The DOI matches its Crossref record; 331 of the 332 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Essential Guide to Effect Sizes: Statistical Power, Meta-Analysis, and the Interpretation of Research Results
Abstract
This succinct and jargon-free introduction to effect sizes gives students and researchers the tools they need to interpret the practical significance of their results. Using a class-tested approach that includes numerous examples and step-by-step exercises, it introduces and explains three of the most important issues relating to the practical significance of research results: the reporting and interpretation of effect sizes (Part I), the analysis of statistical power (Part II), and the meta-analytic pooling of effect size estimates drawn from different studies (Part III). The book concludes with a handy list of recommendations for those actively engaged in or currently preparing research projects.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“All training effects were in a range of Cohen’s d = 0.240 and d = 0.295, which are conventionally labelled small effects72.”
From Voluntary upregulation of heart rate variability through biofeedback is improved by mental contemplative training (2019) · cites this paper as [72]
In the citing paper
“this may have inflated the reported effect sizes used in the power analysis (Ellis, 2010)”
From A Feasibility and Pilot Randomised Dismantling Trial of the Efficacy of Self-As-Context During Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. (2021) · cites this paper as Ellis, 2010
In the citing paper
“the use of effect sizes, such as Cohen d, is based on statistical assumptions that change is linear.”
From Measurement of Symptom Change Following Web-Based Psychotherapy: Statistical Characteristics and Analytical Methods for Measuring and Interpreting Change (2018) · cites this paper as [27]
In the citing paper
“by employing effect sizes, researchers assume that the symptom change that follows treatment is average, constant, and representative of the average change experienced by any participating individual [18,27].”
From Measurement of Symptom Change Following Web-Based Psychotherapy: Statistical Characteristics and Analytical Methods for Measuring and Interpreting Change (2018) · cites this paper as [27]
Citations
Cites
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/bf03193146 · Cited by 65,971
Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test
Egger, M., Smith, G. D., Schneider, M., & Minder, C. (1997) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629 · Cited by 56,722
Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions
Fleiss, J. L., Levin, B., & Paik, M. C. (2003) · Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics · doi:10.1002/0471445428 · Cited by 18,646
Hartley, J. (2004) · Essential Guide to Qualitative Methods in Organizational Research · doi:10.4135/9781446280119.n26 · Cited by 15,461
(1963) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 15,085
Psychometric theory (2nd ed.).
Sitgreaves, R. (1979) · Contemporary Psychology · doi:10.1037/018882 · Cited by 14,384
Estimating Nonresponse Bias in Mail Surveys
Armstrong, J. S., & Overton, T. S. (1977) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.2307/3150783 · Cited by 12,222
Statistical Methods for Research Workers
Fisher, R. A. (1945) · American Journal of Clinical Pathology · doi:10.1093/ajcp/15.11.552b · Cited by 10,883
Estimating nonresponse bias in mail surveys
Armstrong, J. S., & Overton, T. S. (1977) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1177/002224377701400320 · Cited by 10,390
Wasserman, S. S., Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I. (1988) · Journal of Educational Statistics · doi:10.2307/1164953 · Cited by 10,377
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 1,005
Crocetti, E., Albarello, F., Prati, F., & Rubini, M. (2021) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2021.100959 · Cited by 108
Klapp, T., Klapp, A., & Gustafsson, J. (2023) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s10212-023-00690-9 · Cited by 88
Laraway, S., Snycerski, S., Pradhan, S., & Huitema, B. E. (2019) · Perspectives on Behavior Science · doi:10.1007/s40614-019-00193-3 · Cited by 93
“Scratch”-ing computational thinking with Arduino: A meta-analysis
Fidai, A., Capraro, M. M., & Capraro, R. M. (2020) · Thinking Skills and Creativity · doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2020.100726 · Cited by 87
Trecroci, A., Duca, M., Cavaggioni, L., Rossi, A., Scurati, R., Longo, S., Merati, G., Alberti, G., & Formenti, D. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11020227 · Cited by 119
Schmid, A., Hils, S., Kramer-Zucker, A. G., Bogatyreva, L., Hauschke, D., Geest, S. D., & Pisarski, P. (2016) · American Journal of Transplantation · doi:10.1111/ajt.14138 · Cited by 87
Kuperberg, A., & Padgett, J. E. (2016) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407515616876 · Cited by 86
Reflective versus formative confusion in SEM based tourism research: A critical comment
Mikulić, J., & Ryan, C. (2018) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2018.05.002 · Cited by 86
Antonio, R. P., & Prudente, M. S. (2023) · International Journal of Education in Mathematics Science and Technology · doi:10.46328/ijemst.3216 · Cited by 207
Ding, Q., Zhang, Y.-X., Wei, H., Huang, F., & Zhou, Z. (2017) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.03.027 · Cited by 90
Patients' View on the Management of Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma: Active Surveillance or Surgery
Yoshida, Y., Horiuchi, K., & Okamoto, T. (2020) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2019.0420 · Cited by 85
Digital media adoption in schools: Bottom-up, top-down, complementary or optional?
