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Experimental Design and Data Analysis for Biologists
Abstract
An essential textbook for any student or researcher in biology needing to design experiments, sample programs or analyse the resulting data. The text begins with a revision of estimation and hypothesis testing methods, covering both classical and Bayesian philosophies, before advancing to the analysis of linear and generalized linear models. Topics covered include linear and logistic regression, simple and complex ANOVA models (for factorial, nested, block, split-plot and repeated measures and covariance designs), and log-linear models. Multivariate techniques, including classification and ordination, are then introduced. Special emphasis is placed on checking assumptions, exploratory data analysis and presentation of results. The main analyses are illustrated with many examples from published papers and there is an extensive reference list to both the statistical and biological literature. The book is supported by a website that provides all data sets, questions for each chapter and links to software.
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“VIFs did not reveal collinearity problems, as indicated by the largest value being <4 (51) (event model 2.59; anticipation model 2.43; defection model 1.98; intergroup conflict type model 2.74; persistence model 2.03; reduced event model 2.72).”
From Oxytocin reactivity during intergroup conflict in wild chimpanzees (2017) · cites this paper as [51]
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Byrne, M., Sewell, M. A., & Prowse, T. A. A. (2008) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2435.2008.01427.x · Cited by 92
Diversity partitioning without statistical independence of alpha and beta
Veech, J. A., & Crist, T. O. (2010) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/08-1727.1 · Cited by 92
“One widely used and accepted method of dealing with conditional dependence between two or more variables is to use each as a response variable in a multivariate analysis (e.g., MANOVA; Sokal and Rohlf 1995, Quinn and Keough 2002).”
MethodEye Shape and Retinal Topography in Owls (Aves: Strigiformes)
Lisney, T. J., Iwaniuk, A. N., Bandet, M. V., et al. (2012) · Brain Behavior and Evolution · doi:10.1159/000337760 · Cited by 92
“The data used in the cluster analysis were all standardized on a scale of 0–1 prior to analysis [Quinn and Keough, 2002] and the analysis was undertaken using PAST software [Hammer et al.”
MethodDudits, D., Török, K., Cseri, A., Paul, K., Nagy, A. V., Nagy, B., Sass, L., Ferenc, G., Vaňková, R., Dobrev, P. I., et al. (2016) · PLANT PHYSIOLOGY · doi:10.1104/pp.15.01679 · Cited by 92
“The family-wise significance level for Tukey’s HSD test was set to a rather conservative value of 0.05 (Quinn and Keough, 2002), which granted an additional, more stringent level of significance threshold during comparison of tetraploids with diploids.”
BackgroundInfluentialSpecies asynchrony stabilises productivity under extreme drought across Northern China grasslands
Muraina, T. O., Xu, C., Yu, Q., Yang, Y., Jing, M., Jia, X., Jaman, M. S., Dam, Q., Knapp, A. K., Collins, S. L., et al. (2021) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2745.13587 · Cited by 93
“A non-significant interaction implies that the slopes are similar (Borich, 1972; Huitema, 2011; Quinn & Keough, 2002).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialGuenther, J., Misimi, E., & Sunde, L. M. (2010) · Aquaculture · doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.01.005 · Cited by 92
Iron Constraints on Planktonic Primary Production in Oligotrophic Lakes
Vrede, T., & Tranvik, L. J. (2006) · Ecosystems · doi:10.1007/s10021-006-0167-1 · Cited by 92
Operational sex ratio, sexual conflict and the intensity of sexual selection
Fitze, P. S., & Galliard, J. L. (2008) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01158.x · Cited by 92
“The combination of fast growth early in life with significant and predictable individual variation in body size among adults enabled us to assess the combined effects of age and size on sexual selection without the complication of strong colinearity between age and body size (Quinn & Keough 2002).”
