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Experimental Design and Data Analysis for Biologists
Abstract
An essential textbook for any student or researcher in biology needing to design experiments, sample programs or analyse the resulting data. The text begins with a revision of estimation and hypothesis testing methods, covering both classical and Bayesian philosophies, before advancing to the analysis of linear and generalized linear models. Topics covered include linear and logistic regression, simple and complex ANOVA models (for factorial, nested, block, split-plot and repeated measures and covariance designs), and log-linear models. Multivariate techniques, including classification and ordination, are then introduced. Special emphasis is placed on checking assumptions, exploratory data analysis and presentation of results. The main analyses are illustrated with many examples from published papers and there is an extensive reference list to both the statistical and biological literature. The book is supported by a website that provides all data sets, questions for each chapter and links to software.
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“VIFs did not reveal collinearity problems, as indicated by the largest value being <4 (51) (event model 2.59; anticipation model 2.43; defection model 1.98; intergroup conflict type model 2.74; persistence model 2.03; reduced event model 2.72).”
From Oxytocin reactivity during intergroup conflict in wild chimpanzees (2017) · cites this paper as [51]
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Armitage, A. R., Frankovich, T. A., Heck, K. L., & Fourqurean, J. W. (2005) · Estuaries · doi:10.1007/bf02693924 · Cited by 118
“…between site within region and N)j(i)l (interaction between site within region, P, and N)j(i)kl ijklm. is the overall mean, is the unexplained error, i, j, k, and l represent the levels within each factor, and m is the number of observations per site per nutrient treatment (Quinn and Keough 2002).”
BackgroundChenoweth, S. F., Rundle, H. D., & Blows, M. W. (2007) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/523946 · Cited by 120
“…fixed effects and population within treatment is a random effect, the interaction between sex and treatment, sitj, which is of interest when interpreting the evolution of sexual dimorphism, is tested for significance using sipk(j) as the F ratio denominator (Quinn and Keough 2002; Rencher 2002).”
BackgroundMethodMorphoTools: a set of R functions for morphometric analysis
Koutecký, P. (2014) · Plant Systematics and Evolution · doi:10.1007/s00606-014-1153-2 · Cited by 119
Ivey, C. T., & Carr, D. E. (2005) · American Journal of Botany · doi:10.3732/ajb.92.10.1641 · Cited by 119
“Our approach to constructing ANCOVA models followed that described by Quinn and Keough (2002) and Littel et al. (1996).”
BackgroundMethodGuillaume, A. S., Monro, K., & Marshall, D. J. (2015) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2435.12604 · Cited by 119
Coates, F., Lunt, I. D., & Tremblay, R. L. (2005) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2005.06.037 · Cited by 119
Warner, D. A., Lovern, M. B., & Shine, R. (2007) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.0105 · Cited by 119
“Analyses began with the full model including all interactions and we subsequently backwards eliminated factors, starting with higher order interactions, at p values of 0.25 (Quinn & Keough 2002).”
InfluentialVanderwel, M. C., Malcolm, J. R., Smith, S. M., et al. (2006) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2005.12.051 · Cited by 119
Natural variation in the response of Caenorhabditis elegans towards Bacillus thuringiensis
Schulenburg, H., & MÜLLER, S. (2004) · Parasitology · doi:10.1017/s003118200300461x · Cited by 119
“Multiple testing was accounted for by applying the Dunn-Sidak adjustment of significance levels (Sokal & Rohlf, 1995; Quinn & Keough, 2002).”
MethodLange, K. M., Townsend, C. R., & Matthaei, C. D. (2014) · Freshwater Biology · doi:10.1111/fwb.12437 · Cited by 118
Germination behaviour of 14 Mediterranean species in relation to fire factors: smoke and heat
Reyes, O., & Trabaud, L. (2008) · Plant Ecology · doi:10.1007/s11258-008-9532-9 · Cited by 118
“When there are significant interactions between two fixed factors, the main effects cannot be interpreted (Quinn and Keough 2002; Underwood 1997).”