Petko, D., Egger, N., Cantieni, A., & Wespi, B. (2015) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2014.12.019 · Cited by 85
The Influence of Notational Deficiencies on Process Model Comprehension
Figl, K., Mendling, J., & Strembeck, M. (2013) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems · doi:10.17705/1jais.00335 · Cited by 83
Embodied Learning Environments for Graphing Motion: a Systematic Literature Review
Duijzer, C. A. C. G., van den Heuvel‐Panhuizen, M., Veldhuis, M., Doorman, M., & Leseman, P. P. M. (2019) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-019-09471-7 · Cited by 96
Aldrich, N. J., Chen, J., & Alfieri, L. (2021) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2021.100946 · Cited by 84
Sharma, S., Ferreira-Valente, A., Williams, A. C. D. C., Abbott, J. H., Ribeiro, J. L. P., & Jensen, M. P. (2019) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnz373 · Cited by 94
Matz, A. K., Woo, Y., & Kim, B. (2014) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2014.02.004 · Cited by 82
Abdulatif, M., Mukhtar, A. M., & Obayah, G. M. (2015) · British Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1093/bja/aev166 · Cited by 84
McKay, M. T., Percy, A., Cole, J. C., Worrell, F. C., & Andretta, J. R. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.03.060 · Cited by 82
Reflections on conceptions of research methodology among management academics
Saunders, M. N. K., & Bezzina, F. H. (2015) · European Management Journal · doi:10.1016/j.emj.2015.06.002 · Cited by 102
Effects of Enamel Fluorosis and Dental Caries on Quality of Life
Onoriobe, U., Rozier, R. G., Cantrell, J., & King, R. S. (2014) · Journal of Dental Research · doi:10.1177/0022034514548705 · Cited by 82
Frühauf, J., Kopiez, R., & Platz, F. (2013) · Musicae Scientiae · doi:10.1177/1029864913486793 · Cited by 81
A Review of Early Numeracy Interventions for Children at Risk in Mathematics
Mononen, R., Pirjo Aunio, A., Koponen, T. K., & Aro, M. T. (2014) · International Journal of Early Childhood Special Education · doi:10.20489/intjecse.14355 · Cited by 99
Oya, C., Schaefer, F., Skalidou, D., McCosker, C., & Langer, L. (2017) · Campbell Systematic Reviews · doi:10.4073/csr.2017.3 · Cited by 81
The Effectiveness of the Application of Mathematical Software in Indonesia; A Meta-Analysis Study
Tamur, M., Juandi, D., & Kusumah, Y. S. (2020) · International Journal of Instruction · doi:10.29333/iji.2020.13453a · Cited by 81
Gränicher, P., Mulder, L. T. M. A., Lenssen, A. F., Scherr, J., Swanenburg, J., & de Bie, R. A. (2022) · Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.2519/jospt.2022.11160 · Cited by 85
Ash, J. R., Wognum, C., Rodríguez-Pérez, R., Aldeghi, M., Cheng, A. C., Clevert, D.-A., Engkvist, O., Fang, C., Price, D. J., Hughes‐Oliver, J. M., et al. (2025) · Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling · doi:10.1021/acs.jcim.5c01609 · Cited by 107
Social Class and Inequalities in Early Cognitive Scores
Sullivan, A., Ketende, S. C., & Joshi, H. E. (2013) · Sociology · doi:10.1177/0038038512461861 · Cited by 80
Sutopo, S., & Waldrip, B. G. (2013) · International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education · doi:10.1007/s10763-013-9431-y · Cited by 80
Some recommendations for the reporting of quantitative studies
López, X., Valenzuela, J., Nussbaum, M., & Tsai, C. (2015) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2015.09.010 · Cited by 82
Turri, A., & Turri, J. (2015) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2015.01.007 · Cited by 79
Heintz, S., Kramm, C., & Ruch, W. (2017) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2017.1414297 · Cited by 92
Waddington, H. S., Sonnenfeld, A., Finetti, J., Gaarder, M. M., John, D., & Stevenson, J. (2019) · Campbell Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/cl2.1025 · Cited by 106
Vuichard, P., Stauch, A., & Dällenbach, N. (2019) · Energy Research & Social Science · doi:10.1016/j.erss.2019.101275 · Cited by 81