BackgroundRole of phytoplankton in mercury cycling in the San Francisco Bay estuary
Luengen, A. C., & Flegal, A. R. (2009) · Limnology and Oceanography · doi:10.4319/lo.2009.54.1.0023 · Cited by 92
Gupta, G., Panwar, J., & Jha, P. N. (2013) · Applied Soil Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2012.12.016 · Cited by 92
Clapcott, J. E., Young, R. G., Goodwin, E., & Leathwick, J. R. (2010) · Freshwater Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2427.2010.02463.x · Cited by 92
Posidonia oceanica and Cymodocea nodosa seedling tolerance to wave exposure
Infantes, E., Orfila, A., Bouma, T. J., Simarro, G., & Terrados, J. (2011) · Limnology and Oceanography · doi:10.4319/lo.2011.56.6.2223 · Cited by 92
AMOUNT OR PATTERN? GRASSLAND RESPONSES TO THE HETEROGENEITY AND AVAILABILITY OF TWO KEY RESOURCES
Maestre, F. T., & Reynolds, J. F. (2007) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/06-0421 · Cited by 92
“0.914, P , 0.001 in all cases), a MANOVA analysis was preferred over individual ANOVAs on each variable (Quinn and Keough 2002).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialEckstein, R. L., O’NEILL, R. A., Danihelka, J., Otte, A., & Köhler, W. (2006) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2006.02944.x · Cited by 92
“The effects of species, region, and their interactions on the population size and on isolation (i.e. distance to the nearest conspecific population) were tested in a two-way fixed effect permutation analysis of variance (Quinn & Keough 2002).”
MethodGenetically Modified Organisms
Sybr Green, I. (2006) · FEBS Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2006.05274_3.x · Cited by 93
Relative abundance of an invasive alien plant affects native pollination processes
Dietzsch, A. C., Stanley, D. A., & Stout, J. C. (2011) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-011-1987-z · Cited by 91
Altering Light Availability to Restore Invaded Forest: The Predictive Role of Plant Traits
Funk, J. L., & McDaniel, S. (2009) · Restoration Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1526-100x.2008.00515.x · Cited by 91
“All terms were evaluated using the residual error as in Quinn and Keough (2002).”
MethodThe measurement of specific dynamic action in fishes
Chabot, D., Koenker, R. W., & Farrell, A. P. (2016) · Journal of Fish Biology · doi:10.1111/jfb.12836 · Cited by 92
“The ANOVA, however, is robust to this assumption © 2016 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, Journal of Fish Biology 2016, 88, 152–172 Journal of Fish Biology © 2016 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles when sample sizes and variances are equal (Quinn & Keough, 2002).”
MethodUnraveling the ecotoxicity of deep eutectic solvents using the mixture toxicity theory
Maçario, I. P. E., Jesus, F. T., Pereira, J. L., Ventura, S. P. M., Gonçalves, A. M. M., Coutinho, J. A. P., & Gonçalves, F. J. M. (2018) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.08.153 · Cited by 94
“Several statistic parameters were determined to allow comparison of the model-deviation fit (Jonker et al., 2005; Motulsky and Christopoulos, 2004; Quinn and Keough, 2002): r2 (coefficient of determination), RMSD (root-mean-square deviation), SSE (sum of squared errors), AIC (Akaike's information…”
MethodDobretsov, S., Dahms, H.-U., Huang, Y., Wahl, M., & Qian, P. (2007) · FEMS Microbiology Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2007.00285.x · Cited by 91
“The differences between the treatments and the control were determined by one-way ANOVA followed by a Dunnet posthoc test (Quinn & Keough 2002).”
MethodLongmore, C., Fogarty, K., NEAT, F. C., et al. (2010) · Environmental Biology of Fishes · doi:10.1007/s10641-010-9674-1 · Cited by 91
“Figure 3 Shape indices and Fourier coefficients were Log (x+1) transformed prior to multivariate analysis to reduce heterogeneity of the within-group variance– covariance matrices (Quinn and Keough 2002).”
MethodDeblois, C. P., Aranda‐Rodriguez, R., Giani, A., et al. (2007) · Toxicon · doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.10.017 · Cited by 91
Quality control in the analysis of lake sediments for spheroidal carbonaceous particles
Rose, N. L. (2008) · Limnology and Oceanography: Methods · doi:10.4319/lom.2008.6.172 · Cited by 92
An integrated model for snag and downed woody debris decay class transitions
Vanderwel, M. C., Malcolm, J. R., & Smith, S. M. (2006) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2006.06.020 · Cited by 91
“Type 3 Wald tests were used to assess the significance of these added terms (Quinn and Keough, 2002).”
MethodECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS OF MULTILEVEL ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
Qian, S. S., & Shen, Z. (2007) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/06-2041.1 · Cited by 90
DeFalco, L. A., Bryla, D. R., Smith‐Longozo, V., et al. (2003) · American Journal of Botany · doi:10.3732/ajb.90.7.1045 · Cited by 91
No place like home: an experimental comparison of reintroduction strategies using snakes
Roe, J. H., Frank, M. R., Gibson, S. E., et al. (2010) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01886.x · Cited by 91
“Statistical significance was accepted at the a £ 0Æ05 level except for multiple related comparisons, where the Dunn–Sidak method was applied to constrain the experiment-wide Type I error to 0Æ05 (Quinn & Keough 2002).”
MethodMichalczyk, Ł., Millard, A. L., Martin, O. Y., et al. (2010) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01174.x · Cited by 91
“…the number of males at which the fitness functions for femaleand male-biased females become significantly different (at P 0.05), we conducted the Johnson–Neyman procedure modified by Wilcox (1987) using a computer program (Wilcox.exe) written by A. Constable (Quinn and Keough 2002, pp. 351–352).”
MethodInfluentialLima, A. R. A., Barletta, M., da Costa, M. F., Ramos, J. A. A., Dantas, D. V., Melo, P. A. M. D. C., Justino, A. K. S., & Ferreira, G. V. B. (2015) · Journal of Fish Biology · doi:10.1111/jfb.12838 · Cited by 90
A null model algorithm for presence–absence matrices based on proportional resampling
Ulrich, W., & Gotelli, N. J. (2012) · Ecological Modelling · doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2012.06.030 · Cited by 87
Birds as mediators of passive restoration during early post-fire recovery
Cavallero, L., Raffaele, E., & Aizen, M. A. (2012) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2012.10.004 · Cited by 90
Decadal-scale changes in the community structure of coral reefs of St. John, US Virgin Islands
Edmunds, P. J. (2013) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps10424 · Cited by 90
Timing of seed dispersal and seed dormancy in Brazilian savanna: two solutions to face seasonality
Escobar, D. F. E., Silveira, F. A. O., & Morellato, L. P. C. (2018) · Annals of Botany · doi:10.1093/aob/mcy006 · Cited by 90
Thomsen, M. S., & McGlathery, K. J. (2006) · Biological Invasions · doi:10.1007/s10530-006-9043-3 · Cited by 90
“robust to variance heterogeneity for balanced designs with large sample sizes (Underwood 1997; Quinn and Keough 2002).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialRütting, T., & Müller, C. (2007) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2007.04.006 · Cited by 90
Brown, S. C., Versace, V. L., Laurenson, L. J. B., Ierodiaconou, D. A., Fawcett, J., & Salzman, S. (2011) · Environmental Modeling & Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10666-011-9289-8 · Cited by 89
“Traditionally, regression techniques have been limited to methods such as ordinary least squares (OLS) regression which is subject to some restrictive assumptions related to normality and variance distributions [43].”
BackgroundMethodResultJenkins, A., Jupiter, S. D., Qauqau, I., & Atherton, J. (2009) · Aquatic Conservation Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems · doi:10.1002/aqc.1086 · Cited by 94
Delgado‐Baquerizo, M., Maestre, F. T., Escolar, C., Gallardo, A., Ochoa, V., Gozalo, B., & Prado‐Comesaña, A. (2014) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2745.12303 · Cited by 93
Martins, G., Hawkins, S., Thompson, R. C., et al. (2007) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps329043 · Cited by 90
“The inclusion of covariates in the analysis increases its power when the relationship between the variable and the covariate is significant (Quinn & Keough 2002).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialEk‐Ramos, M. J., Zhou, W., Valencia, C. U., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066049 · Cited by 90
EVOLUTION OF MALE AND FEMALE GENITALIA FOLLOWING RELEASE FROM SEXUAL SELECTION
Cayetano, L., Maklakov, A. A., Brooks, R. C., & Russell Bonduriansky, A. (2011) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01309.x · Cited by 89
“Following logtransformation, each trait (including elytron length, which was used as the index of body size) was centred at a mean of zero to allow testing the main effects of selection treatments (Quinn and Keough 2002; Schielzeth 2010).”
