Intelligence and Reasoning
Abstract
Despite broad diversity several common themes about intellectual giftedness and the conditions for its development exist. This chapter provides a review of the research related to intellectual giftedness with a discussion of different themes, summarizing about research on intellectual giftedness in the United States, including the seminal work of Lewis Terman, and presenting an overview of some interesting and potentially important American theories to date. It outlines some interesting research-based trends related to new ideas in defining and developing academic gifts and talents. There is no agreed-upon consensus about who are gifted and no final answers about evolving understandings of how intellectual giftedness develops and the characteristics that help to identify and nurture intellectual gifts and talents. To introduce the challenge associated with both defining and identifying giftedness in students, four brief case studies are discussed in the chapter.
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Human reasoning is broadly the ability to draw conclusions and make decisions based on available knowledge.
“Human reasoning broadly refers to the ability to draw conclusions and make decisions based on available knowledge”
From Large Language Model Reasoning Failures (2026) · cites this paper as Lohman & Lakin, 2011
Cites
PREDICTORS OF OBJECTIVE AND SUBJECTIVE CAREER SUCCESS: A META‐ANALYSIS
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Task complexity: Definition of the construct
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Working Memory and Intelligence: The Same or Different Constructs?
Ackerman, P. L., Beier, M. E., & Boyle, M. O. (2005) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.1.30 · Cited by 969 · see citing works
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Aptitude development and education.
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Large Language Model Reasoning Failures
Song, P., Han, P., & Goodman, N. (2026) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.06176 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
- Authors
- Lohman, D. F., & Lakin, J. M.
- ORCID
- Lakin, Joni M.
- Venue
- The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press
- Published
- 2011-05-30
- Pages
- 419-441
- OpenAlex
- W1545718237
- Cited by
- 42
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 8 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 11.88
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cambridge University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Education, Achievement, and Giftedness
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Creativity in Education and Neuroscience
- Keywords
- intellectual giftedness, gifted identification, academic talent development, Lewis Terman, gifted students
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