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Experimental Design and Data Analysis for Biologists
Abstract
An essential textbook for any student or researcher in biology needing to design experiments, sample programs or analyse the resulting data. The text begins with a revision of estimation and hypothesis testing methods, covering both classical and Bayesian philosophies, before advancing to the analysis of linear and generalized linear models. Topics covered include linear and logistic regression, simple and complex ANOVA models (for factorial, nested, block, split-plot and repeated measures and covariance designs), and log-linear models. Multivariate techniques, including classification and ordination, are then introduced. Special emphasis is placed on checking assumptions, exploratory data analysis and presentation of results. The main analyses are illustrated with many examples from published papers and there is an extensive reference list to both the statistical and biological literature. The book is supported by a website that provides all data sets, questions for each chapter and links to software.
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“VIFs did not reveal collinearity problems, as indicated by the largest value being <4 (51) (event model 2.59; anticipation model 2.43; defection model 1.98; intergroup conflict type model 2.74; persistence model 2.03; reduced event model 2.72).”
From Oxytocin reactivity during intergroup conflict in wild chimpanzees (2017) · cites this paper as [51]
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Ieno, E. N., Solan, M., Batty, P., & Pierce, G. J. (2006) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps311263 · Cited by 176
“…were not violated; normality was assessed by plotting theoretical quantiles versus standardised residuals (Q-Q plots), homogeneity of variance was evaluated by plotting residuals versus fitted values, and influential datapoints were identified using Cook’s distance (Quinn & Keough 2002).”
MethodAnalysis of variance with unbalanced data: an update for ecology & evolution
Hector, A., von Felten, S., & Schmid, B. (2009) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2009.01634.x · Cited by 177
“Quinn & Keough (2002) recommend them for similar reasons because, ‘most biologists would probably prefer their hypotheses to be independent of the cell sample sizes’.”
Zarei, M., Hempel, S., Wubet, T., et al. (2010) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2010.04.017 · Cited by 176
Sandring, S., & Ågren, J. (2009) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00624.x · Cited by 177
“In this study, traits selected to characterize phenology of flowering, floral display, and plant size were moderately correlated in both years (see below), but in no model did variance inflation factors exceed 2, indicating that collinearity was not a serious problem (Quinn and Keough 2002).”
BackgroundLevin, L. A., Ziebis, W., Mendoza, G., et al. (2003) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps265123 · Cited by 176
“For both univariate and multivariate tests we decided not to employ corrections to experimentwise alpha for multiple testing since tests represent separate and clearly defined hypotheses (Quinn & Keough 2002, Hurlbert & Lombardi 2003).”
MethodEffects of salinity and water temperature on the ecological performance of Zostera marina
Nejrup, L. B., & Pedersen, M. F. (2007) · Aquatic Botany · doi:10.1016/j.aquabot.2007.10.006 · Cited by 173
Leaf Mass Loss Estimated by Litter Bag Technique
Bärlocher, F. (2005) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/1-4020-3466-0_6 · Cited by 175
Genetic mapping of adaptation reveals fitness tradeoffs in Arabidopsis thaliana
Ågren, J., Oakley, C. G., McKay, J., Lovell, J. T., & Schemske, D. W. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1316773110 · Cited by 173
“that collinearity of independent variables was not strong (55).”
BackgroundSite use of grazing cattle and sheep in a large-scale pasture landscape: A GPS/GIS assessment
Putfarken, D., Dengler, J., Lehmann, S. A., et al. (2007) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2007.05.012 · Cited by 173
“When they markedly deviated, we applied the one transformation (log, square root, cube root, fourth root, arcsin) that resulted in the best approximation to the normal distribution (cf. Quinn and Keough, 2002).”
MethodKuo, E. S. L., & Sanford, E. (2009) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps08102 · Cited by 176
“The restricted maximum likelihood (REML) method in JMP was used for the ANOVA, since this method provides more reliable estimates of variance in unbalanced designs (Quinn & Keough 2002).”
