predicting coronavirus disease 2019 severity using explainable artificial intelligence techniques
Ozawa, T., Chubachi, S., Namkoong, H., Nemoto, S., Ikegami, R., Asakura, T., Tanaka, H., Lee, H., Fukushima, T., Azekawa, S., et al. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-85733-5 · Cited by 8
Patel, A., Puglisi, J. L., Patel, S., & Tarn, D. M. (2023) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2023.0498 · Cited by 9
CT-derived vertebral bone mineral density is a useful biomarker to predict COVID-19 outcome
Azekawa, S., Maetani, T., Chubachi, S., Asakura, T., Tanabe, N., Shiraishi, Y., Namkoong, H., Tanaka, H., Shimada, T., Fukushima, T., et al. (2024) · Bone · doi:10.1016/j.bone.2024.117095 · Cited by 7
Do, K. T. H., Willenzon, S., Ristenpart, J., Janssen, A., Volz, A., Sutter, G., Förster, R., & Bošnjak, B. (2023) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2023.1259822 · Cited by 7
COVID-19 vaccines: current and future challenges
Mohammadi, D., Ghasemi, M., Manouchehrian, N., Zafarmand, M., Akbari, M., & Boroumand, A. B. (2024) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2024.1434181 · Cited by 6
The Effectiveness of Bivalent COVID-19 Vaccination: A Preliminary Report
Chen, S.-Y., Lin, C., Chi, H., Weng, S., Li, S.-T., Tai, Y., Huang, Y.-N., Huang, H. Y., Lin, C., & Chiu, N. (2023) · Life · doi:10.3390/life13102094 · Cited by 7
Bioengineered self-assembled nanofibrils for high-affinity SARS-CoV-2 capture and neutralization
Behbahanipour, M., Navarro, S., Bárcenas, O., García‐Pardo, J., & Ventura, S. (2024) · Journal of Colloid and Interface Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2024.06.175 · Cited by 6
Carretero, R. G., Ordoñez-Garcia, M., Gómez, O. V., Rodriguez-Maya, B., Gil-Prieto, R., & de Miguel, Á. G. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13195890 · Cited by 6
Kwak, S.-H., Jeong, D. G., Shon, H. K., Kim, D.-H., Lee, T. G., Wi, J., & Na, H. (2023) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.3c12251 · Cited by 6
Kim, K. H. (2024) · Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis · doi:10.12997/jla.2024.13.1.21 · Cited by 7
Next-Generation SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Formulations and Alternative Routes of Administration
Babu, T. M., Jackson, L. A., & Sahly, H. M. E. (2024) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiae504 · Cited by 5
Kamata, H., Takamatsu, K., Fukunaga, K., Chubachi, S., Nakagawara, K., Namkoong, H., Terai, H., Tanaka, K., Satô, S., Hagiwara, E., et al. (2024) · Respiratory Investigation · doi:10.1016/j.resinv.2024.02.009 · Cited by 5
Antiviral Inactivated Vaccines: Looking to the Past to Face the Future—A Narrative Review
Guedes-da-Silva, F. H., Pereira, V. A. R., Torres, S., García, M. P. G., Viana, K. F., Silva, J. L., Oliveira, A. C., & Gomes, A. M. O. (2025) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines13111140 · Cited by 4
Pavlidis, G., Giannoulis, V., Pirounaki, M., Lampropoulos, I. C., Siafi, E. P., Nitsa, A., Pavlou, E. G., Xanthaki, A., Perlepe, G., Fortis, S. P., et al. (2023) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm13060910 · Cited by 4
Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Booster Against Omicron Infection Among Quarantined Close Contacts
Liu, D., Feng, S., Sha, F., Liao, Y., Xie, X., Huang, F., Kong, D., Zhang, Z., Chen, Z., Chen, N., et al. (2023) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.39507 · Cited by 7
Self-citationJorkesh, A., Rothenberger, S., Baldassar, L., Grybaitė, B., Kavaliauskas, P., Mickevičius, V., Dettin, M., Vascon, F., Cendron, L., & Pasquato, A. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25105079 · Cited by 4
Li, Y., Zhao, G., Zhang, Y., Xia, L., Cheng, Y., Ma, J., Wang, H., Yan, Y., Wang, Z., & Sun, J. (2025) · Microbial Pathogenesis · doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107325 · Cited by 4