BackgroundMiller, C. H., Ivanov, B., Sims, J. D., Compton, J., Harrison, K. J., Parker, K. A., Parker, J. L., & Averbeck, J. M. (2012) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2012.01438.x · Cited by 132
Reynard, L. M., & Tuross, N. (2014) · Journal of Archaeological Science · doi:10.1016/j.jas.2014.11.018 · Cited by 123
Maternal influences on population dynamics: evidence from an exploited freshwater fish
Venturelli, P., Murphy, C. A., Shuter, B. J., Johnston, T. A., de Groot, P. J. V. C., Boag, P. T., Casselman, J. M., Montgomerie, R., Wiegand, M. D., & Leggett, W. C. (2009) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/09-1218.1 · Cited by 121
“Regression diagnostics for both univar- iate and multiple regression models followed Quinn and Keough (2002).”
MethodWildlife uses and hunting patterns in rural communities of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico
Santos‐Fita, D., Naranjo, E. J., & Salazar, J. L. R. (2012) · Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine · doi:10.1186/1746-4269-8-38 · Cited by 118
“Poisson Generalized Linear Mixed Model (PGLMM) was used to test the effect of explanatory variables such as species and communities, and also to test oneway interaction terms between those explanatory variables or source of variation [55,56].”
MethodIt’s a trap: sampling bias due to animal personality is not always inevitable
Michelangeli, M., Wong, B. B. M., & Chapple, D. G. (2015) · Behavioral Ecology · doi:10.1093/beheco/arv123 · Cited by 118
Grüter, C., Segers, F. H. I. D., Menezes, C., Vollet-Neto, A., Falcón, T., Zuben, L. G. V., Bitondi, M. M. G., do Nascimento, F. S., & Almeida, E. A. B. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-016-0012-y · Cited by 118
Jarantow, S. W., Pisors, E. D., & Chiu, M. L. (2023) · Current Protocols · doi:10.1002/cpz1.801 · Cited by 142
“Relevant, comprehensive publications in biostatistics include an introductory handbook by McDonald (2014) designed for the biologist; canonical texts by Grimm (1979), Sokal and Rohlf (1995), and Zar (1999); as well as work emphasizing complex biological models by Quinn and Keough (2002).”
BackgroundPatterns of habitat utilization of small rodents in an area of Araucaria forest in Southern Brazil
DALMAGRO, A. D., & Vieira, E. M. (2005) · Austral Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1442-9993.2005.01447.x · Cited by 118
Saini, N., Jain, N., Jain, S., et al. (2004) · Euphytica · doi:10.1007/s10681-004-2510-y · Cited by 118
EARLY DETECTION OF EMERGING FOREST DISEASE USING DISPERSAL ESTIMATION AND ECOLOGICAL NICHE MODELING
Meentemeyer, R. K., Anacker, B. L., Mark, W. R., & Rizzo, D. M. (2008) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1890/07-1150.1 · Cited by 117
Vergés, A., Alcoverro, T., & Ballesteros, E. (2008) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps07778 · Cited by 122
“All data were checked for normality and equality of variances by visual inspection of scatterplots and distribution of residuals (Quinn & Keough 2002).”
MethodRemoving forest canopy cover restores a reptile assemblage
Pike, D. A., Webb, J. K., & Shine, R. (2010) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1890/09-2394.1 · Cited by 122
“A species with no distinct preference would have a contrast score overlapping zero (Quinn and Keough 2002).”
BackgroundMetabolic rate covaries with fitness and the pace of the life history in the field
Pettersen, A. K., White, C. R., & Marshall, D. J. (2016) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2016.0323 · Cited by 119
Growth hormone transgenic salmon pay for growth potential with increased predation mortality
Sundström, L. F., Lõhmus, M., Johnsson, J. I., et al. (2004) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rsbl.2004.0189 · Cited by 117
TRAIT‐MEDIATED EFFECTS ON FLOWERS: ARTIFICIAL SPIDERS DECEIVE POLLINATORS AND DECREASE PLANT FITNESS
Gonçalves‐Souza, T., de Omena, P. M., Souza, J. C., et al. (2008) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/07-1881.1 · Cited by 117
“In the experiments II and III, when the main effect differed statistically, we conducted planned comparisons (Quinn and Keough 2002) between ‘‘spider models’’ vs. ‘‘sphere þ control flowers’’ and between ‘‘sphere’’ vs. ‘‘control flowers’’ (experiment II), and between ‘‘spider modelsþ prosoma þ…”
Fecundity as a Basis for Risk Assessment of Nonindigenous Freshwater Molluscs
Keller, R. P., Drake, J. M., & Lodge, D. M. (2006) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00563.x · Cited by 117
“Instead, we used likelihood ratio tests to assess the null hypothesis that each natural-history character did not affect impact status (Quinn & Keough 2002).”
