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Cited by 67Water management and technologiesArchaeology and Natural HistoryArchaeology and ancient environmental studies

Irrigation, raised fields and state management: Wittfogel redux?

Butzer, Karl W.·1996·Antiquity
DOI 10.1017/s0003598x00083083
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Crossref · 10.1017/s0003598x00083083

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9 of 9 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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  • Irrigation is well-established in archaeological and historical scholarship and has been implicated as a key driver of state formation and economic/social stratification in early agricultural societies.

    “Within our broad definition of ditches, irrigation (i.e., applying water to land for agriculture) is well-established in archaeological and historical scholarship and has been implicated as a key driver of state formation (i.e., the creation of states) and economic/social stratification in early agricultural societies 31,32 .”

    From Lines in the landscape (2025) · cites this paper as [32]

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Authors
Butzer, K. W.
Affiliations
The University of Texas at Austin (US)
Corresponding author
Butzer, Karl W.
Venue
Antiquity
Publisher
Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published
1996-03
Volume
70
Issue
267
Pages
200-204
ISSN
  • 0003-598X (ISSN-L)
  • 1745-1744
DOI
10.1017/s0003598x00083083
OpenAlex
W2472387259
Cited by
67
References
9
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2019: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 1 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 1
FWCI
0.00
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified, 6881 d)
Locations
Antiquity (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Water management and technologies
  • Social Sciences › Anthropology › Archaeology and Natural History
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Archaeology and ancient environmental studies
Keywords
irrigation, raised fields, state formation, Wittfogel, hydraulic civilization, state management, ancient agriculture

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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

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