Baum, H. E., Santopaolo, M., Francis, O., Milodowski, E., Entwistle, K., Oliver, E., Hitchings, B., Diamond, D., Thomas, A. C., Mitchell, R. E., et al. (2025) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiaf246 · Cited by 5
Byrne, J., Gaillard, C. M., Gu, L., Garcia-Leon, A., Casey, O. M., Kenny, G., Saini, G., Alalwan, D., O’Gorman, T., O’Regan, S., et al. (2025) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1093/jimmun/vkaf101 · Cited by 3
Aboshi, M., Kawakami, D., Kono, K., Nishiyama, A., Nogimori, T., Sunada, Y., Matsuda, K., Sekida, T., Suga, S., Smith, J., et al. (2026) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2026.114766 · Cited by 3
Liu, D., Jiang, Y., Wang, S., Li, F.-X., Lin, T.-F., Li, B., Zhao, Z.-Y., Yun, Q., Peng, N., Cai, J., et al. (2024) · The Innovation Medicine · doi:10.59717/j.xinn-med.2024.100051 · Cited by 2
Self-citationPrimary and Recall Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2 in Breakthrough Infection
D’Orso, S., Pirronello, M., Verdiani, A., Rossini, A., Guerrera, G., Picozza, M., Sambucci, M., Misiti, A., Marco, L. D., Salvia, A., et al. (2023) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines11111705 · Cited by 4
Chittrakarn, S., Siripaitoon, P., Chusri, S., Kanchanasuwan, S., Charoenmak, B., Hortiwakul, T., Kantikit, P., & Kositpantawong, N. (2024) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/21645515.2024.2309734 · Cited by 3
Schobesberger, S., Thumfart, H., Selinger, F., Spitz, S., Gonzalez, C., Pei, L., Poglitsch, M., & Ertl, P. (2024) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04372 · Cited by 3
Association of COVID-19 vaccination with duration of hospitalization in older adults in Hong Kong
Chen, D., Cowling, B. J., Ainslie, K. E. C., Lin, Y., Wong, J. Y., Lau, E. H. Y., Wu, P., & Nealon, J. (2024) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.02.074 · Cited by 3
Miao, M., Ma, Y.-H., Tan, J., Chen, R., & Men, K. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-78493-1 · Cited by 5
Hematologic abnormalities after COVID-19 vaccination: A large Korean population-based cohort studyPreprint
Choi, H. S., Kim, M. H., Choi, M. G., Park, J. H., & Chun, E. M. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.11.15.23298565 · Cited by 3
Zhao, Y., Wan, Y., Hu, X., Tong, X., Xu, B., Jiang, X., Bai, S., & Cao, C. (2024) · American Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1177/15579883241264120 · Cited by 2
Edoka, I., Drake, T., Baker, P., Raji, T., Zegeye, E. A., Guzmán, J., Ndembi, N., Nonvignon, J., & Kaseya, J. (2025) · Journal of Public Health in Africa · doi:10.4102/jphia.v16i1.805 · Cited by 2
Yin, Z., Yin, M., Zhao, F., Fu, C., Xu, W., Fang, Q., Gong, X., Cao, G., & Zheng, C. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1576016 · Cited by 2
Yan, X., Zhao, X., Wang, H. B., Du, Y., Liu, L., Liu, J., Wang, Q., & Wei, S. (2025) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-025-11677-w · Cited by 2
Homologous and heterologous booster of COVID-19 vaccines: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Pial, R. H., Rahman, S., Nowrin, I., Rahaman, M. Z., Sahastrabuddhe, S., Kim, H. S., Saluja, T., & Saif‐Ur‐Rahman, K. (2025) · New Microbes and New Infections · doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2025.101692 · Cited by 2
Otunuga, O. M., & Yu, A. (2023) · Infectious Disease Modelling · doi:10.1016/j.idm.2023.05.010 · Cited by 2
Deida, J., Mze, N. P., Beye, M., Ahmed, S. M., Bara, A. E., Bollahi, M. A., Basco, L. K., Boukhary, A. O. M. S., & Fournier, P. (2024) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes15030361 · Cited by 2
Verburgh, M. L., Boyd, A. C., van der Loeff, M. F. S., Bakker, M. E., Wit, F. W. N. M., van der Valk, M., Grobben, M., van Pul, L., Tejjani, K., van Rijswijk, J., et al. (2024) · Open Forum Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/ofid/ofae380 · Cited by 2