MethodLaughter in Conversation: Features of Occurrence and Acoustic Structure
Vettin, J., & Todt, D. (2004) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1023/b:jonb.0000023654.73558.72 · Cited by 177
Forrest, J. R. K., Inouye, D. W., & Thomson, J. D. (2010) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/09-0099.1 · Cited by 172
“BrayCurtis distances are more appropriate than Euclidean distances for species abundance data in which shared zeroes ( joint species absences) are common but not necessarily informative (Quinn and Keough 2002).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialLjunggren, L., Sandström, A., Bergström, U., et al. (2010) · ICES Journal of Marine Science · doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsq109 · Cited by 172
“We selected the best subset of explanatory variables for the time-series of perch recruitment (1992–2005) using Mallow’s Cp, including all factorial interactions of all variables (Quinn and Keough, 2002; Statistica 8.0, General Regression Module).”
MethodInfluentialRonco, A. E., Marino, D. J. G., Abelando, M. I., Almada, P., & Apartı́n, C. (2016) · Environmental Monitoring and Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10661-016-5467-0 · Cited by 172
Xylem phenology and wood production: resolving the chicken‐or‐egg dilemma
Lupi, C., Morin, H., Deslauriers, A., et al. (2010) · Plant Cell & Environment · doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2010.02176.x · Cited by 171
Faecal density counts for monitoring changes in red fox numbers in rural Britain
Webbon, C. C., Baker, P. J., & HARRIS, S. (2004) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.0021-8901.2004.00930.x · Cited by 176
Seasonal not annual rainfall determines grassland biomass response to carbon dioxide
Hovenden, M. J., Newton, P. C. D., & Wills, K. E. (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature13281 · Cited by 171
Assessing stress in animal populations: Do fecal and plasma glucocorticoids tell the same story?
Sheriff, M. J., Krebs, C. J., & Boonstra, R. (2010) · General and Comparative Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2009.12.017 · Cited by 178
“If these assumptions were not met the data were log-transformed (x + 1) (Quinn and Keough, 2003).”
BackgroundPiggott, J. J., Salis, R. K., Lear, G., Townsend, C. R., & Matthaei, C. D. (2014) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.12661 · Cited by 171
“As interpretable main factor effects (i.e. where the main effect size was larger than higher-order interaction effect sizes; Quinn & Keough, 2002) nutrients, sediment and temperature respectively affected 45%, 90% and 45% of all response variables.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDAILY SURVIVAL RATES AND DISPERSAL OF AEDES AEGYPTI FEMALES IN RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL
Maciel‐de‐Freitas, R., Codeço, C. T., & Lourenço‐de‐Oliveira, R. (2007) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2007.76.659 · Cited by 169
“The GEE model was fitted, assuming an exchangeable correlation structure.(32) In all analyzes, dispersal distances were log-transformed, because this variable presented nonnormal distribution.”
MethodData-based identifiability analysis of non-linear dynamical models
Hengl, S., Kreutz, C., Timmer, J., & Maiwald, T. (2007) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btm382 · Cited by 166
“However, available data-based approaches for a posteriori identifiability analysis of non-linear models, like multivariate regression, require prior knowledge concerning explicit linear or nonlinear functional relations (Quinn and Keough, 2002; Seber and Wild, 1988).”
Bacterial communities are sensitive indicators of contaminant stress
Sun, M. Y., Dafforn, K. A., Brown, M. V., & Johnston, E. L. (2012) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.01.035 · Cited by 168
Impacts of fine sediment addition to tussock, pasture, dairy and deer farming streams in New Zealand
Matthaei, C. D., Weller, F. G., Kelly, D., & Townsend, C. R. (2006) · Freshwater Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2427.2006.01643.x · Cited by 167
Coral Energy Reserves and Calcification in a High-CO2 World at Two Temperatures
Schoepf, V., Grottoli, A. G., Warner, M. E., Cai, W., Melman, T. F., Hoadley, K. D., Pettay, D. T., Hu, X., Li, Q., Xu, H., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0075049 · Cited by 173
“Bonferroni corrections were not applied [73,74], therefore significant model p-values .”
BackgroundAzhar, B., Lindenmayer, D. B., Wood, J. T., Fischer, J., Manning, A. D., McElhinny, C., & Zakaria, M. (2011) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2011.08.026 · Cited by 169
Taylor, S. L., Roberts, S. C., Walsh, C. J., & Hatt, B. E. (2004) · Freshwater Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2427.2004.01225.x · Cited by 167
“Heterogeneity of slopes in relationships between benthic light and chl a was assessed by testing the three interaction terms combined (stream · light, substratum · light and stream · substratum · light) against the residual mean square (Quinn & Keough, 2002).”