Effect sizes in memory research
Morris, P. E., & Fritz, C. O. (2013) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2013.763984 · Cited by 78
Hameed, M. A., & Counsell, S. (2012) · Journal of technology management & innovation · doi:10.4067/s0718-27242012000100005 · Cited by 81
Wang, Z., Ma, C., Han, H., He, R., Zhou, L., Liang, R., & Yu, H. (2018) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.4910 · Cited by 86
A meta‐analytic investigation of consumer over‐indebtedness: The role of impulsivity
Frigerio, M., Ottaviani, C., & Vandone, D. (2020) · International Journal of Consumer Studies · doi:10.1111/ijcs.12570 · Cited by 96
Factors associated with anxiety in family caregivers of children with chronic diseases
Toledano-Toledano, F., & Moral de la Rubia, J. (2018) · BioPsychoSocial Medicine · doi:10.1186/s13030-018-0139-7 · Cited by 77
Tasks, interaction and role perception of management accountants: evidence from Germany
Rieg, R. (2018) · Journal of Management Control · doi:10.1007/s00187-018-0266-0 · Cited by 78
Naing, C. M., Whittaker, M. A., Aung, H. H., Chellappan, D. K., & Riegelman, A. (2023) · Campbell Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/cl2.1339 · Cited by 76
Inferential statistics in Language Teaching Research : A review and ways forward
Lindstromberg, S. (2016) · Language Teaching Research · doi:10.1177/1362168816649979 · Cited by 90
Technology‐Delivered Cognitive‐Behavioral Interventions for Alcohol Use: A Meta‐Analysis
Kiluk, B. D., Ray, L. A., Walthers, J., Bernstein, M. H., Tonigan, J. S., & Magill, M. (2019) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.14189 · Cited by 84
Randomized Controlled Trials in Music Therapy: Guidelines for Design and Implementation
Bradt, J. (2012) · Journal of Music Therapy · doi:10.1093/jmt/49.2.120 · Cited by 75
A meta-analysis of cue reactivity in tobacco cigarette smokers
Betts, J. M., Dowd, A. N., Forney, M., Hetelekides, E., & Tiffany, S. T. (2021) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntaa147 · Cited by 72
The sleep benefit in episodic memory: An integrative review and a meta-analysis.
Berres, S., & Erdfelder, E. (2021) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000350 · Cited by 74
Hartley, C. M., Pettit, J. W., & Castellanos, D. (2017) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12325 · Cited by 74
Partner phubbing and relationship satisfaction: Self-esteem and marital status as moderators
Wang, X., Zhao, F., & Lei, L. (2019) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-019-00275-0 · Cited by 101
Busse, V., Cenoz, J., Dalmann, N., & Rogge, F. (2020) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/lang.12382 · Cited by 71
Toledano‐Toledano, F., & Luna, D. (2020) · BioPsychoSocial Medicine · doi:10.1186/s13030-020-00201-y · Cited by 90
Game‐based learning has good chemistry with chemistry education: A three‐level meta‐analysis
Hu, Y., Gallagher, T. J., Wouters, P., van der Schaaf, M. F., & Kester, L. (2022) · Journal of Research in Science Teaching · doi:10.1002/tea.21765 · Cited by 109
Emslander, V., & Scherer, R. (2022) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000369 · Cited by 92
A Meta-analysis of Wilderness Therapy Outcomes for Private Pay Clients
Bettmann, J. E., Gillis, H. L. “., Speelman, E. A., Parry, K. J., & Case, J. M. (2016) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-016-0439-0 · Cited by 74
Uğur, M., Churchill, S. A., & Luong, H. M. (2019) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2019.103866 · Cited by 74
Hymas, R., Badcock, J. C., & Milne, E. (2022) · Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40489-022-00330-w · Cited by 81
Fernandes, S. C., Arriaga, P., & Esteves, F. G. (2014) · Health Education Research · doi:10.1093/her/cyu066 · Cited by 74
Cheung, G., Wei, W., & McGrath, C. P. J. (2013) · International Endodontic Journal · doi:10.1111/iej.12076 · Cited by 73