Campman, S. L., Boyd, A. C., Schinkel, J., Coyer, L., Agyemang, C. O., Galenkamp, H., Koopman, A. D. M., Chilunga, F. P., Koopsen, J., Zwinderman, A. H., et al. (2025) · Epidemiology and Infection · doi:10.1017/s0950268825000056 · Cited by 2
Schobesberger, S., Thumfart, H., Selinger, F., Spitz, S., Gonzalez, C., Pei, L., Poglitsch, M., & Ertl, P. (2025) · Sensors and Actuators Reports · doi:10.1016/j.snr.2025.100336 · Cited by 2
Padoan, A., Talli, I., Cosma, C., Moz, S., Furlan, G., Navaglia, F., Marchioro, L., Zaninotto, M., Basso, D., & Plebani, M. (2023) · Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) · doi:10.1515/cclm-2023-0947 · Cited by 2
Aboshi, M., Matsuda, K., Kawakami, D., Kono, K., Kazami, Y., Sekida, T., Komori, M., Morey, A. L., Suga, S., Smith, J., et al. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.09.04.23294493 · Cited by 2
Onorato, L., Calò, F., Maggi, P., Allegorico, E., Gentile, I., Sangiovanni, V., Esposito, V., Dell’Isola, C., Calabria, G., Pisapia, R., et al. (2023) · Antibiotics · doi:10.3390/antibiotics12071124 · Cited by 1
Kim, J., Kachko, A. V., Selvaraj, P., Rotstein, D. S., Stauft, C. B., Rajasagi, N. K., Zhao, Y., Wang, T. T., & Major, M. E. (2025) · npj Vaccines · doi:10.1038/s41541-025-01085-1 · Cited by 2
Hernández, O., Naranjo, A. F., Cadavid, J. J. V., Echavez, G. D. L. R., Moreno‐Bedoya, S., VALENCIA, B. A. G., Ochoa, J. E. S., Saldarriaga, F. M., Moreno, A. M., Perez‐Restrepo, L. S., et al. (2025) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.70508 · Cited by 2
Skin manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection and its vaccination
Saidoune, F., Yatim, A., Domizio, J. D., & Gilliet, M. F. (2025) · Current Opinion in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.coi.2025.102656 · Cited by 1
Hirsch, A. H., Ellsworth, C. R., Lewis, W. A., Craig, R., Meyer, A. E., Maldonado, J., Lopez, F., Thimmiraju, S. R., McLachlan, J. B., Qin, X., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1673460 · Cited by 3
Teffera, Z. H., Belay, W. Y., Tegegne, B. A., Belew, H., Adugna, A., Laykun, Y., Tefera, S., Muche, Y., Melkamu, A., Amare, G. A., et al. (2025) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-025-11717-5 · Cited by 1
Kumar, A., Singh, O. N., Surjit, M., Kumar, V., Parvez, M. K., Sinha, G. P., Inampudi, K. K., & Sehgal, D. (2025) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.148716 · Cited by 1
Retrospective neutralization analysis of SARS-CoV-2 variants in early pandemic sera
Mahdi, M., Al-Muffti, A. S., Linkner, T. R., Miltner, N., Misak, O., Várkonyi, I. Z., & Tőzsér, J. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1797240 · Cited by 1
Respiratory mucosal immunity: Biological functions, diseases, prevention and therapy
Yu, Z., Song, Z., Hong, W., He, X., & Wei, X. (2026) · Genes & Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.gendis.2026.102200 · Cited by 1
Costa, M. A., Bortz, G. M., & Seijo, G. L. (2026) · Policy Design and Practice · doi:10.1080/25741292.2026.2675755 · Cited by 1
Nithichanon, A., Kamuthachad, L., Salao, K., Phoksawat, W., Kamsom, C., Wongratanacheewin, S., Pipattanaboon, C., Kanthawong, S., Yordpratum, U., Aromseree, S., et al. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-46053-8 · Cited by 1
Mucosal immune probiotic vector vaccines: Development and prospects for application in COVID-19
Zha, R., Yi, B., Liao, C., Li, X., & Lu, J. (2023) · One Health Bulletin · doi:10.4103/2773-0344.387693 · Cited by 1
Self-citationClinical features in patients with COVID-19 treated with biologics for severe asthma
Numata, T., Okuda, K., Miyagawa, H., Minagawa, S., Ishikawa, T., Hara, H., & Araya, J. (2024) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Global · doi:10.1016/j.jacig.2024.100219 · Cited by 1
Xu, Y., Kong, X., Huang, W., Liang, Z., Huang, J., Li, Y., Zhang, N., Liu, D., Guo, W., & Mei, J. (2024) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890.2024.2307504 · Cited by 2
Self-citationHow could our genetics impact COVID-19 vaccine response?
