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CHRONOLOGY OF THE GOLDEN HORDE IN KAZAKHSTAN: 14C DATING OF JOCHI KHAN MAUSOLEUM

Panyushkina, Irina P, Usmanova, Emma R, Uskenbay, Kanat Z, Kozha, Mukhtar B, Dzhumabekov, Dzhambul A, Akhatov, Gaziz A, Jull, A J Timothy·2022·Radiocarbon
DOI 10.1017/rdc.2022.24
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Abstract

We present accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon (AMS 14 C) dating results of the “Jochi Khan Mausoleum”—the proposed burial place of the oldest son of Gengghis Khan in Ulytau, Kazakhstan. The Ulytau region retains 34 burial complexes of Islamic tradition associated with the Golden Horde history (1221–1438 CE). However, there is no calendar-dated chronology of the medieval mausoleums in this region, which complicates their historical interpretation. Three 14 C dates from construction timbers and burial of the Jochi Khan mausoleum are calibrated to 1220–1400 CE interval (95.4% range) with the mid-point at 1245 CE for the coffin, 1330 CE for the entry door, and 1350 CE for a masonry wall. The 14 C-calibration suggests that the mausoleum was built about 100 years after the death of Jochi (1225 CE) and renovated at least once in the middle of the 14th century. Apparently, the wood for the coffin was harvested sometime in the interval 1220–1270 CE. The calendar ages of the coffin and the mausoleum are ca. 75 years apart. It is possible that the old coffin was placed into a newly constructed mausoleum. However, there is no historical evidence confirming this important re-burial of Jochi. The dating results challenge the attribution of the mausoleum to Jochi Khan. This study demonstrates that the age of the Islamic mausoleums in Ulytau can be successfully dated with 14 C. While requiring further data assembly, this first 14 C dataset can form the basis of the calendar chronology of the Golden Horde in Kazakhstan. Historical attribution of the mausoleums must be collaborated with the calendar chronology.

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Crossref · 10.1017/rdc.2022.24

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Figures

Figure 1 Jochi Khan Mausoleum in Ulytau, central Kazakhstan as seen in ca. 1946 and now. Black and white photos (A, D) by architect G.G. Gerasimov circa 1946 are from the archive of KazRestovratsia, (Almaty, Kazakhstan) edited by M.A. Antonov. Color photos (B, C) by V. Shuptar (Karaganda) are the most recent view of the mausoleum after the latest restoration (2018 -2020). A -B is northeast direction with the dome view. C -D is the portal facing the Qibla direction (southwest) toward the Kaaba in Mecca. (Please see electronic version for color figures.)
Figure 1 Jochi Khan Mausoleum in Ulytau, central Kazakhstan as seen in ca. 1946 and now. Black and white photos (A, D) by architect G.G. Gerasimov circa 1946 are from the archive of KazRestovratsia, (Almaty, Kazakhstan) edited by M.A. Antonov. Color photos (B, C) by V. Shuptar (Karaganda) are the most recent view of the mausoleum after the latest restoration (2018 -2020). A -B is northeast direction with the dome view. C -D is the portal facing the Qibla direction (southwest) toward the Kaaba in Mecca. (Please see electronic version for color figures.)CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 2 Samples of the timbers used in 14 Cdating. A is the piece from the coffin; B is the weathered end of scaffolding beam from the facade.
Figure 2 Samples of the timbers used in 14 Cdating. A is the piece from the coffin; B is the weathered end of scaffolding beam from the facade.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 3 Calibration of three 14 C dates from the Jochi Khan Mausoleum. The probability distribution of 14 C calibrated dates at 95.4% range (gray) calculated in OxCal v.4.4 program is plotted against the IntCal20 curve (blue line). 14 C age with 68% range is shown in red. See Table 1 for the datils of the 14 C dates.
Figure 3 Calibration of three 14 C dates from the Jochi Khan Mausoleum. The probability distribution of 14 C calibrated dates at 95.4% range (gray) calculated in OxCal v.4.4 program is plotted against the IntCal20 curve (blue line). 14 C age with 68% range is shown in red. See Table 1 for the datils of the 14 C dates.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 4 Sequence of three calibrated 14 C dates plotted on the IntCal20 calibration curve. Red frames show the intervals of calibrated ages for the coffin and the mausoleum building. See Table 1 for the sample details.
Figure 4 Sequence of three calibrated 14 C dates plotted on the IntCal20 calibration curve. Red frames show the intervals of calibrated ages for the coffin and the mausoleum building. See Table 1 for the sample details.CC-BY · From the PDF

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Cites

  • The IntCal20 Northern Hemisphere Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curve (0–55 cal kBP)

    Reimer, P. J., Austin, W. E. N., Bard, E., Bayliss, A., Blackwell, P. G., Bronk Ramsey, C., Butzin, M., Cheng, H., Edwards, R. L., Friedrich, M., et al. (2020) · Radiocarbon · doi:10.1017/rdc.2020.41 · Cited by 7,900 · cited 1×

    “…was performed using the 3MV Pelletron AMS (National Electrostatics Corporation) operated at 2.5 MV in Tucson, Arizona, and a 200kV MICADAS (ETHZ, Zürich, CH) in Debrecen, Hungary using standard facility protocols (Jull et al. 2008; Molnar et al. 2013b; Rinyu et al. 2013; Janovics et al. 2018).”
    MethodInfluential

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Metadata

Authors
Panyushkina, I. P., Usmanova, E. R., Uskenbay, K. Z., Kozha, M. B., Dzhumabekov, D. A., Akhatov, G. A., & Jull, A. J. T.
ORCID
Venue
Radiocarbon
Publisher
Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published
2022-04
Volume
64
Issue
2
Pages
323-331
ISSN
  • 0033-8222
  • 1945-5755
DOI
10.1017/rdc.2022.24
Cited by
4
References
1
Language
en
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (unspecified, 26 d)

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: CHRONOLOGY OF THE GOLDEN HORDE IN KAZAKHSTAN: 14C DATING OF JOCHI KHAN MAUSOLEUM. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1017/rdc.2022.24
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Panyushkina, I. P., Usmanova, E. R., Uskenbay, K. Z., Kozha, M. B., Dzhumabekov, D. A., Akhatov, G. A., & Jull, A. J. T. (2022). CHRONOLOGY OF THE GOLDEN HORDE IN KAZAKHSTAN: 14C DATING OF JOCHI KHAN MAUSOLEUM. Radiocarbon. https://doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2022.24