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Cited by 1,049Gut microbiota and healthNutritional Studies and DietNutrition, Genetics, and Disease

The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health

Open access
Gentile, Christopher L., Weir, Tiffany L.·2018·Science
DOI 10.1126/science.aau5812PMC PMC13264711
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Abstract

Diet affects multiple facets of human health and is inextricably linked to chronic metabolic conditions such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Dietary nutrients are essential not only for human health but also for the health and survival of the trillions of microbes that reside within the human intestines. Diet is a key component of the relationship between humans and their microbial residents; gut microbes use ingested nutrients for fundamental biological processes, and the metabolic outputs of those processes may have important impacts on human physiology. Studies in humans and animal models are beginning to unravel the underpinnings of this relationship, and increasing evidence suggests that it may underlie some of the broader effects of diet on human health and disease.

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Crossref · 10.1126/science.aau5812

Cites

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Statistics

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Claims the paper makes

0 of 107 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Premisecitation

    Markers of microbial stability such as richness and diversity are often used as indicators of gut health because they are inversely associated with chronic disease and metabolic dysfunction.

    “markers of microbial stability, such as richness and diversity, are often used as indicators of gut health because of their inverse association with chronic disease and metabolic dysfunction (2).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
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  • Interpretationreasoning

    MAC restriction reduces short-chain fatty acid production.

    “Another consequence of MAC restriction is a reduction in short chain fatty acid (SCFA) production.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Short-chain fatty acids are the primary end products of bacterial fermentation.
  • Premisecitation

    Diets high in MACs alter microbiota composition in humans within days or weeks.

    “Diets high in MACs alter microbiota composition in humans within days or weeks (10, 11).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
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  • Interpretationcitation

    Prebiotics may be selectively used by bacteria other than Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, provided net effects on host health are beneficial.

    “prebiotics may be selectively used by bacteria other than Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, provided the net effects on host health are beneficial.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
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      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Premisecitation

    Simple carbohydrates such as sucrose, alone or as part of a Western-style high-fat high-sugar diet, cause rapid microbiota remodeling and metabolic dysfunction in experimental animals.

    “Simple CHO such as sucrose, both alone and as part of a Western-style high-fat high-sugar diet, cause rapid microbiota remodeling and metabolic dysfunction in experimental animals (5, 6).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
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  • May combine two claims. 39
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 2

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Obese humans and genetically obese mice have increased fecal and caecal SCFA concentrations, suggesting they may contribute to enhanced energy harvest.

    “obese humans and genetically obese mice display increased fecal and caecal concentrations of SCFA (17), suggesting that they may contribute to enhanced energy harvest.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
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      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Over-grazing of the mucus layer by these species may be an important consequence of MAC restriction; chronic foraging compromises barrier integrity and enhances inflammation and pathogen susceptibility in animal studies.

    “Over-grazing of the mucus layer by these species may be an important consequence of MAC restriction, as chronic foraging has been shown to compromise barrier integrity and enhance inflammation and pathogen susceptibility in animal studies (12, 13).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
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  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Changes to host dietary patterns alter bacterial metabolism and favor species best suited to use consumed fuel sources.

    “changes to host dietary patterns alter bacterial metabolism and favor species most suited to use consumed fuel sources.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Gut microbes use ingested nutrients as fuel for fundamental biological processes.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Diet-induced alterations in gut microbiota occur independently of body weight and adiposity and are detectable in humans within 24 to 48 hours after dietary manipulation.

    “Transient diet-induced alterations occur independently of body weight and adiposity and are detectable in humans within 24 to 48 hours after dietary manipulation (4).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Canonical prebiotics, primarily fructo- and galactooligosaccharides, alter members of the human gut microbiota and modulate inflammation and markers of metabolic syndrome.

    “These canonical prebiotics, primarily fructo- and galactooligosaccharides of varying chain lengths, have been shown to alter members of the human gut microbiota and modulate inflammation and markers of metabolic syndrome (20, 21).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    SCFAs signal via the central nervous system and several G protein-coupled receptors to modulate energy homeostasis, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, and suppression of inflammatory signals.