MethodDrivers of waterbird communities and their declines on Yangtze River floodplain lakes
Jia, Q., Wang, X., Zhang, Y., Cao, L., & Fox, A. D. (2018) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2017.12.029 · Cited by 89
Baumann, J. H., Grottoli, A. G., Hughes, A. D., & Matsui, Y. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2014.09.017 · Cited by 90
“Bonferroni corrections 251 were not used due to increased likelihood of false negatives (Quinn and Keough 2002; 252 Moran 2003).”
MethodYee, D. A., Allgood, D. W., Kneitel, J. M., & Kuehn, K. A. (2012) · Journal of Medical Entomology · doi:10.1603/me11227 · Cited by 90
Sentinella, A. T., Crean, A. J., & Russell Bonduriansky, A. (2013) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2435.12104 · Cited by 90
“…Telostylinus angusticollis flies used in this experiment were derived from approximately 100 adult individuals collected from the trunks of Acacia longifolia trees in Fred Hollows Reserve, Sydney, and reared as large, outbred populations in the laboratory for 2–4 generations on standardized…”
MethodCarbon stocks of soil and vegetation on Danubian floodplains
Cierjacks, A., Kleinschmit, B., Babinsky, M., et al. (2010) · Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science · doi:10.1002/jpln.200900209 · Cited by 89
Change in climate and berry composition for grapevine varieties cultivated in the Loire Valley
Neethling, É., Barbeau, G., Bonnefoy, C., et al. (2012) · Climate Research · doi:10.3354/cr01094 · Cited by 89
Siddiky, M. R. K., Kohler, J., Cosme, M., & Rillig, M. C. (2012) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.03.001 · Cited by 88
Retention patches as potential refugia for bryophytes and lichens in managed forest landscapes
Perhans, K., Appelgren, L., Jonsson, F., Nordin, U., Söderström, B., & Gustafsson, L. (2009) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2008.12.033 · Cited by 89
Robinson, N. M., Leonard, S. W. J., Bennett, A. F., et al. (2014) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2014.01.008 · Cited by 89
Relative pollination effectiveness of floral visitors of Pitcairnia angustifolia (Bromeliaceae)
Fumero‐Cabán, J. J., & Meléndez‐Ackerman, E. (2007) · American Journal of Botany · doi:10.3732/ajb.94.3.419 · Cited by 89
How exotic plants integrate into pollination networks
Stouffer, D. B., Cirtwill, A. R., & Bascompte, J. (2014) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2745.12310 · Cited by 89
“To statistically compare species’ dependences, we used a binomial regression (Quinn & Keough 2002) with proportional visitation as the dependent variable and the plant species’ classification (as native or exotic) as the independent variable; this regression was performed separately for plants and…”
MethodViejo, R. M., Martínez, B. D. ‐., Arrontes, J., et al. (2010) · Ecography · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0587.2010.06365.x · Cited by 89
Hovenden, M. J., Newton, P. C. D., Carran, R. A., Theobald, P. W., Wills, K. E., Schoor, J. K. V., Williams, A. L., & Osanai, Y. (2008) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01558.x · Cited by 90
“Proportional data were transformed using the arc-sine transformation before analysis to stabilize variances (Quinn & Keough, 2002).”