MethodHird, S. M., Carstens, B. C., Cardiff, S. W., Dittmann, D. L., & Brumfield, R. T. (2014) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.321 · Cited by 169
“Stress values >0.3 should not be considered valid whereas values 0.2 can be considered a good representation of the data (Quinn & Keough, 2002).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe effect of fish and aquatic habitat complexity on amphibians
Hartel, T., Nemes, S., Cogǎlniceanu, D., Öllerer, K., Schweiger, O., Moga, C., & Demeter, L. (2007) · Hydrobiologia · doi:10.1007/s10750-006-0490-8 · Cited by 186
Review of approaches to evaluate the effectiveness of weed biological control agents
Morin, L., Reid, A. M., Sims-Chilton, N. M., et al. (2009) · Biological Control · doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2009.05.017 · Cited by 167
Determinants of native and alien species richness in the urban flora of Rome
Celesti‐Grapow, L., Pyšek, P., Jaros̆ı́k, V., et al. (2006) · Diversity and Distributions · doi:10.1111/j.1366-9516.2006.00282.x · Cited by 167
“Using the standardized values, collinearity was checked by a matrix of correlation coefficients, and then by calculating tolerance values, using the regression of the explanatory variable in question against all the remaining explanatory variables in the model (Quinn & Keough, 2002: p. 128).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCharacterizing sclerophylly: the mechanical properties of a diverse range of leaf types
Read, J., & Sanson, G. D. (2003) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00855.x · Cited by 169
Delgado‐Baquerizo, M., Maestre, F. T., Eldridge, D. J., Bowker, M. A., Ochoa, V., Gozalo, B., Berdugo, M., Val, J., & Singh, B. K. (2015) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1111/nph.13688 · Cited by 170
“We examined the effects of biocrusts on multifunctionality and on each individual function evaluated by conducting a nested ANOVA, with microsite (biocrust-forming mosses and bare ground) as a fixed factor and site as a random factor nested within microsite (Quinn & Keough, 2002).”
Cabanne, G. S., dos Santos, F. R., & Miyaki, C. Y. (2007) · Biological Journal of the Linnean Society · doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2007.00775.x · Cited by 166
“The matrix of geographical location was constructed as a dummy variable (Quinn & Keough, 2002) that indicated whether each pair of localities were within the same main geographical region (north-western Minas Gerais plus southern Bahia, south-eastern Minas Gerais plus southern Rio de Janeiro, and…”
MethodRelative Humidity Effects on the Life History of Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae)
Holmes, L. A., VanLaerhoven, S. L., & Tomberlin, J. K. (2012) · Environmental Entomology · doi:10.1603/en12054 · Cited by 166
“Alpha values were adjusted using the DunnÐSidak procedure to correct for type I error as a result of multiple comparisons (Quinn and Keough 2002).”
MethodWang, Y. P., Li, X. G., Zhu, J., Fan, C. Y., Kong, X. J., Turner, N. C., Siddique, K. H. M., & Li, F. (2016) · Agricultural and Forest Meteorology · doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2016.01.142 · Cited by 165
Flombaum, P., & Sala, O. E. (2006) · Journal of Arid Environments · doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2006.09.008 · Cited by 165
“We forced equations through zero because (i) without cover there is no biomass, (ii) the sampling included the no cover-no biomass point for all species and life forms, and (iii) intercept terms were not statistically different from 0 (Quinn and Keough, 2002).”
MethodPredicting xylem phenology in black spruce under climate warming
Rossi, S., Morin, H., Deslauriers, A., et al. (2010) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02191.x · Cited by 165
“Fitting verification included w2 of the likelihood ratio, Wald’s w2 for regression parameter and goodness of fit, Hosmer–Lemeshow Ĉ for eventual lack of fit (Quinn & Keough, 2002).”
MethodStand structure in eastside old-growth ponderosa pine forests of Oregon and northern California
Youngblood, A. P., Max, T. A., & Coe, K. (2004) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2004.05.056 · Cited by 165
“Assumptions of normality and equal variances were tested graphically (Quinn and Keough, 2002).”