    “SCFAs signal via the central nervous system and several G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) to modulate a range of physiological processes, including energy homeostasis, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, and suppression of inflammatory signals (14, 15).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Butyrate and propionate act as histone deacetylase inhibitors, suggesting they can epigenetically influence host gene expression.

    “Two SCFAs, butyrate and propionate, also act as histone deacetylase inhibitors, suggesting that they can epigenetically influence host gene expression (16).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
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      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Mice fed a low-MAC diet show decreases in numerous taxa, and loss of diversity compounds over several generations and is not recovered after MAC reintroduction.

    “Mice fed a diet low in MACs experience decreases in numerous taxa, and loss of diversity is compounded over several generations of offspring and not recovered after reintroduction of MACs (7, 9).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
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      Not checked in the free run.

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  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Decreased SCFA production and increased mucus foraging are two microbiota-dependent consequences of low MAC intake.

    “Thus, decreased SCFA production and increased mucus foraging represent two microbiota-dependent consequences of low MAC intake”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The gut microbiota helps regulate bile acid composition, abundance, and signaling, with implications for lipid digestion and metabolic disease development and prevention.

    “Thus, the gut microbiota helps regulate bile acid composition, abundance, and signaling, and this regulation may have important implications not only for lipid digestion and absorption but also for the development and prevention of metabolic disease.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The metabolic protection in germ-free mice may be due to enhanced fat oxidation or reduced absorption in the small intestine.

    “The metabolic protection in GF mice may be due to enhanced fat oxidation or reduced absorption in the small intestine (29).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Increases in circulating LPS have been reported in humans after a high-fat meal, with exacerbated effects in obese individuals.

    “Increases in circulating LPS have been reported in humans after a high-fat meal, with exacerbated effects in obese individuals (33).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Ketogenic diets have been shown in experimental animals to increase longevity and delay disease onset.

    “the diets are commonly adopted for weight loss and have been shown to enhance longevity and reduce disease onset in experimental animals (59)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Germ-free mice are protected from metabolic consequences of high-fat diets, suggesting gut microbes may mediate lipid-induced metabolic dysfunction.

    “Germ-free (GF) mice are protected from the metabolic consequences of high-fat diets, suggesting that gut microbes may be important mediators of lipid-induced metabolic dysfunction (28).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
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  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    Progress in linking circulating LPS to cardiometabolic disturbances has been hindered by inability of available assays to distinguish stimulatory and non-stimulatory LPS, and by circulating inhibitors that reduce LPS quantification accuracy.

    “progress in this area has been hindered by the inability of available assays to distinguish between stimulatory and non-stimulatory LPS, as well as by circulating inhibitors that reduce accuracy of LPS quantification (35).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
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  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    These high-fat diet-induced microbiota changes were observed in mice resistant to weight gain, implying a direct effect of dietary lipids on the microbiota.

    “These changes were observed in mice resistant to weight gain, implying a direct effect of dietary lipids on the microbiota (26, 27).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Not all studies found germ-free mice protected from metabolic consequences of high-fat feeding; cholesterol content of the diet may be an important determining factor.

    “not all studies have found that GF mice are protected from the metabolic consequences of high-fat feeding, and the cholesterol content of the diet may be an important determining factor (30).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Indolepropionic acid, a microbial metabolite of tryptophan, maintains intestinal homeostasis and protects from experimental colitis.

    “indolepropionic acid, a microbial metabolite of tryptophan, maintains intestinal homeostasis and protects from experimental colitis (43).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
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      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Bile acids act as dynamic signaling molecules via FXR and TGR5 and regulate energy homeostasis, glucose metabolism, and innate immunity.

    “bile acids act as dynamic signaling molecules via the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and the G protein–coupled bile acid receptor 1 (TGR5). Like SCFAs, bile acids have been shown to regulate energy homeostasis, glucose metabolism, and innate immunity (40).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    TMAO is predictive of cardiovascular events in various populations and has been implicated in the development of fatty liver disease.