MethodWahl, M., Link, H., Alexandridis, N., Thomason, J. C., Cifuentes, M., Costello, M. J., da Gama, B. A. P., Hillock, K., Hobday, A. J., Kaufmann, M., et al. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0019514 · Cited by 89
Garcı́a, D., Martínez, D., Stouffer, D. B., & Tylianakis, J. M. (2014) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2656.12237 · Cited by 87
Koper, N., Schmiegelow, F. K. A., & Merrill, E. H. (2007) · Landscape Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10980-007-9083-9 · Cited by 87
“Principal components analysis (PCA) may be useful for the analysis of collinear data (Quinn and Keough 2002).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialRobust methods for detecting a small island effect
Dengler, J. (2010) · Diversity and Distributions · doi:10.1111/j.1472-4642.2010.00646.x · Cited by 92
“Further, it enables the direct modelling of power laws and their variants, i.e. with S instead of log S as response variable (Quinn & Keough, 2002, p. 150).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPatterns of interventions and the effect of coalitions and sociality on male fitness
KULIK, L., Muniz, L., Mundry, R., & Widdig, A. (2011) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2011.05250.x · Cited by 87
“To check for the assumptions of each model we calculated the Variance Inflation Factors (VIF; Quinn & Keough 2002).”
MethodZaiko, A., Martínez, J. L., Schmidt-Petersen, J., Ribičić, D., Samuilovienė, A., & García‐Vázquez, E. (2015) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.01.008 · Cited by 93
“The Gower’s distance is considered robust enough for standardized data analysis, flexible and non-sensitive to missing observations and double zeros (Quinn and Keough, 2002; Anderson and Willis, 2003).”
BackgroundGarcı́a, D., Miñarro, M., & Martínez‐Sastre, R. (2017) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2017.11.034 · Cited by 94
Chapple, D. G., Simmonds, S. M., & Wong, B. B. M. (2011) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.22 · Cited by 88
Antunes, S. C., Castro, B. B., Pereira, R., et al. (2007) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.07.053 · Cited by 88
Effects of herbivores on a Posidonia oceanica seagrass meadow: importance of epiphytes
Tomás, F., Turón, X., & Romero, J. (2005) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps287115 · Cited by 88
“Therefore, corrected significance levels from Greenhouse-Geisser adjustment were used as recommended by Quinn & Keough (2002).”
BackgroundMethodBuehler, D. M., Bhola, N., Stanković, D., Goymann, W., Schwabl, I., Tieleman, B. I., & Piersma, T. (2008) · Physiological and Biochemical Zoology · doi:10.1086/588591 · Cited by 89
Egan, S. P., & Funk, D. J. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0909424106 · Cited by 89
Molino, P. J., Childs, S., Hubbard, M. R. E., et al. (2008) · Biofouling · doi:10.1080/08927010802592917 · Cited by 88
Gallucci, F., Moens, T., Vanreusel, A., et al. (2008) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps07537 · Cited by 88
“Experiments potentially provide the strongest test for existing hypotheses, but their validity may be constrained by the artificial manipulation of nature (Quinn & Keough 2002).”
BackgroundBanks, J. L., Ross, D. J., Keough, M. J., et al. (2012) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.01.033 · Cited by 88
Self-citationHovenden, M. J., Wills, K. E., Chaplin‐Kramer, R., et al. (2008) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01597.x · Cited by 88
“The frequency distribution of seed mass was analysed by three-factor ANOVA, with FACE, warming and seed mass class the three factors, following an arcsine transformation to correct for problems with proportional data (Quinn & Keough, 2002).”
MethodInter-oceanic analysis of demographic variation in a widely distributed Indo-Pacific coral reef fish
Trip, E. D. L., Choat, J., Wilson, D., et al. (2008) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps07755 · Cited by 88
“Variance components were calculated following Quinn & Keough (2002).”
MethodInfluentialGimeno, T. E., Camarero, J. J., Granda, E., et al. (2012) · Tree Physiology · doi:10.1093/treephys/tps011 · Cited by 88
Pyšek, P., Richardson, D. M., & Jaros̆ı́k, V. (2006) · SUNScholar (Stellenbosch University) · Cited by 88
Semi‐natural habitats mitigate the effects of temperature rise on wild bees
Papanikolaou, A. D., Kühn, I., Frenzel, M., & Schweiger, O. (2016) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2664.12763 · Cited by 86
Does Haplodiploidy Purge Inbreeding Depression in Rotifer Populations?
