How Social Movements Die: Repression and Demobilization of the Republic of New Africa
Abstract
How do social movements die? Some explanations highlight internal factors like factionalization, whereas others stress external factors like repression. Christian Davenport offers an alternative explanation where both factors interact. Drawing on organizational, as well as individual-level, explanations, Davenport argues that social movement death is the outgrowth of a coevolutionary dynamic whereby challengers, influenced by their understanding of what states will do to oppose them, attempt to recruit, motivate, calm, and prepare constituents while governments attempt to hinder all of these processes at the same time. Davenport employs a previously unavailable database that contains information on a black nationalist/secessionist organization, the Republic of New Africa, and the activities of authorities in the US city of Detroit and state and federal authorities.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Phoenix Effect of State Repression: Jewish Resistance during the Holocaust
Finkel, E. (2015) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s000305541500009x · Cited by 169 · see citing works
How Saudi Crackdowns Fail to Silence Online Dissent
PAN, J., & SIEGEL, A. A. (2020) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055419000650 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Focal Points, Dissident Calendars, and Preemptive Repression
Truex, R. (2019) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/0022002718770520 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Sullivan, C. M. (2015) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/0022002714567951 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Tarrow, S. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009028905 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Repression Works (Just Not in Moderation)
Zhukov, Y. M. (2023) · Comparative Political Studies · doi:10.1177/00104140231152778 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
The apparatus for violence: Repression, violent protest, and civil war in a cross-national framework
Bell, S. R., & Murdie, A. M. (2016) · Conflict Management and Peace Science · doi:10.1177/0738894215626848 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
New findings from conflict archives
Balcells, L., & Sullivan, C. M. (2018) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1177/0022343317750217 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Moss, D., & Snow, D. (2016) · Handbooks of sociology and social research · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-32250-6_26 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Repression and Dissent in Contemporary Catalonia
Balcells, L., Dorsey, S., & Tellez, J. (2018) · British Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1017/s0007123420000307 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Maher, T. V., Martin, A. W., Mccarthy, J., & Moorhead, L. (2019) · Social Currents · doi:10.1177/2329496519850846 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Policing and Political Violence
Eck, K., Conrad, C. R., & Crabtree, C. D. (2021) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/00220027211013083 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Censorship and the Impact of Repression on Dissent
Pop-Elecheș, G., & Way, L. A. (2021) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/ajps.12633 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Cultivating Better Food Access? The Role of Farmers' Markets in the U.S. Local Food Movement
Schupp, J. L. (2016) · Rural Sociology · doi:10.1111/ruso.12124 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Exhaustion, Adversity, and Repression: Emotional Attrition in High-Risk Activism
Peña, A. M., Meier, L. D., & Nah, A. M. (2021) · Perspectives on Politics · doi:10.1017/s1537592721003273 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
The Effect of Category Spanning on the Lethality and Longevity of Terrorist Organizations
Olzak, S. (2016) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/sow081 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Stability justice: Petitioners versus non-petitioners in China's criminal adjudication
Feng, Y., & Zeng, Y. (2022) · Law & Society Review · doi:10.1111/lasr.12633 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
The Contradictory Impact of Transnational AIDS Institutions on State Repression in China, 1989–2013
Yan, L. (2018) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/698466 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Einwohner, R. L. (2022) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190079437.001.0001 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Social Impact: The Role of Authentic Leadership, Compassion and Grit in Social Entrepreneurship