    “TMAO is predictive of cardiovascular events in various populations (45) and has been implicated in the development of fatty liver disease (46).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    These metabolic disturbances were accompanied by reductions in phylogenetic diversity in saturated fat-fed mice, and receipt of transplanted microbiota from fish oil-fed mice abrogated saturated fat-induced inflammation.

    “These metabolic disturbances were accompanied by reductions in phylogenetic diversity in the saturated fat–fed mice, and receipt of transplanted microbiota from mice fed fish oil abrogated saturated fat–induced inflammation (31).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [31] Martinez-Guryn K, Cell Host Microbe 23, 458– 469.e5 (2018). 29649441 PMC5912695

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Zinc deficiency, a strong risk factor for potentially fatal childhood diarrhea in developing countries, enhances populations of pathogenic bacteria.

    “Zinc deficiency, which is a strong risk factor for potentially fatal childhood diarrhea in developing countries, enhances populations of pathogenic bacteria (51).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
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      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • Rests on an assumption: Metals are required cofactors for numerous mammalian and bacterial physiological processes.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The human studies of ketogenic diets were small and involved specific metabolic conditions, so their findings cannot be generalized to larger populations.

    “these studies were conducted in small cohorts with specific metabolic conditions (60, 61), limiting generalization to larger populations”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Human breastmilk transmits lactoferrin, an iron-binding glycoprotein, to protect the undeveloped infant gut from pathogen colonization, and iron supplementation in infants can increase pathogen growth and intestinal inflammation.

    “Human breastmilk transmits lactoferrin, an iron-binding glycoprotein, to protect the undeveloped infant gut from pathogen colonization, and iron supplementation in infants can increase pathogen growth and intestinal inflammation (52).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
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      Not checked in the free run.

    • Rests on an assumption: Iron is an essential micronutrient for pathogen growth.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Once in circulation, LPS elicits a potent inflammatory response via Toll-like 4 receptor signaling, which has been implicated in the development of cardiovascular and metabolic disease.

    “Once in circulation, LPS elicits a potent inflammatory response via Toll-like 4 receptor signaling, which has been implicated in the development of cardiovascular and metabolic disease (34).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
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      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    B vitamins can be synthesized by more than 100 bacterial species, and analysis of synthesis pathways suggests bacteria cooperatively exchange B vitamins to ensure survival.

    “The B vitamins, for example, can be synthesized by more than 100 bacterial species, and analysis of the synthesis pathways involved suggests that bacteria cooperatively exchange B vitamins to ensure survival (48).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
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      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Non-nutritive sweeteners represent a broad class of substances with tremendous structural and functional diversity, so the physiological effects of a particular NNS should not be generalized.

    “NNS represent a broad class of substances with tremendous structural and functional diversity. Thus, the physiological effects of a particular NNS should not be generalized”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The microbiota was both required and sufficient for these emulsifier-induced effects: germ-free mice were protected, and microbiota transfer from emulsifier-treated mice recapitulated the metabolic derangements.

    “The microbiota was both required and sufficient for these effects as GF mice were protected from detrimental consequences, and microbiota transfer from emulsifier-treated mice was sufficient to recapitulate the metabolic derangements (55).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
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      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Although circulating LPS has been reported in obese individuals and correlates with markers of metabolic disease, a direct causal role in human disease has not been examined.

    “although circulating LPS has been reported in obese individuals and correlates with markers of metabolic disease, a direct causal role in human disease has not been examined (36).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
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      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Phenols, indoles, and amines can combine with nitric oxide to form genotoxic N-nitroso compounds that are associated with gastrointestinal cancers in human populations.

    “phenols, indoles, and amines can combine with nitric oxide to form genotoxic N-nitroso compounds that are associated with gastrointestinal cancers in human populations (42).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
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      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Microbes in the small intestine are highly susceptible to fat load and essential for lipid digestion and absorption.