Sola, P., Cerutti, P., Zhou, W., Gautier, D., Iiyama, M., Schure, J., Chenevoy, A., Yila, J., Dufe, V., Nasi, R., et al. (2017) · Environmental Evidence · doi:10.1186/s13750-017-0082-2 · Cited by 76
Komatsu, H., & Rappleye, J. (2017) · Comparative Education Review · doi:10.1086/690809 · Cited by 73
Intrapreneurial competencies: development and validation of a measurement scale
Vargas-Halabí, T., Mora-Esquivel, R., & Ortega, B. S. (2017) · European Journal of Management and Business Economics · doi:10.1108/ejmbe-07-2017-006 · Cited by 77
Career decision-making difficulties of Turkish adolescents
Bacanlı, F. (2015) · International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance · doi:10.1007/s10775-015-9304-8 · Cited by 73
Clarke, N. A., Henshaw, H., Akeroyd, M. A., Adams, B., & Hoare, D. J. (2020) · Trends in Hearing · doi:10.1177/2331216520918416 · Cited by 77
Weißmüller, K. S., Waele, L. D., & van Witteloostuijn, A. C. (2020) · Review of Public Personnel Administration · doi:10.1177/0734371x20973441 · Cited by 78
Chiu, W., & Cho, H. (2021) · Journal of Travel Research · doi:10.1177/0047287521991242 · Cited by 72
Quantifying Spatial Drought Propagation Potential in North America Using Complex Network Theory
Konapala, G., Mondal, S., & Mishra, A. K. (2022) · Water Resources Research · doi:10.1029/2021wr030914 · Cited by 72
Cengiz, I. F., Pitikakis, M., Cesario, L., Parascandolo, P., Vosilla, L., Viano, G., Oliveira, J. M., & Reis, R. L. (2016) · Bioprinting · doi:10.1016/j.bprint.2016.05.001 · Cited by 72
Zhou, Y. G., Gao, Y., Xu, C., Shen, H., Tian, Q., & Deng, H. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-19196-2 · Cited by 71
Problematic and non-problematic engagement in Online Sexual Activities across the lifespan
Ballester‐Arnal, R., Castro‐Calvo, J., García-Barba, M., Ruiz‐Palomino, E., & Gil‐Llario, M. D. (2021) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2021.106774 · Cited by 75
Paschke, K., Austermann, M. I., & Thomasius, R. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.661483 · Cited by 77
Licina, D., & Yildirim, S. (2021) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108183 · Cited by 71
Thyroid hormones in persons with schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Misiak, B., Stańczykiewicz, B., Wiśniewski, M., Bartoli, F., Carrà, G., Cavaleri, D., Samochowiec, J., Jarosz, K., Rosińćzuk, J., & Frydecka, D. (2021) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110402 · Cited by 71
Kim, T., Kim, K. H., Kang, J. W., Lee, M., Kang, K., Kim, J. E., Kim, J., Lee, S., Shin, M., Jung, S., et al. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0101973 · Cited by 71
Architecture Anti-Patterns: Automatically Detectable Violations of Design Principles
Mo, R., Cai, Y., Kazman, R., Xiao, L., & Feng, Q. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering · doi:10.1109/tse.2019.2910856 · Cited by 71
Effect Size Reporting Practices in Applied Linguistics Research: A Study of One Major Journal
Wei, R., Hu, Y., & Xiong, J. (2019) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/2158244019850035 · Cited by 71
Impact of User Satisfaction with Mandated CRM Use on Employee Service Quality1
Hsieh, Rai, Petter, S., & Zhang, T. (2012) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/41703498 · Cited by 71
Statistical Significance, Power, and Sample Sizes
Sakai, T. (2016) · International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR) · doi:10.1145/2911451.2911492 · Cited by 70
Otto, R., Blaschke, S., Schirrmeister, W., Drynda, S., Walcher, F., & Greiner, F. (2022) · Internal and Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11739-021-02919-1 · Cited by 70
Sani, F., Madhok, V. B., Norbury, M., Dugard, P., & Wakefield, J. R. H. (2015) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-015-1076-4 · Cited by 70
Surveying the English language across China
Wei, R., & Su, J. (2015) · World Englishes · doi:10.1111/weng.12132 · Cited by 70
Are common language effect sizes easier to understand than traditional effect sizes?