Zheng, K., Chong, A. Y.-Y., & Mentzer, A. J. (2024) · Expert Review of Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1080/1744666x.2024.2346584 · Cited by 1
Clinical utility and interpretive guidance for SARS-CoV-2 serological testing
Morshed, M. G., Jassem, A. N., Luk, D., Cheong, A., Krajden, M., & Sekirov, I. (2023) · Clinical Microbiology Newsletter · doi:10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2024.03.001 · Cited by 1
Zhang, S., Wang, Y., Guo, X., Dong, C., Tian, H., Li, C., Kong, X., Peng, J., Huang, H., Simayi, A., et al. (2024) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines12111211 · Cited by 1
Self-citationLim, R. J., Qiu, X., Leong, R. N. F., Gutierrez, J. L., Halima, A., Mostafa, M. H., Ghoneim, Y., Abdrabo, M., Rashad, M., Hannawi, S., et al. (2024) · Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research · doi:10.7774/cevr.2024.13.4.315 · Cited by 1
Liu, Z., He, Y., Hu, C., Rong, R., Dong, Z., Ye, C., & Chen, L. (2025) · Urban Climate · doi:10.1016/j.uclim.2025.102431 · Cited by 1
McConney, C., Kenney, D., Ennis, C. S., Smith-Mahoney, E. L., Ayuso, M.-J., Zhong, J., Douam, F., Sagar, M., & Snyder-Cappione, J. E. (2025) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v17050640 · Cited by 1
El enigma del coronavirus – De pandemia a endemia COVID-19 - ¿Debemos seguir cuidándonos?
Romero, J. P. (2023) · Revista Peruana de Ginecología y Obstetricia · doi:10.31403/rpgo.v69i2478
Yang, Y., Gong, X., Peng, L., Wang, F., Liu, J., Peng, Y., Niu, S., Yin, J., Guo, L., Tang, Y., et al. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3320770/v1
Improving COVID-19 vaccine response in individuals receiving methotrexate
Bechman, K., & Galloway, J. B. (2023) · The Lancet Rheumatology · doi:10.1016/s2665-9913(23)00306-5
Kapten, K., Orczyk, K., Maeser, A., & Smolewska, E. B. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13092523
Baum, H. E., Santopaolo, M., Francis, O., Milowdowski, E., Entwistle, K., Oliver, E., Hitchings, B., Diamond, D., Thomas, A. C., Mitchell, R. E., et al. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.06.14.24308948
Metadata
- Authors
- Yang, Z.-R., Jiang, Y.-W., Li, F.-X., Liu, D., Lin, T.-F., Zhao, Z.-Y., Wei, C., Jin, Q.-Y., Li, X.-M., Jia, Y.-X., Zhu, F.-C., Yang, Z.-Y., Sha, F., Feng, Z.-J., & Tang, J.-L.
- Affiliations
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
- Sun Yat-sen University (CN)
- Chinese University of Hong Kong (HK)
- Corresponding author
- Yang, Zu-Yao
- Sha, Feng
- Venue
- The Lancet Microbe
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2023-04
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- e236-e246
- ISSN
- 2666-5247 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9974155
- OpenAlex
- W4322603953
- Cited by
- 138
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 34
- FWCI
- 6.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Lancet Microbe (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Modeling and Simulation › COVID-19 epidemiological studies
- Keywords
- COVID-19 vaccines, COVID-19 vaccine efficacy, dose-response relationship, neutralizing antibodies, anti-spike IgG, asymptomatic infection, symptomatic infection, hospitalization prevention, vaccine-induced immunity, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 mortality, SARS-CoV-2 variants
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 Vaccines, Humans, Immunoglobulin G, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Asymptomatic Infections
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