    “Microbes in the small intestine were recently found to be highly susceptible to fat load and essential for lipid digestion and absorption (17).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [17] Turnbaugh PJ, Nature 444, 1027– 1031 (2006). 17183312 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Greater adherence to a Mediterranean dietary pattern is associated with lower Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratios and more frequent fecal SCFA detection.

    “closer adherence to the Mediterranean dietary pattern was associated with lower ratios of Firmicutes: Bacteroidetes and higher fecal SCFA detection (73)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
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      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A study supporting a similar diet was retracted from PLOS ONE because it lacked a control group, described methods inadequately, and did not analyze the microbiota.

    “A study supporting the use of a similar diet was recently retracted from the journal PLOS ONE because of several issues, including the absence of a control group, inadequate description of methods, and lack of microbiota analysis (75)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
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      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Acetic acid reduces appetite and lowers postprandial insulin response and glucose excursions.

    “Evidence suggests that acetic acid, a metabolic by-product of fermentation, suppresses appetite and reduces postprandial insulin response and glucose excursions (79)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
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      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Adherence to a Mediterranean diet lowers the risk of all-cause mortality and several chronic diseases.

    “following a Mediterranean diet reduces the risk of all-cause mortality and multiple chronic diseases (64, 70)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [64] Salas-Salvadó J, Ann. Intern. Med 160, 1– 10 (2014). 24573661

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      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The Hadza's microbiota and health advantages cannot be attributed to low carbohydrate intake alone, because their diet is rich in plant-derived MACs and their microbiota is rich in carbohydrate-metabolizing bacteria.

    “it is difficult to ascribe these microbiota and health benefits to lower CHO intake by itself because the Hadza diet is rich in plant-derived MACs, and their microbiota contains a high abundance of CHO-metabolizing bacteria (63)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [63] Smits SA, Science 357, 802– 806 (2017). 28839072 PMC5891123 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Vegan and vegetarian diets are linked to better health outcomes and lower disease risk.

    “vegan/vegetarian diets are associated with positive health outcomes and reduced disease risk (64)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [64] Salas-Salvadó J, Ann. Intern. Med 160, 1– 10 (2014). 24573661

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Some intervention and cross-sectional studies found only modest microbiota differences between omnivores and vegetarians, with the largest effects at genus and species level and little effect on broader measures such as diversity and richness.

    “some intervention and cross-sectional studies have observed only modest microbiota differences between omnivores and vegetarians and suggest that the effects of dietary pattern on the microbiota are greatest at the genus and species level and relatively minimal on broader compositional features, such as diversity and richness (65–67)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [65] Zhang C, Front. Immunol 9, 908 (2018). 29755475 PMC5934425

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [66] Losasso C, Front. Microbiol 9, 317 (2018). 29556222 PMC5844980

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [67] Wu GD, Gut 65, 63– 72 (2016). 25431456 PMC4583329 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Available data indicate that the Mediterranean diet produces favorable microbiota profiles and metabolite production, and that microbial diversity tracks dietary adherence.

    “existing data indicate that the Mediterranean diet elicits favorable microbiota profiles and metabolite production, with microbial diversity paralleling levels of dietary adherence (71–73)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [71] De Filippis F, Gut 65, 1812– 1821 (2016). 26416813 source

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    • cites [72] Pastori D, J. Am. Heart Assoc 6, e005784 (2017).28584074

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [73] Garcia-Mantrana I, Selma-Royo M, Alcantara C, Collado MC, Front. Microbiol 9, 890 (2018). 29867803 PMC5949328

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The Anna Karenina hypothesis proposes that dysbiosis is not a fixed pattern but a loss of microbiota stability that causes dispersion from the norm.

    “The recently proposed “Anna Karenina hypothesis” suggests that dysbiosis is not a definitive pattern but rather the loss of microbiota stability, resulting in dispersion from the norm (84)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [84] Zaneveld JR, McMinds R, Vega Thurber R, Nat. Microbiol 2, 17121 (2017). 28836573

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The Integrated Human Microbiome Project was launched to characterize human cohorts functionally across life stages and at the onset of specific diseases.