MethodChanges in climate extremes, variability and signature on sub-Antarctic Marion Island
le Roux, P. C., & McGeoch, M. A. (2007) · Climatic Change · doi:10.1007/s10584-007-9259-y · Cited by 128
Norling, P., & Kautsky, N. (2008) · Aquatic Biology · doi:10.3354/ab00096 · Cited by 117
“A power function was fitted by using a modified GaussNewton method (Quasi-Newton): Number of species = α (area)β in accordance to Quinn & Keough (2002).”
MethodExcluding access to invasion hubs can contain the spread of an invasive vertebrate
Florance, D., Webb, J. K., Dempster, T., et al. (2011) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.0032 · Cited by 116
The factors of Lifestyle of Health and Sustainability influencing pro-environmental buying behaviour
Pícha, K., & Navrátil, J. (2019) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.06.072 · Cited by 131
Downes, B. J. (2010) · Freshwater Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02377.x · Cited by 116
Environmental determinants of amphibian and reptile species richness in China
Qian, H., Wang, X., Wang, S., & Li, Y. (2007) · Ecography · doi:10.1111/j.0906-7590.2007.05025.x · Cited by 125
“We determined the relative importance of each explanatory variable in a regression model according to its partial coefficient of determination (Quinn and Keough 2002).”
MethodBoix, D., Gascón, S., Sala, J., et al. (2007) · Hydrobiologia · doi:10.1007/s10750-007-9221-z · Cited by 115
“The Welch statistic was used instead of an F-statistic, since scores had no variance homogeneity (Quinn & Keough, 2002).”
MethodEcological Opportunity in Adaptive Radiation of Galápagos Endemic Land Snails
Parent, C. E., & Crespi, B. J. (2009) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/646604 · Cited by 115
“Tolerance value for resource heterogeneity regressed on competition intensity ( ) was adequately high 2 tolerance p 1 (cid:1) R p 0.6 (Quinn and Keough 2002), and both variables could therefore be included in the regression models.”
InfluentialImpact of warming and drought on carbon balance related to wood formation in black spruce
Deslauriers, A., Beaulieu, M., Balducci, L., Giovannelli, A., Gagnon, M. J., & Rossi, S. (2014) · Annals of Botany · doi:10.1093/aob/mcu111 · Cited by 114
Ecological complexity buffers the impacts of future climate on marine consumers
Goldenberg, S. U., Nagelkerken, I., Marangon, E., Bonnet, A., Ferreira, C. M., & Connell, S. D. (2018) · Nature Climate Change · doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0086-0 · Cited by 113
Evaluation of Spectral Indices for Assessing Fire Severity in Australian Temperate Forests
Tran, B. N., Tanase, M. A., Bennett, L. T., & Aponte, C. (2018) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs10111680 · Cited by 122
“We chose the median as an estimator of central tendency because it is more robust and less affected by outliers and skewness than the mean [63].”
MethodSea lice removal by cleaner fish in salmon aquaculture: a review of the evidence base
Overton, K., Barrett, L., Oppedal, F., Kristiansen, T., & Dempster, T. (2019) · Aquaculture Environment Interactions · doi:10.3354/aei00345 · Cited by 112
ANTHROPOGENIC SUBSIDIES ALTER STREAM CONSUMER–RESOURCE STOICHIOMETRY, BIODIVERSITY, AND FOOD CHAINS
Singer, G. A., & Battin, T. J. (2007) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1890/06-0229 · Cited by 115
Kimbro, D. L., Grosholz, E. D., Baukus, A. J., Nesbitt, N. J., Travis, N. M., Attoe, S., & Coleman-Hulbert, C. (2009) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-009-1322-0 · Cited by 121
“Thus, this partial regression illustrates the variation of oyster mortality explained by invasive whelk density after accounting for the variation due to native whelk density (Quinn and Keough 2002).”
BackgroundGiovannelli, A., Deslauriers, A., Fragnelli, G., Scaletti, L., Castro, G., Rossi, S., & Crivellaro, A. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Botany · doi:10.1093/jxb/erm117 · Cited by 114
“D (df ¼ 2)] as the experimental unit, and tree (df ¼ 4) the error term for testing the treatment effect (Quinn and Keough, 2002).”