Kelly, L., Perkins, V., Zuraik, A., & Luse, W. (2022) · The Journal of Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1177/09713557221096876 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Demirel-Pegg, T., & Rasler, K. (2020) · Sociological Perspectives · doi:10.1177/0731121420914291 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Anti-opposition crackdowns and protest: the case of Belarus, 2000–2019
de Vogel, S. (2022) · Post-Soviet Affairs · doi:10.1080/1060586x.2022.2037066 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
The consequences of trust and repression on the rise and fall of movements in authoritarian regimes
Sika, N. (2023) · International Journal of Comparative Sociology · doi:10.1177/00207152231200415 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Sullivan, C. M., & Davenport, C. (2018) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1177/0022343317749273 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationDollbaum, J. M. (2020) · Perspectives on Politics · doi:10.1017/s1537592720002443 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
The Dynamics of Repression and Insurgent Practice in the Black Liberation Struggle
Bloom, J. (2020) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/711672 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Mueller, L. (2021) · Communication & Sport · doi:10.1177/21674795211019670 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Violence, non-violence and the conditional effect of repression on subsequent dissident mobilization
Chiang, A. Y. (2021) · Conflict Management and Peace Science · doi:10.1177/0738894221995481 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Labor’s reversal of fortune: contentious politics and executive aggrandizement in Indonesia
Caraway, T. L. (2021) · Social movement studies · doi:10.1080/14742837.2021.2010529 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Zeller, M. C. (2021) · Social movement studies · doi:10.1080/14742837.2021.1889493 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Ghaziani, A., & Kretschmer, K. (2018) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119168577.ch12 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Racism Is Not Enough: Minority Coalition Building in San Francisco, Seattle, and Vancouver
Kim, J. Y. (2020) · Studies in American Political Development · doi:10.1017/s0898588x20000115 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Repression, backlash, and the duration of protests in Africa
Lewis, J. S., & Ives, B. (2023) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1177/00223433231186449 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Type of Violence and Ingroup Identity: Evidence From the Spanish Civil War
Martínez, S. (2023) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/00220027231190099 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Demobilisation and its Consequences: After the Russian MovementZa chestnye vybory
Lasnier, V. (2017) · Europe Asia Studies · doi:10.1080/09668136.2017.1332166 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Russian Trade Unions and the De-Escalation of Protests in Russian Regions
Kulaev, M. (2020) · International Journal of Politics Culture and Society · doi:10.1007/s10767-020-09369-1 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
HASSAN, M. (2024) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055423000291 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Disguised Repression: Targeting Opponents with Nonpolitical Crimes to Undermine Dissent
Pan, J., Xu, X., & Xu, Y. (2024) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1086/734267 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Russia’s Opposition Movement Five Years After Bolotnaia
Lasnier, V. (2017) · Problems of Post-Communism · doi:10.1080/10758216.2017.1363655 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Demobilising the February 20 Movement in Morocco: regime strategies during the Arab Spring
Badran, S. Z. (2019) · The Journal of North African Studies · doi:10.1080/13629387.2019.1634558 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Ellefsen, R. (2016) · Policing & Society · doi:10.1080/10439463.2016.1262366 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Karmel, E. J., & Kuburic, S. (2021) · Globalizations · doi:10.1080/14747731.2021.1992571 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The Impact of Ideological Ambiguity on Terrorist Organizations
Olzak, S. (2022) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/00220027211073921 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
State Repression and Opposition Survival in Pinochet’s Chile
Amat, C. (2023) · Comparative Political Studies · doi:10.1177/00104140231169032 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Greed, grievance, or graduates? Why do men rebel?