Tortajada, A. M., Carmona, M. J., & Serra, M. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008195 · Cited by 87
“In order to correct a putative effect of culture density on the levels of sexual reproduction, the following approach was used: (1) Robust regressions [65,66] between log R and the log number of males produced per F1 clone or the log number of diapausing eggs per F1 clone were performed for each population and type of…”
MethodA Bioinformatics Guide to Plant Microbiome Analysis
Lucaciu, C. R., Pelikan, C., Gerner, S. M., Zioutis, C., Köstlbacher, S., Marx, H., Herbold, C. W., Schmidt, H., & Rattei, T. (2019) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2019.01313 · Cited by 93
Travis, S. E., Marburger, J. E., Windels, S. K., & Kubátová, B. (2009) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2009.01596.x · Cited by 86
li, X., Perry, G. L. W., Brierley, G., et al. (2012) · Land Degradation and Development · doi:10.1002/ldr.2154 · Cited by 87
Experimental evidence of competitive release in sympatric carnivores
Trewby, I. D., Wilson, G., Delahay, R., Walker, N., Young, R., Davison, J., Cheeseman, C., Robertson, P., Gorman, M., & Mcdonald, R. (2008) · Biology Letters · doi:10.1098/rsbl.2007.0516 · Cited by 91
“(c) Statistical analysis Variance in fox densities was analysed by fitting a REML model to density estimates for each area in each year (Quinn & Keough 2002).”
MethodByrne, M., Prowse, T. A. A., Sewell, M. A., Dworjanyn, S. A., Williamson, J. E., & Vaïtilingon, D. (2008) · Marine Biology · doi:10.1007/s00227-008-1045-5 · Cited by 87
Carazo, P., Font, E., & Desfilis, E. (2007) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2007.02.011 · Cited by 87
Matias, M. G., Underwood, A. J., Hochuli, D. F., et al. (2010) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/09-1083.1 · Cited by 87
“Numbers of individuals had heterogeneous variances and were transformed using square root(x þ 1), which is appropriate for this type of data and removes the relationships between means and variances for Poisson-type variables (Sokal and Rohlf 1995, Underwood 1997, Quinn and Keough 2002).”
Perfect is best: low leaf fluctuating asymmetry reduces herbivory by leaf miners
Cornelissen, T., & STILING, P. D. (2004) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-004-1724-y · Cited by 87
TOP-DOWN HERBIVORY AND BOTTOM-UP EL NIÑO EFFECTS ON GALÁPAGOS ROCKY-SHORE COMMUNITIES
Vinueza, L., Branch, G., Branch, M. L., & Bustamante, R. (2006) · Ecological Monographs · doi:10.1890/04-1957 · Cited by 94
“However, provided the design is balanced, ANOVA is not generally affected when these assumptions are not met (Day and Quinn 1989), and graphical inspection of the data (Quinn and Keough 2002) indicated that the heterogeneity of variance was not sufficient to compromise the ANOVAs.”
BackgroundSperling, C. D., & Lortie, C. J. (2009) · Urban Ecosystems · doi:10.1007/s11252-009-0114-y · Cited by 88
Experimental Evidence that Amphibian Ranaviruses Are Multi-Host Pathogens
Schock, D. M., Bollinger, T. K., Chinchar, V. G., et al. (2008) · Copeia · doi:10.1643/cp-06-134 · Cited by 87
“In R. sylvatica and both populations of R. pipiens, significantly more mortality occurred in the FV3 treatments than the ATVDAL treatments (in all cases two-tailed Fisher’s Exact Test, df 5 1, P , 0.02).”
MethodInfluentialMaal‐Bared, R., Bartlett, K. H., Bowie, W., & Hall, E. R. (2012) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.106 · Cited by 87
Dupin, M., Reynaud, P., Jaros̆ı́k, V., Baker, R., Brunel, S., Eyre, D., Pergl, J., & Makowski, D. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020957 · Cited by 86
“The number of components retained for further analyses was determined by the eigenvalue equals one rule [50] and scree diagram [49] (p.”