BackgroundMethodOxygen limitation and thermal tolerance in two terrestrial arthropod species
Stevens, M. M., Jackson, S., Bester, S. A., Terblanche, J. S., & Chown, S. L. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.040170 · Cited by 115
“Given that non-independence and nonlinearity of individual data points violate the assumptions of an THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY 2212 ordinary least squares linear regression (Quinn and Keough, 2002), we compared these methods with two further methods for estimating critical limits.”
MethodLichen diversity in temperate montane forests is influenced by forest structure more than climate
Moning, C., Werth, S., Dziock, F., et al. (2009) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2009.05.015 · Cited by 115
“As our raw data are count data, we selected Poisson error structures (Quinn and Keough, 2002).”
MethodStatistics explained: an introductory guide for life scientists
(2006) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.43-5941 · Cited by 115
Persson, A. S., Olsson, O., Rundlöf, M., & Smith, H. G. (2010) · Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2009.12.018 · Cited by 114
“The factors are interpreted through the loadings (correlations) they have on the original variables (Quinn and Keough, 2002).”
BackgroundMethodEffects of Forest Fragmentation on Seed Dispersal and Seedling Establishment in Ornithochorous Trees
Herrera, J. M., & Garcı́a, D. (2010) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01459.x · Cited by 114
Urquiza‐Haas, T., Peres, C. A., & Dolman, P. M. (2008) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2008.10.007 · Cited by 113
Automated classification of Persistent Scatterers Interferometry time series
Berti, M., Corsini, A., Franceschini, S., & Iannacone, J. P. (2013) · Natural hazards and earth system sciences · doi:10.5194/nhess-13-1945-2013 · Cited by 114
“…iscussion P aper | D iscussion P aper | D iscussion P aper | D iscussion P aper | (E) Equality of slopes The F-test for the equality of slopes (Quinn and Keough, 2002) is applied to a discontinuous time series (test D passed) to evaluate if there is a significant difference of velocity…”
MethodGassmann, A. J. (2012) · Journal of Invertebrate Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.jip.2012.04.006 · Cited by 113
Lethal control of an apex predator has unintended cascading effects on forest mammal assemblages
Colman, N. J., Gordon, C. E., Crowther, M. S., & Letnic, M. (2014) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.3094 · Cited by 116
“01)] [33,34].”
Eisenlohr, P. V., Alves, L. F., Bernacci, L. C., et al. (2013) · Biodiversity and Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10531-013-0553-x · Cited by 114
“After this procedure, no variables remaining with a variance inflation factor [10 (Quinn and Keough 2002), and we then chose the best model (lowest AICc—Corrected Akaike Information Criterion; Burnham and Anderson 2002).”
Bodmer, P., Heinz, M., PUSCH, M. T., Singer, G. A., & Premke, K. (2016) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.095 · Cited by 114
A case for beta regression in the natural sciences
Geissinger, E. A., Khoo, C. L. L., Richmond, I. C., Faulkner, S. J. M., & Schneider, D. C. (2022) · Ecosphere · doi:10.1002/ecs2.3940 · Cited by 119
Effects of egg yolk testosterone on growth and immunity in a precocial bird
Andersson, S., Uller, T., Lõhmus, M., et al. (2004) · Journal of Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2004.00706.x · Cited by 114
“To look for effects on growth, we first ran partly nested ANCOVA (controlling for size at hatching), incorporating only families containing replicate cages (i.e. more than one pair of siblings, Quinn & Keough, 2002).”
MethodLu, Y., Huang, Y., Zou, J., & Zheng, X. (2006) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.07.035 · Cited by 114
“The residuals from the fitted model are important for checking whether the assumptions of linear regression analysis are met (Quinn and Keough, 2004).”
BackgroundDriscoll, D. A., & Henderson, M. K. (2007) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2007.10.016 · Cited by 114
“The abundance of these common reptile species was log + 1 transformed before analysis, and this ensured the residuals were approximately evenly distributed with respect to the fitted values (Quinn and Keough, 2002).”
BackgroundRogers, D. I., Battley, P. F., Piersma, T., et al. (2006) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.10.029 · Cited by 114
“In the chi-square tests above, P values given have a DunneSidak adjustment for multiple testing; the same significance results were obtained with weighted data when alpha was adjusted to 0.1 (Quinn & Keough 2002).”
