Dietary N-nitroso compounds and risk of colorectal cancer: a case–control study in Newfoundland and Labrador and Ontario, Canada
Open accessAbstract
Several N-nitroso compounds (NOC) have been shown to be carcinogenic in a variety of laboratory animals, but evidence of their carcinogenicity in humans is lacking. We aimed to examine the association between NOC intake and colorectal cancer (CRC) risk and possible effect modification by vitamins C and E and protein in a large case–control study carried out in Newfoundland and Labrador and Ontario, Canada. A total of 1760 case patients with pathologically confirmed adenocarcinoma and 2481 population controls were asked to complete a self-administered FFQ to evaluate their dietary intakes 1 year before diagnosis (for cases) or interview (for controls). Adjusted OR and 95 % CI were calculated across the quintiles of NOC (measured by N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA)) intake and relevant food items using unconditional logistic regression. NDMA intake was found to be associated with a higher risk of CRC (highest v.lowest quintiles: OR 1·42, 95 % CI 1·03, 1·96;P for trend = 0·005), specifically for rectal carcinoma (OR 1·61, 95 % CI 1·11, 2·35;P for trend = 0·01). CRC risk also increased with the consumption of NDMA-containing meats when the highest tertile was compared with the lowest tertile (OR 1·47, 95 % CI 1·03, 2·10;P for trend = 0·20). There was evidence of effect modification between dietary vitamin E and NDMA. Individuals with high NDMA and low vitamin E intakes had a significantly increased risk than those with both low NDMA and low vitamin E intakes (OR 3·01, 95 % CI 1·43, 6·51;P for interaction = 0·017). The present results support the hypothesis that NOC intake may be positively associated with CRC risk in humans. Vitamin E, which inhibits nitrosation, could modify the effect of NDMA on CRC risk.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Phenols, indoles, and amines can combine with nitric oxide to form genotoxic N-nitroso compounds that are associated with gastrointestinal cancers in human populations.
“phenols, indoles, and amines can combine with nitric oxide to form genotoxic N-nitroso compounds that are associated with gastrointestinal cancers in human populations (42).”
From The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health (2018) · cites this paper as [42]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Estimates of the worldwide incidence of 25 major cancers in 1990
Parkin, D. M., Pisani, P., & Ferlay, J. (1999) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19990315)80:6 · Cited by 2,013 · see citing works
Tricker, A. R., & Preußmann, R. (1991) · Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology · doi:10.1016/0165-1218(91)90123-4 · Cited by 557 · see citing works
Jakszyn, P. G. (2006) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v12.i27.4296 · Cited by 445 · see citing works
Nutrient intake and risk of subtypes of esophageal and gastric cancer.
Mayne, S. T., Risch, H. A., Dubrow, R., Chow, W. H., Gammon, M. D., Vaughan, T. L., Farrow, D. C., Schoenberg, J. B., Stanford, J. L., Ahsan, H., et al. (2001) · PubMed · Cited by 433 · see citing works
Walker, R. (1990) · Food Additives and Contaminants · doi:10.1080/02652039009373938 · Cited by 391 · see citing works
Tricker, A. R. (1997) · European Journal of Cancer Prevention · doi:10.1097/00008469-199706000-00003 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
A case‐control study of gastric cancer and diet in Italy: II. Association with nutrients
Buiatti, E., Palli, D., Decarli, A., Amadori, D., Avellini, C., Bianchi, S., Bonaguri, C., Cipriani, F., Cocco, P., Giacosa, A., et al. (1990) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.2910450520 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Loh, Y. H., Jakszyn, P. G., Luben, R., Mulligan, A. A., Mitrou, P. N., & Khaw, K. (2011) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.111.012377 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Nitrate in Public Water Supplies and the Risk of Colon and Rectum Cancers
Roos, A. J. D., Ward, M. H., Lynch, C. F., & Cantor, K. P. (2003) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/01.ede.0000091605.01334.d3 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Inhibition of nitrosamine formation by ascorbic acid