Brooks, M. E., Dalal, D. K., & Nolan, K. P. (2013) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0034745 · Cited by 70
Karin, E., Dear, B. F., Heller, G. Z., Gandy, M., & Titov, N. (2018) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/10200 · Cited by 69
Tamur, M., Juandi, D., & Adem, A. M. G. (2020) · JTAM (Jurnal Teori dan Aplikasi Matematika) · doi:10.31764/jtam.v4i1.1786 · Cited by 69
Temporal effects on glare response from daylight
Kent, M. G., Altomonte, S., Wilson, R., & Tregenza, P. R. (2016) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.09.002 · Cited by 69
Folk Mereology is Teleological
Rosé, D., & Schaffer, J. (2015) · Noûs · doi:10.1111/nous.12123 · Cited by 72
Caveats for using statistical significance tests in research assessments
Schneider, J. W. (2013) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 68
MALL language learning outcomes: A comprehensive meta-analysis 1994–2019
Burston, J., & Giannakou, K. (2021) · ReCALL · doi:10.1017/s0958344021000240 · Cited by 68
DIAROP: Automated Deep Learning-Based Diagnostic Tool for Retinopathy of Prematurity
Attallah, O. (2021) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics11112034 · Cited by 69
Publication bias in psychological science: Comment on Ferguson and Brannick (2012).
Rothstein, H. R., & Bushman, B. J. (2012) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/a0027128 · Cited by 73
Suicidal risk and executive functions in major depressive disorder: a study protocol
Roca, M., del Amo, A. R.-L., Serra, P. R., Pérez-Ara, M. Á., Castro, A., Roman‐Juan, J., García-Toro, M., Pazo, P. G., & Gili, M. (2019) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-019-2233-1 · Cited by 73
The Effects of Extensive Reading on English Vocabulary Learning: A Meta-analysis
Liu, J., & Zhang, J. (2018) · English Language Teaching · doi:10.5539/elt.v11n6p1 · Cited by 67
“According to Ellis (2010), different studies could be compared to each other with the effect size.”
BackgroundKong, M., & Wei, R. (2019) · Linguistics and Education · doi:10.1016/j.linged.2019.03.005 · Cited by 67
A meta-analysis of factors driving the adoption of precision agriculture
Tey, Y. S., & Brindal, M. (2021) · Precision Agriculture · doi:10.1007/s11119-021-09840-9 · Cited by 67
Maseeh, H. I., Sangroya, D., Jebarajakirthy, C., Adil, M., Kaur, J., Yadav, M. P., & Saha, R. (2022) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.21748 · Cited by 77
Serum folate levels in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis
Wang, D., Zhai, J.-X., & Liu, D. (2015) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.11.045 · Cited by 67
Martin, P., Tamblyn, R. M., Ahmed, S., & Tannenbaum, C. (2013) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2013.02.016 · Cited by 66
The auditory dynamic attending theory revisited: A closer look at the pitch comparison task
Bauer, A. R., Jaeger, M., Thorne, J. D., Bendixen, A., & Debener, S. (2015) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2015.04.032 · Cited by 61
Saat, R. M., Jayarajah, K., & Rauf, R. A. A. (2014) · Eurasia Journal of Mathematics Science and Technology Education · doi:10.12973/eurasia.2014.1072a · Cited by 66
Fewer fixations of longer duration? Expert gaze behavior revisited
Klostermann, A., & Moeinirad, S. (2019) · German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research · doi:10.1007/s12662-019-00616-y · Cited by 66
Anger, W. K., Dimoff, J. K., & Alley, L. (2024) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2023.307556 · Cited by 67
Epistemic Contextualism: An Idle Hypothesis
Turri, J. (2016) · Australasian Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.1080/00048402.2016.1153684 · Cited by 65
Metadata
- Authors
- Ellis, P. D.
- Affiliations
- Hong Kong Polytechnic University (HK)
- Corresponding author
- Ellis, Paul D.
- Venue
- Cambridge University Press eBooks
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press
- Published
- 2010-07-01
- OpenAlex
- W578092267
- Cited by
- 2,461
- References
- 332
- Citations by year
- 2026: 114 · 2025: 161 · 2024: 170 · 2023: 178 · 2022: 187 · 2021: 269 · 2020: 248 · 2019: 204 · 2018: 188 · 2017: 147 · 2016: 143 · 2015: 137 · 2014: 133 · 2013: 83 · 2012: 57
- FWCI
- 33.44
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cambridge University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Psychology Research and Bibliometrics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
- Keywords
- effect size, practical significance, statistical power, meta-analysis, effect size reporting, interpretation of research results
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