MethodInfluentialBirkhofer, K., Wise, D. H., & Scheu, S. (2008) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/j.0030-1299.2008.16361.x · Cited by 112
“We used Pillai’s criterion to test for significance of main effects and interactions as it is most robust against violations of homoscedasticity and normality (Quinn and Keough 2002).”
MethodThe emergence of unshared consensus decisions in bottlenose dolphins
Lusseau, D., & Conradt, L. (2009) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/s00265-009-0740-7 · Cited by 111
“We used logistic regressions to assess whether the probability of observing SF or ULT in a school depended on school parameters (Quinn and Keough 2002).”
MethodThe flexural stiffness of superficial neuromasts in the zebrafish(Danio rerio) lateral line
McHenry, M. J., & van Netten, S. M. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.009290 · Cited by 114
“These values were weighted by sample size in a linear least-squares curve fit (Quinn and Keough, 2002) for the slope [i.”
MethodSocial bonds affect anti-predator behaviour in a tolerant species of macaque, Macaca nigra
Micheletta, J., Waller, B. M., Panggur, M. R., Neumann, C., Duboscq, J., Agil, M., & Engelhardt, A. (2012) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.1470 · Cited by 113
“After transformation, all acoustic parameters were standardized to mean=0 and SD=1 [1].”
MethodLucas, K. N., Thornycroft, P. J. M., Gemmell, B. J., et al. (2015) · Bioinspiration & Biomimetics · doi:10.1088/1748-3190/10/5/056019 · Cited by 113
Carotenoid diet and nestling provisioning in urban and rural great tits Parus major
Isaksson, C., & Andersson, S. (2007) · Journal of Avian Biology · doi:10.1111/j.0908-8857.2007.04030.x · Cited by 113
Pineda, M.-C., McQuaid, C. D., Turón, X., et al. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0046672 · Cited by 113
“all post-hoc analyses, the residual mean square obtained from the original two-way ANOVAs was used to calculate the standard errors of the means for the post-hoc comparisons [76,77].”
MethodMonz�n, V. H., Bosch, J., & Retana, J. (2004) · Apidologie · doi:10.1051/apido:2004055 · Cited by 113
“arity (Quinn and Keough, 2002).”
BackgroundInfluentialKingsolver, J. G., Massie, K. R., Ragland, G. J., & Smith, M. (2007) · Journal of Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2007.01318.x · Cited by 114
“We did not adjust reported P-values for multiple tests (Quinn & Keough, 2002; Garcia, 2003, 2004; Moran, 2003; Gotelli & Ellison, 2004).”
MethodLópez‐Legentil, S., Song, B., McMurray, S. E., & Pawlik, J. R. (2008) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2008.03667.x · Cited by 113
Road verges as invasion corridors? A spatial hierarchical test in an arid ecosystem
Kalwij, J. M., Milton, S. J., & McGeoch, M. A. (2008) · Landscape Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10980-008-9201-3 · Cited by 112
“Subsequently, a linear regression model was fitted to estimate the relationship between Cp and k (Quinn and Keough 2002).”
MethodISAAC, J. L., VanDerWal, J. J., Johnson, C. N., & Williams, S. E. (2008) · Diversity and Distributions · doi:10.1111/j.1472-4642.2008.00531.x · Cited by 112
“For a few poorly known species, clutch size had to be inferred from closely Table 1 (a) Classes of vulnerability to environmental perturbation (VI), based on Rabinowitz (1981); ranks of vulnerability in each cell are based on those found in Kattan (1992).”
BackgroundInfluentialJENKINS, K. M., & Boulton, A. J. (2007) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.01298.x · Cited by 112
Donath, T. W., & Eckstein, R. L. (2009) · Plant Ecology · doi:10.1007/s11258-009-9670-8 · Cited by 112
“6), since the logarithm is not defined for negative numbers, six was added to account for seedling death between counting dates), respectively (Quinn and Keough 2002).”