Tannenbaum, S. R., Wishnok, J. S., & Leaf, C. D. (1991) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/53.1.247s · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Jakszyn, P. G., Bingham, S. A., Pera, G., Agudo, A., Luben, R., Welch, A. A., Boeing, H., Giudice, G. D., Palli, D., Saieva, C., et al. (2006) · Carcinogenesis · doi:10.1093/carcin/bgl019 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Validation of a Quantitative Diet History Method in Hawaii
Hankin, J. H., Wilkens, L. R., Kolonel, L. N., & YOSHIZAWA, C. N. (1991) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115934 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Dietary Phytoestrogen Intake Is Associated with Reduced Colorectal Cancer Risk
Cotterchio, M., Boucher, B. A., Manno, M., Gallinger, S., Okey, A. B., & Harper, P. A. (2006) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/136.12.3046 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Self-citationNutritional Factors and Gastric Cancer in Spain
Gonz�lez, C. A., Ríboli, E., Badosa, J., Batiste, E., Cardona, T., Pita, S., Sanz, J. M., Torrent, M., & Agudo, A. (1994) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117029 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Stéfani, E. D., Boffetta, P., Mendilaharsu, M., et al. (1998) · Nutrition and Cancer · doi:10.1080/01635589809514656 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Pobel, D., Ríboli, E., Cornée, J., Hémon, B., & Guyader, M. (1995) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/bf01719947 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Liu, L., Wang, P., Roebothan, B., Ryan, A. M., Tucker, C., Colbourne, J., Baker, N., Cotterchio, M., Yi, Y., & Sun, G. (2013) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/1475-2891-12-49 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Self-citationWhen Will Nondifferential Misclassification of an Exposure Preserve the Direction of a Trend?
Weinberg, C. R., Umbach, D. M., & Greenland, S. (1994) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117283 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
A case‐control study of gastric cancer and diet in Italy. III. Risk patterns by histologic type
Buiatti, E., Palli, D., Bianchi, S., Decarli, A., Amadori, D., Avelum, C., Gpriani, F., Cocco, P., Giacosa, A., Lorenzini, L., et al. (1991) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.2910480310 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Rogers, M. A. M., Vaughan, T. L., Davis, S., & Thomas, D. B. (1995) · PubMed · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Dietary factors and the etiology of gastric cancer.
Weisburger, J. H., & Raineri, R. R. (1975) · PubMed · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Schatzkin, A. G., Abnet, C. C., Cross, A. J., Gunter, M. J., Pfeiffer, R., Gail, M., Lim, U., & Smith, G. D. (2009) · Cancer Prevention Research · doi:10.1158/1940-6207.capr-08-0070 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
A SHORT DIET HISTORY FOR ASSESSING DIETARY EXPOSURE TO N-NITROSAMINES IN EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES1
Howe, G. R., Harrison, L., & Jain, M. G. (1986) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114432 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationNitrosamine intake and gastric cancer risk
Vecchia, C. L., D’Avanzo, B., Airoldi, L., et al. (1995) · European Journal of Cancer Prevention · doi:10.1097/00008469-199512000-00005 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Intake and food sources of nitrites and N-nitrosodimethylamine in Spain
Jakszyn, P. G., Agudo, A., Berenguer, A., Ibáñez, R., Amiano, P., Pera, G., Ardanáz, E., Barricarte, A., Chirlaque, M. D., Dorronsoro, M., et al. (2006) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1079/phn2005884 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Calibration of the dietary questionnaire for the Canadian Study of Diet, Lifestyle and Health cohort
Jain, M. G., Rohan, T. E., Soskolne, C. L., & Kreiger, N. (2003) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1079/phn2002362 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationVecchia, C. L., Negri, E., Franceschi, S., & Decarli, A. (1997) · Nutrition and Cancer · doi:10.1080/01635589709514503 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Sun, Z., Wang, P., Roebothan, B., et al. (2011) · Canadian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/bf03404181 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationSquires, J., Roebothan, B., Buehler, S. K., et al. (2010) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1007/s10552-010-9580-z · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationZhao, J., Halfyard, B., Roebothan, B., West, R., Buehler, S. K., Sun, Z., Squires, J. R., McLaughlin, J. R., Parfrey, P. S., & Wang, P. (2010) · Canadian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/bf03405287 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationValidity of Random-Digit-Dialing in Recruiting Controls in a Case-Control Study