Ives, B., & Breslawski, J. (2021) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1177/00223433211014269 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Dissent Networks, State Repression, and Strategic Clemency for Defection
Liu, H. (2022) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/00220027221077220 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Revolutionary burnout: Subjective crisis responses and the demobilization of mass protest in Lebanon
Grimm, J. J. (2025) · Mediterranean Politics · doi:10.1080/13629395.2025.2459553 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Hammelman, C., Arias, C. B., Cuadros, U., Conroy, A. H., Muñoz, D. P. S., Quintero, X. S., & Montoya, A. S. (2019) · Qualitative Research · doi:10.1177/1468794119851338 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Counter-surveillant organizing during the secessionist cycle of contention in Catalonia
Gunzelmann, H. J. (2022) · Social Movement Studies · doi:10.1080/14742837.2022.2142545 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Secret Police Organizations and State Repression
Mehrl, M., & Choulis, I. (2023) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/00220027231188895 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The Impact of Morally Injurious Events on the Dynamics of Mobilization for Women’s Rights in Poland
Rak, J. (2022) · Przegląd Politologiczny · doi:10.14746/pp.2022.27.3.3 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The Power of Words: State Reactions to Protest Announcements
Vüllers, J., & Schwarz, E. (2018) · Comparative Political Studies · doi:10.1177/0010414018784059 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The Black Power Movement and American Social Work
Rojas, F. G. (2015) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.1177/0094306115609925a · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Dornschneider, S., & Edmonds, B. (2022) · Government and Opposition · doi:10.1017/gov.2022.37 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The Demobilization of Protest Campaigns
Demirel-Pegg, T. (2017) · Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.251 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
From Non-Violent to Violent Radicalization and Vice Versa: Three Case Studies from Indonesia
Nuraniyah, N., & Solahudin, S. (2024) · Studies in Conflict and Terrorism · doi:10.1080/1057610x.2023.2296236 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Navalny’s Digital Dissidents: A New Dataset on a Russian Opposition Movement
Dollbaum, J. M., & Семенов, А. В. (2021) · Problems of Post-Communism · doi:10.1080/10758216.2021.1893123 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Iran's Feminist School in the Diaspora: Dynamics of Decline and Demobilization
Nasirpour, S., Barlow, R., & Akbarzadeh, S. (2022) · Development and Change · doi:10.1111/dech.12704 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Kaczmarczyk, M. R. (2024) · Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour · doi:10.1111/jtsb.12438 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Cyber and contentious politics: Evidence from the US radical environmental movement
Zeitzoff, T., & Gold, G. (2024) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1177/00223433231221426 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
RezaeeDaryakenari, B. (2021) · Political Research Exchange · doi:10.1080/2474736x.2021.1910048 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Kreitmeir, D., Lane, N., & Raschky, P. A. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3751162 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Ideological Proximity and Armed Group Competition: The Case of the Iranian Mojahedin
Tabaar, M. A. (2025) · Perspectives on Politics · doi:10.1017/s1537592725000489 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Civic Opportunities and Democratic Practices in Yemen and Libya after the Arab Spring
Moss, D., & Båth, C. (2024) · Qualitative Sociology · doi:10.1007/s11133-024-09559-9 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Political violence in a polarized democracy: Years of Lead (YoL) data on Italy 1969–1988
Costalli, S., Guariso, D., Justino, P., & Ruggeri, A. (2025) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1177/00223433251347762 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Social movements in Morocco: rethinking political opportunities in terms of claims and outcomes
Mifdal, M. (2023) · The Journal of North African Studies · doi:10.1080/13629387.2023.2197219 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Faruque, M. O. (2018) · Journal of Contemporary Asia · doi:10.1080/00472336.2018.1506043 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Exposure to state violence and substance use
Blackman, A. D., Kammourh, S., & Nugent, E. R. (2022) · Research & Politics · doi:10.1177/20531680221136088 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Elite murder and popular resistance: Evidence from post-World War II Poland
Krakowski, K., & Schaub, M. (2022) · Working Paper Series · doi:10.35188/unu-wider/2022/281-2 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Falling on fertile ground? Examining the impact of sanctions on opposition movement coalitions
Klebe, F. L., & Metternich, N. W. (2026) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1093/jopres/xjag016 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Fading voices: explaining the termination of organizations in dissent