BackgroundMethodFungi and selected mycotoxins from pre- and postfermented corn silage
Pereyra, M. L. G., Alonso, V., Sager, R., Morlaco, M. B., Magnoli, C. E., Astoreca, A., Rosa, C. A. R., Chiacchiera, S. M., Dalcero, A. M., & Cavaglieri, L. R. (2007) · Journal of Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03634.x · Cited by 112
Qishlaqi, A., Moore, F., & Forghani, G. (2009) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.07.024 · Cited by 112
A Successful Predictive Model of Species Richness Based on Indicator Species
Nally, R. M., & Fleishman, E. (2004) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00328_18_3.x · Cited by 117
“Locally weighted regression scatterplot smooths (Lowess; a smoothing method in which observations farther from the predicted x value are downweighted relative to observations closer to the predicted x value [Cleveland 1979; Quinn & Keough 2002]) for the two sets of data were similar.”
Pyšek, P., Jaros̆ı́k, V., Chytrý, M., Danihelka, J., Kühn, I., Pergl, J., Tichý, L., Biesmeijer, J. C., Ellis, W. N., Kunin, W. E., et al. (2010) · Ecological Monographs · doi:10.1890/10-0630.1 · Cited by 109
“Using these standardized values, collinearity was checked by calcu- lating tolerance values (Quinn and Keough 2002:128).”
Koenig, A., Scarry, C. J., Wheeler, B. C., & Borries, C. (2013) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0348 · Cited by 115
Linking land- and sea-based activities to risk in coastal ecosystems
Samhouri, J. F., & Levin, P. S. (2011) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2011.10.021 · Cited by 114
Mohit, V., Archambault, P., Toupoint, N., & Connie Lovejoy, C. (2014) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.02916-13 · Cited by 110
Edmunds, P. J., Brown, D., & Moriarty, V. W. (2012) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02695.x · Cited by 115
“Physical and chemical conditions in the tanks were compared with a two way anova, with treatment as a fixed effect and tank a random factor nested in each treatment; the tank effect was dropped from the analyses when not significant at P 0.250 (Quinn & Keough, 2002).”
MethodInfluentialTemporal change in the diversity-invasibility relationship in the presence of a disturbance regime
Clark, G. F., & Johnston, E. L. (2010) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01550.x · Cited by 111
“Although some independent variables were considered random (e.g. species richness), we were mainly interested in testing the null hypotheses that b = 0 rather than estimating true slopes, hence least squares regression was suitable for this purpose (Quinn & Keough 2002).”
MethodThomas, A. D., & Dougill, A. J. (2006) · Geomorphology · doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.03.029 · Cited by 111
“A post hoc Scheffe's test, based on the F-ratio statistic, was used to test differences between acterial crust cover within 30 m×30 m plots at (A) Okwa wildlife e zone and (D) Tsabong shrub encroached area. multiple data sets (Quinn and Keough, 2002).”
MethodDescamps, S., Boutin, S. A., Berteaux, D., & Gaillard, J. (2008) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/j.0030-1299.2008.16545.x · Cited by 111
“However, the Kolmogorov Smirnov test is very conservative (Quinn and Keough 2002) and a graphical inspection of residuals plotted against fitted values of litter size did not reveal any tendency.”
MethodVergés, A., Pérez, M., Alcoverro, T., & Romero, J. (2008) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-007-0943-4 · Cited by 115
“geneity of variance and outliers using exploratory data analysis procedures, and where necessary data were log transformed (Quinn and Keough 2002).”
MethodProfiling invasive fish species: the importance of phylogeny and human use
Alcaráz, C., Vila‐Gispert, A., & García‐Berthou, E. (2005) · Diversity and Distributions · doi:10.1111/j.1366-9516.2005.00170.x · Cited by 111
“Logistic regression is a generalized linear model with binomial distribution and a logit link function, suitable for categorical dependent variables (Quinn & Keough, 2002).”
MethodEffects of fuelwood collection and timber harvesting on giant panda habitat use
Bearer, S., Linderman, M., Huang, J., An, L., He, G., & Liu, J. (2007) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2007.10.009 · Cited by 110
Interdisciplinarity in the environmental sciences: barriers and frontiers
HICKS, C. C., FITZSIMMONS, C., & POLUNIN, N. V. C. (2010) · Environmental Conservation · doi:10.1017/s0376892910000822 · Cited by 109
“Where normality did not exist data were square root transformed (Quinn & Keough 2002).”