Jung, K., & Kalko, E. K. V. (2010) · Journal of Mammalogy · doi:10.1644/08-mamm-a-313r.1 · Cited by 177
Diversity of native and exotic birds across an urban gradient in a New Zealand city
van Heezik, Y., Smyth, A., & Mathieu, R. (2008) · Landscape and Urban Planning · doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2008.06.004 · Cited by 164
Ferreira, G. V. B., Barletta, M., Lima, A. R. A., Morley, S. A., Justino, A. K. S., & da Costa, M. F. (2018) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.095 · Cited by 171
INTERTIDAL MUSSELS EXHIBIT ENERGETIC TRADE-OFFS BETWEEN REPRODUCTION AND STRESS RESISTANCE
Petes, L. E., Menge, B. A., & Harris, A. L. (2008) · Ecological Monographs · doi:10.1890/07-0605.1 · Cited by 161
Comeau, S., Edmunds, P. J., Spindel, N. B., & Carpenter, R. C. (2014) · Limnology and Oceanography · doi:10.4319/lo.2014.59.3.1081 · Cited by 165
Relyea, R. A. (2012) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1890/11-0189.1 · Cited by 163
“…could not be improved by any transformation, but analyses of variance are robust to such violations when the data are balanced and independent (Quinn and Keough 2002), particularly when the largest variance is not more than four times larger than the smallest variance (which was the case for…”
Dréanno, C., Matsumura, K., Dohmae, N., et al. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0602763103 · Cited by 163
“For statistical analyses (41), percentage values were arcsinetransformed.”
BackgroundAsadi‐Eydivand, M., Solati‐Hashjin, M., Farzad, A., & Osman, N. A. A. (2015) · Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing · doi:10.1016/j.rcim.2015.06.005 · Cited by 161
Dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) can improve soil hydrological properties
Brown, J., Scholtz, C. H., Janeau, J., Grellier, S., & Podwojewski, P. (2010) · Applied Soil Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2010.05.010 · Cited by 171
Spatial Heterogeneity Regulates Plant-Pollinator Networks across Multiple Landscape Scales
Moreira, E. F., Bôscolo, D., & Viana, B. F. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0123628 · Cited by 156
“Gaussian distributions were adopted for the other continuous dependent variables [41].”
MethodSletvold, N., Grindeland, J. M., & Ågren, J. (2010) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03296.x · Cited by 161
PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE EVOLUTIONARY CORRELATION USING LIKELIHOOD
Revell, L. J., & Collar, D. C. (2009) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00616.x · Cited by 160
“If, alternatively, we were to explore several different hypotheses for evolutionary heterogeneity for a given dataset, then we should also control for experiment-wise type I error using an appropriate procedure for multiple test correction (see Sokal and Rohlf 1995; Quinn and Keough 2002).”
MethodWang, Y. P., Li, X. G., Fu, T., Wang, L., Turner, N. C., Siddique, K. H. M., & Li, F. (2016) · Agricultural and Forest Meteorology · doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2016.06.016 · Cited by 161
Buehler, D. M., Piersma, T., Matson, K. D., et al. (2008) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/592865 · Cited by 160
“This approach allowed us to incorporate the nested and repeated-measures design of our experiment (bird within cage within treatment, individual birds sampled monthly) and to include all individuals, even those with missing values (Quinn and Keough 2002).”
Energy and the Scaling of Animal Space Use
Tamburello, N., Côté, I. M., & Dulvy, N. K. (2015) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/682070 · Cited by 163
“In our log-log models, the intercepts lie outside the range of the data (at Mp 1 g) and are hence correlated with the slope (Quinn and Keough 2002; Anderson-Teixeira et al. 2009).”
BackgroundBaker, P. J., Molony, S. E., Stone, E., et al. (2008) · Ibis · doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.2008.00836.x · Cited by 159
“Due to the large number of statistical tests performed, the overall level of significance was adjusted using the Dunn–Sidak procedure for multiple tests to control for Type I errors (Quinn & Keough 2002).”