Vüllers, J., & Bakken, I. V. (2026) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1093/jopres/xjag012 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Diaspora activism in a non-traditional country of destination: the Gülen Movement in Czechia
Tungul, L. (2023) · Globalizations · doi:10.1080/14747731.2023.2291853 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Mueller, L. (2021) · Interest Groups & Advocacy · doi:10.1057/s41309-020-00108-7 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Kreutz, J. (2015) · European Political Science · doi:10.1057/eps.2015.63 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Pahnke, A. R. (2018) · Social movement studies · doi:10.1080/14742837.2018.1428549 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Regime Rhetoric and Protests: How Government Statements Can Repress
Patane, C. F. (2019) · Terrorism and Political Violence · doi:10.1080/09546553.2019.1598384 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Shmanatov, M. (2023) · Strategic Panorama · doi:10.53679/2616-9460.2.2022.03 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Remembering the counterrevolution: disappointment, denial, and demobilization
Nugent, E. R., & Hoffman, M. (2024) · Democratization · doi:10.1080/13510347.2024.2362256 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Militarized elections and citizens’ support for democratic rights: evidence from India
Deglow, A., & Fjelde, H. (2024) · Democratization · doi:10.1080/13510347.2024.2421831 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Violent Path to Power: Violence Against Social Activism and the Rise of Criminal Politicians
Nieto-Matiz, C. (2025) · Journal of Politics in Latin America · doi:10.1177/1866802x251369527 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A Bourdieusian Approach to the Demobilisation of Brazil's AIDS Movement
Achcar, H. D. M. (2026) · Sociology of Health & Illness · doi:10.1111/1467-9566.70187 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Problems within the Vory Criminal Organization
Mironova, V. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197645659.003.0011 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Speeding Up Success: Analyzing Factors Influencing the Duration of Nonviolent Movements
Kalin, I., Lounsbery, M. O., Sezgin, F., Rakshit, D., & Pearson, F. S. (2025) · Peace & Change · doi:10.1111/pech.12744 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Whitlinger, C., & Fretwell, J. (2019) · Sociological Perspectives · doi:10.1177/0731121419842116 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Movements and Parties in Contentious Politics
Tarrow, S. (2021) · Movements and Parties · doi:10.1017/9781009028905.003 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Criminals, Nazis, and Islamists
Mironova, V. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197645659.001.0001 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Why Radical Movements Collapse and Resurge: Evidence from the U.S. Radical Environmental MovementPreprint
Zeitzoff, T. (2023) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/z4b32 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Radicalization of Social Movements
Demetriou, C. (2020) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119430452.ch25
Learning about America from Abroad
Tarrow, S. (2021) · Movements and Parties · doi:10.1017/9781009028905.011
Labor and Civil Rights from the New Deal to the War on Poverty
Tarrow, S. (2021) · Movements and Parties · doi:10.1017/9781009028905.007
Fighting for Honor in the Warsaw Ghetto
Einwohner, R. L. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190079437.003.0003
Resistance: Past, Present, and Future
Einwohner, R. L. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190079437.003.0006
Hope and Hunger in the Łódź Ghetto
Einwohner, R. L. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190079437.003.0005
Competing Visions in the Vilna Ghetto
Einwohner, R. L. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190079437.003.0004
Einwohner, R. L. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190079437.003.0001
Einwohner, R. L. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190079437.003.0002
The Agrarian Revolt, Populism, and the Gilded Age Party System
Tarrow, S. (2021) · Movements and Parties · doi:10.1017/9781009028905.005
Tarrow, S. (2021) · Movements and Parties · doi:10.1017/9781009028905.008
Tarrow, S. (2021) · Movements and Parties · doi:10.1017/9781009028905.012
Mass Politics in the Civil War Crucible
Tarrow, S. (2021) · Movements and Parties · doi:10.1017/9781009028905.004
- Authors
- Davenport, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- Davenport, Christian
- ORCID
- Davenport, Christian
- Venue
- Cambridge University Press eBooks
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press
- Published
- 2014-12-05
- OpenAlex
- W4256147889
- Cited by
- 153
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 5
- FWCI
- 4.78
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cambridge University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social Movements and Cultural Identity
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Political Conflict and Governance
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Race, History, and American Society
- Keywords
- factionalism, state repression, movement recruitment, movement mobilization, Black nationalism, separatism, Detroit, civil rights movement
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review