BackgroundMethodDance Choreography Is Coordinated with Song Repertoire in a Complex Avian Display
Dalziell, A. H., Peters, R. A., Cockburn, A., Dorland, A. D., Maisey, A. C., & Magrath, R. D. (2013) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.05.018 · Cited by 87
Correia, B., Pintó‐Marijuan, M., Neves, L., Brossa, R., Dias, M. C., Costa, A., Castro, B. B., Araújo, C., Santos, C., Chaves, M. M., et al. (2013) · Physiologia Plantarum · doi:10.1111/ppl.12110 · Cited by 90
“Whenever an interaction between watering regime and time was found, a simple main effect analysis was carried out for watering regime at each sampling point (using the error term of the two-way ANOVA; Quinn and Keough 2002).”
MethodNorthward Shifts of the Distributions of Spanish Reptiles in Association with Climate Change
Moreno‐Rueda, G., Pleguezuelos, J. M., Pizarro, M., & Montori, A. (2011) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01793.x · Cited by 90
“In each statistical model, we used a Shapiro–Wilk test to examine whether the residuals were normally distributed (Quinn & Keough 2002).”
MethodHicks, C. C., McClanahan, T. R., Cinner, J. E., & Hills, J. M. (2009) · Ecology and Society · doi:10.5751/es-02712-140110 · Cited by 84
“Therefore, to determine interactions of the lower-value aspects of the TEV, a principle component analysis was run on the square-root transformed data (Clarke and Warwick 2000, Quinn and Keough 2002), with these three high values and associated social variables removed.”
MethodTide and wind control of megalopal supply to estuarine crab populations on the Portuguese west coast
Queiroga, H., Almeida, M., Alpuim, T., et al. (2006) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps307021 · Cited by 87
Sinclair, B. J., Terblanche, J. S., Scott, M. B., Blatch, G. L., Klok, C. J., & Chown, S. L. (2005) · Journal of Insect Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2005.09.002 · Cited by 90
Assessment of ecological effects due to forest harvesting: approaches and statistical issues
Bennett, L. T., & Adams, M. A. (2004) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.0021-8901.2004.00924.x · Cited by 86
Chapurlat, E., Ågren, J., & Sletvold, N. (2015) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1111/nph.13555 · Cited by 88
Teixido, A. L., & Valladares, F. (2014) · Perspectives in Plant Ecology Evolution and Systematics · doi:10.1016/j.ppees.2014.02.002 · Cited by 86
“…and, additionally, including the term plant nested in species we are partialling out this effect and then we can focus on the variation of interest: species variation, air temperature variation and the interaction between these two fixed predictors (Littell et al., 1996; Quinn and Keough, 2002).”
BackgroundCabanne, G. S., Calderón, L., Trujillo‐Arias, N., et al. (2016) · Biological Journal of the Linnean Society · doi:10.1111/bij.12844 · Cited by 86
Functional diversity exhibits a diverse relationship with area, even a decreasing one
Karadimou, E., Kallimanis, A. S., Tsiripidis, I., & Dimopoulos, P. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep35420 · Cited by 87
Comeau, S., Cornwall, C. E., & McCulloch, M. T. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-08003-z · Cited by 89
Metadata
- Authors
- Quinn, G. P., & Keough, M. J.
- Affiliations
- Monash University (AU)
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- Venue
- Cambridge University Press eBooks
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press
- Published
- 2002-03-21
- OpenAlex
- W1489838709
- Cited by
- 10,674
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 200 · 2025: 218 · 2024: 239 · 2023: 250 · 2022: 275 · 2021: 394 · 2020: 448 · 2019: 430 · 2018: 446 · 2017: 473 · 2016: 528 · 2015: 625 · 2014: 763 · 2013: 719 · 2012: 675
- FWCI
- 50.52
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cambridge University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Applications
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Optimal Experimental Design Methods
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
- Keywords
- experimental design, statistical analysis, biology, hypothesis testing, Bayesian analysis, linear models, generalized linear models, logistic regression, analysis of variance, repeated measures, log-linear models, multivariate analysis, classification, ordination, exploratory data analysis, assumption checking
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