MethodZooplanktivory ameliorates the effects of ocean acidification on the reef coral Porites spp
Edmunds, P. J. (2011) · Limnology and Oceanography · doi:10.4319/lo.2011.56.6.2402 · Cited by 170
“250 (Quinn and Keough 2002). Biomass and Symbiodinium content were analyzed with a three-way ANOVA using temperature, pCO2, and feeding as fixed effects. The statistical assumptions of normality and equal variance were evaluated through graphical analyses of residuals, and all analyses were completed with Systat 9 sof…”
MethodDiving seabirds share foraging space and time within and among species
Masello, J. F., Mundry, R., Poisbleau, M., Demongin, L., Voigt, C. C., Wikelski, M. C., & Quillfeldt, P. (2010) · Ecosphere · doi:10.1890/es10-00103.1 · Cited by 159
“To check for collinearity, we determined Variance Inflation v www.esajournals.org 27 December 2010 v Volume 1(6) v Article 19 Factors (VIF, Quinn and Keough 2002, Field 2005) for each predictor variable (with species being included as a set of three dummy coded variables) using a self-written…”
MethodBaudier, K. M., Mudd, A. E., Erickson, S. C., & O’Donnell, S. (2015) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2656.12388 · Cited by 158
City-wide relationships between green spaces, urban land use and topography
Davies, R. G., Barbosa, O., Fuller, R. A., Tratalos, J. A., Burke, N., Lewis, D., Warren, P. H., & Gaston, K. J. (2008) · Urban Ecosystems · doi:10.1007/s11252-008-0062-y · Cited by 158
“Tolerance levels (1−R2) were also estimated in order to assess the extent of collinearity among predictor variables (Quinn and Keough 2002) used in the modelling of availability of urban green space (see below).”
MethodStefano, J. D. (2003) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2435.2003.00782.x · Cited by 160
Turnover in an amphibian metacommunity: the role of local and regional factors
Werner, E. E., Yurewicz, K. L., Skelly, D. K., et al. (2007) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/j.0030-1299.2007.16039.x · Cited by 159
A comparative test of phylogenetic diversity indices
Schweiger, O., Klotz, S., Durka, W., & Kühn, I. (2008) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-008-1082-2 · Cited by 161
Is the patch size distribution of vegetation a suitable indicator of desertification processes?
Maestre, F. T., & Escudero, A. (2009) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/08-2096.1 · Cited by 156
“We retained all the PCA components that had eigenvalues greater than one (Quinn and Keough 2002) and evaluated their relationships with the original variables using correlation analysis.”
MethodScrosati, R. A., & Heaven, C. (2007) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps342001 · Cited by 155
“We tested normality within cells with Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests and homogeneity of variance among cells with Levene’s tests (Quinn & Keough 2002).”
MethodThe role of root decomposition in global mangrove and saltmarsh carbon budgets
Ouyang, X., Lee, S. Y., & Connolly, R. M. (2017) · Earth-Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.01.004 · Cited by 161
“All values are lower than 3, suggesting no collinearity problem (Quinn & Keough, 2002).”
BackgroundMethodClinician versus machine: Reliability and responsiveness of motor endpoints in Parkinson's disease
Heldman, D. A., Espay, A. J., LeWitt, P. A., & Giuffrida, J. P. (2014) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2014.02.022 · Cited by 156
“Tukey's HSD test was chosen to correct for the experiment-wise error rate from making multiple comparisons [30].”
MethodPHYLOGENY AND METABOLIC SCALING IN MAMMALS
Capellini, I., Venditti, C., & Barton, R. A. (2010) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/09-0817.1 · Cited by 157
“We examined plots of residuals on predicted values to check for possible nonlinearity in the data (Quinn and Keough 2002) and also tested whether a PGLSk quadratic model provided a better fit to the data.”
BackgroundMethodMenge, B., & Menge, D. (2013) · Ecological Monographs · doi:10.1890/12-1706.1 · Cited by 154
Human impacts and the global distribution of extinction risk
Davies, R. G., Orme, C., Olson, V., Thomas, G. H., Ross, S. G., Ding, T.-S., Rasmussen, P. C., Stattersfield, A., Bennett, P. M., Blackburn, T. M., et al. (2006) · Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3551 · Cited by 164
Genetic control of branching in foxtail millet
Doust, A. N., Devos, K. M., Gadberry, M. D., Gale, M. D., & Kellogg, E. A. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0402892101 · Cited by 153
“In doing so, the variance associated with the covariate was removed from the analysis of tb1 vs. the trait of interest (13, 27).”
Barletta, M., Amaral, C. S., Corrêa, M. F. M., et al. (2008) · Journal of Fish Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2008.02005.x · Cited by 156
Huber, D. R., Eason, T. G., Hueter, R. E., et al. (2005) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.01816 · Cited by 156
“Studentized residuals were saved from each regression for subsequent analysis (Quinn and Keough, 2002).”