BackgroundNeves, D. M., Dexter, K. G., Pennington, R. T., Bueno, M. L., & Filho, A. T. D. O. (2015) · Journal of Biogeography · doi:10.1111/jbi.12529 · Cited by 110
“…and progressive elimination of collinear variables based on their variance inflation factor (VIF) until maintaining only those with VIF < 10 (Quinn & Keough, 2002); and (3) variation partitioning of the community composition matrix with respect to the significant spatial and environmental…”
BackgroundDonati, G., Kesch, K., Ndremifidy, K., Schmidt, S. L., Ramanamanjato, J., Borgognini‐Tarli, S. M., & Ganzhorn, J. U. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0019807 · Cited by 116
“To account for the differences between the two study sites (MAN versus STL), after having controlled for the effect of group size, we used a oneway ANCOVA entering site as independent factor and group size as covariate [57].”
MethodSpecies diversity and functional diversity relationship varies with disturbance intensity
Biswas, S. R., & Mallik, A. U. (2011) · Ecosphere · doi:10.1890/es10-00206.1 · Cited by 112
The value of avitourism for conservation and job creation-An analysis from South Africa
Biggs, D., Turpie, J. K., Fabricius, C., et al. (2011) · Conservation and Society · doi:10.4103/0972-4923.79198 · Cited by 110
Does a top predator suppress the abundance of an invasive mesopredator at a continental scale?
Letnic, M., Greenville, A. C., Denny, E., Dickman, C. R., Tischler, M., Gordon, C., & Koch, F. (2010) · Global Ecology and Biogeography · doi:10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00600.x · Cited by 111
Contigiani, E. V., Sánchez, G., Castro, M. A., et al. (2018) · Food and Bioprocess Technology · doi:10.1007/s11947-018-2127-0 · Cited by 110
“Pearson correlation was applied in the response variables in order to exclude from the analyses those that were strongly correlated (Quinn and Keough 2002).”
MethodImpact of antecedent climate on fire regimes in coastal California*
Keeley, J. E. (2004) · International Journal of Wildland Fire · doi:10.1071/wf03037 · Cited by 111
“An alternative approach that avoids the colinearity problem is principal components regression (Quinn and Keough 2002).”
Trophic cascades result in large-scale coralline algae loss through differential grazer effects
O’Leary, J. K., & McClanahan, T. R. (2010) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/09-2059.1 · Cited by 114
“If composite factors can be created using PCA, such factors, by definition, do not covary (Quinn and Keough 2002).”
BackgroundVariations in the dietary compositions of morphologically diverse syngnathid fishes
Kendrick, A. J., & Hyndes, G. A. (2005) · Environmental Biology of Fishes · doi:10.1007/s10641-004-2597-y · Cited by 110
“Due to multiple pair-wise tests (n ¼ 36) for ANOSIM, significance levels were adjusted using the Bonferroni procedure (Quinn & Keough 2002) to minimise the likelihood of a Type I Error.”
MethodA confidence interval approach to data analysis
Stefano, J. D. (2003) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/s0378-1127(03)00331-1 · Cited by 110
Sousa, R., Rufino, M. M., Gaspar, M. B., et al. (2007) · Aquatic Conservation Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems · doi:10.1002/aqc.838 · Cited by 110
Flows and hypoxic blackwater events in managed ephemeral river channels
Hladyz, S., Watkins, S. C., Whitworth, K. L., et al. (2011) · Journal of Hydrology · doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.02.014 · Cited by 110
Direct effects of habitat area on interaction diversity in pollination webs
Sabatino, M. C., Maceira, N., & Aizen, M. A. (2010) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1890/09-1626.1 · Cited by 110
Metadata
- Authors
- Quinn, G. P., & Keough, M. J.
- Affiliations
- Monash University (AU)
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- Venue
- Cambridge University Press eBooks
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press
- Published
- 2002-03-21
- OpenAlex
- W1489838709
- Cited by
- 10,674
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 200 · 2025: 218 · 2024: 239 · 2023: 250 · 2022: 275 · 2021: 394 · 2020: 448 · 2019: 430 · 2018: 446 · 2017: 473 · 2016: 528 · 2015: 625 · 2014: 763 · 2013: 719 · 2012: 675
- FWCI
- 50.52
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cambridge University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Applications
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Optimal Experimental Design Methods
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
- Keywords
- experimental design, statistical analysis, biology, hypothesis testing, Bayesian analysis, linear models, generalized linear models, logistic regression, analysis of variance, repeated measures, log-linear models, multivariate analysis, classification, ordination, exploratory data analysis, assumption checking
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