Wang, P. (2009) · American Journal of Health Behavior · doi:10.5993/ajhb.33.5.4 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationZhao, J., Halfyard, B., Roebothan, B., et al. (2010) · PubMed · doi:10.17269/cjph.101.1941 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationShuker, D. E. G., & Bartsch, H. (1994) · PubMed · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Sharma, S., Sharma, S., Iwasaki, M., et al. (2009) · International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/09637480902740790 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Lin, K., Wu, Y., & Shen, W. (2008) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2008.09.005 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Some practical and theoretic concepts in the nutritional assessment of the cancer patient
Bistrian, B. (1986) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19861015)58:8+ · Cited by 17 · see citing works
N-nitrosodimethylamine content of US and Canadian beers.
Scanlan, R. A., & Barbour, J. F. (1991) · PubMed · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Kalus, W. H., & Filby, W. G. (1980) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/bf01953698 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Bartsch, H., & O'Neill, I. K. (1988) · Cancer Research · Cited by 9 · see citing works
[Study on N-nitroso compound in food and its relevant risk factors for esophageal cancer].
Lin, K., Yu, S., Zhang, J., et al. (2005) · PubMed · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Hosmer (1997) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0258(19970515)16:9
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health
Gentile, C. L., & Weir, T. L. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aau5812 · Cited by 1,049 · see citing works
Said Abasse, K., Essien, E. E., Abbas, M., Yu, X., Xie, W., Sun, J., Akter, L., & Cote, A. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14030666 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
- Authors
- Zhu, Y., Wang, P. P., Zhao, J., Green, R., Sun, Z., Roebothan, B., Squires, J., Buehler, S., Dicks, E., Zhao, J., Cotterchio, M., Campbell, P. T., Jain, M., Parfrey, P. S., & Mclaughlin, J. R.
- Affiliations
- Memorial University of Newfoundland (CA)
- Cancer Care Ontario (CA)
- American Cancer Society (US)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Mount Sinai Hospital (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Wang, Peizhon Peter
- ORCID
- Venue
- British Journal of Nutrition
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2013-10-25
- Volume
- 111
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1109-1117
- ISSN
- 0007-1145 (ISSN-L)
- 1475-2662
- PMC
- PMC4339287
- OpenAlex
- W2017264775
- Cited by
- 114
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 3
- FWCI
- 3.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- British Journal Of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Newfoundland and Labrador Centre for Applied Health Research
- National Institutes of Health
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research (205835, /CPT79845, CIHR-CPT79845, U01 CA074783)
- National Cancer Institute (UM1CA167551, U01CA074783, CA-08-502, U24CA074783, CA074783)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Carcinogens and Genotoxicity Assessment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Colorectal Cancer Screening and Detection
- Keywords
- N-nitroso compounds, colorectal cancer, N-nitrosodimethylamine, dietary intake, rectal cancer, vitamin E, vitamin C, protein intake, effect modification, nitrosation inhibition, processed meat, cancer risk
- MeSH terms
- Adenocarcinoma, Adult, Aged, Ascorbic Acid, Diet, Dietary Proteins, Dimethylnitrosamine, Female, Humans, Male, Meat, Middle Aged, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nitroso Compounds, Ontario, Surveys and Questionnaires, Rectal Neoplasms, Risk Factors, Vitamin E, Colorectal Neoplasms, Logistic Models, Case-Control Studies
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