MethodFactors controlling the abiotic photo-degradation of monomethylmercury in surface waters
Black, F. J., Poulin, B. A., & Flegal, A. R. (2012) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2012.01.019 · Cited by 155
Wenninger, E. J., Stelinski, L. L., & Hall, D. G. (2009) · Environmental Entomology · doi:10.1603/022.038.0128 · Cited by 155
“…individuals that entered the Y-tube and the proportion of individuals that called during the assay among the LED treatments, we ran (separately for males and females) a 2 by 4 2 test orÑfor cases in which the expected count within one or more cells was 5Ña Fisher exact test (Quinn and Keough 2002).”
Comeau, S., Carpenter, R. C., & Edmunds, P. J. (2013) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.2374 · Cited by 154
Complementary use by vertebrates of crossing structures along a fenced Spanish motorway
Mata, C., Hervás, I., Herranz, J., et al. (2005) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2005.01.044 · Cited by 154
“Note that data for people, vehicles and livestock herds are total numbers (in directly by the MANCOVA, while the influence of each of the covariates was evaluated using the t statistic applied to the beta coefficient of the vector of the geometric sum of its components x, y, z (Quinn and Keough, 2002).”
MethodHanke, W., Böhner, J., Dreber, N., Jürgens, N., Schmiedel, U., Wesuls, D., & Dengler, J. (2014) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1890/13-0377.1 · Cited by 153
“In such a situation, the only way to attribute detected differences to grazing regime is to check for differences in other factors that, according to ecological knowledge, could influence plant diversity (see Quinn and Keough 2002, p. 160).”
BackgroundNegassa, W. C., Guber, A. K., Kravchenko, A., Marsh, T. L., Hildebrandt, B., & Rivers, M. L. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0123999 · Cited by 159
“This result is consistent with multiple previous reports of no differences in native C mineralization in soil samples where pore size distributions were modified by applying either sieving, dispersion, or different levels of soil compaction [31, 32, 68, 76, 77].”
MethodResultThornton, D. H., Branch, L. C., & Sunquist, M. E. (2010) · Landscape Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10980-010-9549-z · Cited by 159
“The power of statistical tests to find a significant effect of a variable is related to sample size (Quinn and Keough 2002).”
BackgroundBella, V. D., Bazzanti, M., & Chiarotti, F. (2005) · Aquatic Conservation Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems · doi:10.1002/aqc.743 · Cited by 153
Snape, I., Scouller, R. C., Stark, S. C., Stark, J. S., Riddle, M. J., & Gore, D. B. (2004) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.05.042 · Cited by 165
Evans, J. P., & Marshall, D. J. (2005) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2005.tb00898.x · Cited by 153
Fröhlich, M., Kuchenbuch, P., Müller, G., Fruth, B., Furuichi, T., Wittig, R. M., & Pika, S. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep25887 · Cited by 159
GLOBAL CHANGE SHIFTS VEGETATION AND PLANT–PARASITE INTERACTIONS IN A BOREAL MIRE
Wiedermann, M. M., Nordin, A., Gunnarsson, U., et al. (2007) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/05-1823 · Cited by 152
“The number of contacts with E. vaginatum, A. polifolia, and V. oxycoccos was recorded and referred to as alive or dead.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMiller, J. A. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2011.05.017 · Cited by 153
Jonsell, M., Hansson, J., & Wedmo, L. (2007) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2007.04.003 · Cited by 152
BIRDS IN AGRICULTURAL MOSAICS: THE INFLUENCE OF LANDSCAPE PATTERN AND COUNTRYSIDE HETEROGENEITY
Haslem, A., & Bennett, A. F. (2008) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1890/07-0692.1 · Cited by 151
“Examination of the tolerance levels for the resulting residual values of all variables indicated that any collinearity remaining between mosaic variables was minimal (all tolerances .0.1) (Quinn and Keough 2002).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialEcosystem properties determined by plant functional group identity
McLaren, J. R., & Turkington, R. (2010) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2009.01630.x · Cited by 151
“An analysis of covariance, however, assumes that the covariate has the same distribution for all groups, and therefore should not be used as a correction for different values of the covariate for the different treatments (Quinn & Keough 2002).”
MethodNature Conservation and Nature-Based Tourism: A Paradox?
Wolf, I. D., Croft, D. B., & Green, R. J. (2019) · Environments · doi:10.3390/environments6090104 · Cited by 178
Janmaat, K. R. L., Ban, S. D., & Boesch, C. (2013) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.09.021 · Cited by 161
“We controlled for multiple testing by using Fisher’s omnibus test, combining the P values from the different tests (three likelihood ratio tests, one ANOVA and one Welch’s t test; Haccou & Meelis 1994; Quinn & Keough 2002).”
