Fire as a controlling process in the North American boreal forest

Abstract

Introduction Major patterns of plant communities and species distribution are induced by various disturbance regimes operating at different spatial and temporal scales (Loucks 1970; White 1979; Bormann & Likens 1979 b ; Delcourt, Delcourt & Webb 1983). The development of temperate forests is controlled by canopy disturbance associated with single and multiple treefalls creating small gaps (Henry & Swan 1974; Oliver & Stephens 1977) and, occasionally, larger gaps along windstorm tracks (Canham & Loucks 1984). In contrast, fire disturbance in the boreal forest creates all sizes of canopy gap, and constitutes one of the most important community processes in vegetation development along complex environmental gradients (Heinselman 1981 b ). At the landscape level, ecological disturbances result in the spatiotemporal development of the vegetation mosaic composed of an assemblage of stand patches of different age, areal extent, and floristic composition (Pickett & White 1985). The boreal forest is one of the world's two largest forest belts; it covers more than 12 6 km 2 (Baumgartner 1979). The North American segment of the circumboreal forest, which constitutes a well-delineated biome both geographically and ecologically (Fig. 5.1), will be analyzed here with respect to fire disturbance. The boreal forest (excluding the Cordilleran region) spans more than 10° of latitude in eastern and western Canada; it is somewhat contracted south of Hudson Bay and James Bay, and in Alaska. At the continent scale, the boreal forest is a floristically poor biome (Takhtajan 1986) with only nine tree species dominating regionally or throughout the range, in coexistence with a subdued under-canopy flora in dense stands and an ubiquitous cryptogamic flora in open stands.