MethodElucidating the nutritional dynamics of fungi using stable isotopes
Mayor, J. R., Schuur, E. A. G., & Henkel, T. W. (2008) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01265.x · Cited by 151
A unified analysis of niche overlap incorporating data of different types
Geange, S. W., Pledger, S., Burns, K. C., & Shima, J. (2010) · Methods in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1111/j.2041-210x.2010.00070.x · Cited by 150
On misinterpretations of pseudoreplication and related matters: a reply to Oksanen
Hurlbert, S. H. (2004) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.12752.x · Cited by 149
“…sacrificial pseudoreplication may actually be on the rise: there are now at least three books (Hairston 1989:33ff, Underwood 1997:268ff, Quinn and Keough 2002:260ff) that, in their discussions of ''pooling'', essentially recommend sacrificial pseudoreplication when tests for…”
BackgroundArmando, M. R., Pizzolitto, R. P., Dogi, C. A., Cristofolini, A., Merkis, C., Poloni, V., Dalcero, A. M., & Cavaglieri, L. R. (2012) · Journal of Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05331.x · Cited by 149
“Means were compared using the Fisher’s protected LSD test (Quinn and Keough 2002).”
MethodSynergistic effects of reserves and connectivity on ecological resilience
Olds, A. D., Pitt, K. A., Maxwell, P., & Connolly, R. M. (2012) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.1111/jpe.12002 · Cited by 149
“Therefore, we reduced a to 0 025 to limit possibility of Type Ι errors and minimize effects on Type ΙΙ error, whilst ensuring that marginal results were interpreted cautiously (Quinn & Keough 2002).”
BackgroundTEMPORAL VARIANCE REVERSES THE IMPACT OF HIGH MEAN INTENSITY OF STRESS IN CLIMATE CHANGE EXPERIMENTS
Benedetti‐Cecchi, L., Bertocci, I., Vaselli, S., & Maggi, E. (2006) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[2489:tvrtio]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 154
“(GLMs) (Liang and Zeger 1986, Quinn and Keough 2002).”
BackgroundGross vs. net income: How plant toughness affects performance of an insect herbivore
Clissold, F. J., Sanson, G. D., Read, J., & Simpson, S. J. (2009) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/09-0130.1 · Cited by 149
Schrijver, A. D., Frenne, P. D., Staelens, J., Verstraeten, G., Muys, B., Vesterdal, L., Wuyts, K., Nevel, L. V., Schelfhout, S., Neve, S. D., et al. (2011) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02572.x · Cited by 154
“To detect possible multicollinearity (Graham, 2003) between the different predictor variables, variance inflation factors (VIF) were calculated according to Quinn & Keough (2002).”
MethodGlover, H. K., Weston, M. A., Maguire, G. S., et al. (2011) · Landscape and Urban Planning · doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.08.006 · Cited by 150
The marine fish food web is globally connected
Albouy, C. P., Archambault, P., Appeltans, W., Araújo, M. B., Beauchesne, D., Cazelles, K., Cirtwill, A. R., Fortin, M., Galiana, N., Leroux, S., et al. (2019) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-019-0950-y · Cited by 158
Local‐scale synchrony and variability in mast seed production patterns ofPicea glauca
LaMontagne, J. M., & Boutin, S. A. (2007) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2007.01266.x · Cited by 150
“Under these circumstances Spearman correlation is a more robust test (Quinn & Keough 2002).”
Method
Metadata
- Authors
- Quinn, G. P., & Keough, M. J.
- Affiliations
- Monash University (AU)
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- Venue
- Cambridge University Press eBooks
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press
- Published
- 2002-03-21
- OpenAlex
- W1489838709
- Cited by
- 10,674
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 200 · 2025: 218 · 2024: 239 · 2023: 250 · 2022: 275 · 2021: 394 · 2020: 448 · 2019: 430 · 2018: 446 · 2017: 473 · 2016: 528 · 2015: 625 · 2014: 763 · 2013: 719 · 2012: 675
- FWCI
- 50.52
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cambridge University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Applications
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Optimal Experimental Design Methods
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
- Keywords
- experimental design, statistical analysis, biology, hypothesis testing, Bayesian analysis, linear models, generalized linear models, logistic regression, analysis of variance, repeated measures, log-linear models, multivariate analysis, classification, ordination, exploratory data analysis, assumption checking
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