    “the Integrated Human Microbiome Project was recently launched to functionally characterize human cohorts in various life stages and at the onset of specific disease states (85)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [85] Integrative HMP (iHMP) Research Network Consortium, Cell Host Microbe 16, 276– 289 (2014). 25211071 PMC5109542

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

41 of 41

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Gut microbes use ingested nutrients as fuel for fundamental biological processes.

    “gut microbes, like their human hosts, use ingested nutrients as fuel for fundamental biological processes.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Gut microbes possess several hundredfold more carbohydrate-degrading enzymes than humans.

    “Gut microbes, on the other hand, possess several hundredfold more CHO-degrading enzymes”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Short-chain fatty acids are the primary end products of bacterial fermentation.

    “SCFAs, the primary end products of bacterial fermentation”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Primary bile acids are produced in the liver from cholesterol and facilitate digestion of dietary lipids.

    “Primary bile acids are produced in the liver from cholesterol and facilitate the digestion of dietary lipids.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Metals are required cofactors for numerous mammalian and bacterial physiological processes.

    “metals are required cofactors for numerous mammalian and bacterial physiological processes”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Iron is an essential micronutrient for pathogen growth.

    “Iron is an essential micronutrient for pathogen growth”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    High-fat diets are commonly low in fiber.

    “high-fat diets are commonly low in fiber”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The low fiber content of high-fat diets, via effects on the microbiota, may drive some of their metabolic consequences rather than elevated fat itself.

    “it may be this latter feature, and its downstream effects on the microbiota, that drives some of the metabolic consequences of the diet rather than the elevated fat content by itself”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Plant-based foods are the primary source of dietary MACs.

    “Plant-based foods constitute the primary source of dietary MACs”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The microbiota of individuals who consume vegetarian or predominantly plant-based diets exhibit greater capacity for MAC fermentation.

    “the microbiota of individuals who consume vegetarian or predominantly plant-based diets exhibit greater capacity for MAC fermentation”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    SCFA production is typically increased in vegetarians.

    “SCFA production is typically increased in vegetarians”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Fermented foods rarely contain adequate amounts of specific probiotic organisms.

    “fermented foods rarely contain adequate amounts of specific probiotic organisms”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Diet-responsive members of the microbiota often represent a small proportion of the total community.

    “diet-responsive members of the microbiota often represent a small proportion of the total community”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Factors such as environment, genetics, past diet, exercise, and geography all play a role in shaping the microbiota.

    “factors such as environment, genetics, past diet, exercise, and geography all play a role in shaping the microbiota”
14 of 14

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • A mouse study demonstrated that microbial changes leading to metabolic endotoxemia were induced by a lack of fermentable fibre rather than dietary fat content.

    “This state has often been attributed to a high-fat diet, though a mouse study demonstrated that microbial changes leading to this detrimental state were induced by a lack of fermentable fibre rather than dietary fat content [97,98].”

    From Effect of Diet on the Gut Microbiota: Rethinking Intervention Duration (2019) · cites this paper as [98]

  • The gut microbiota plays a critical role in regulating body function by producing diverse metabolites and influencing the gut-liver-brain axis and immune system pathways.

    “The gut microbiota plays a critical role in regulating body function by producing diverse metabolites and influencing the gut-liver-brain axis and other pathways, such as immune system pathways.”

    From Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and other adducts in aging-related diseases and alcohol-mediated tissue injury (2021) · cites this paper as [95]

  • The composition and function of gut flora can be affected by endogenous and exogenous factors, particularly food consumption with different levels of dietary AGEs.

    “The composition and function of gut flora can be affected by endogenous and exogenous factors, particularly food consumption with different levels of dietary AGEs95,96.”

    From Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and other adducts in aging-related diseases and alcohol-mediated tissue injury (2021) · cites this paper as [95]

Cites

1 retracted

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. W. Bridgette., J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 32, 64–68 (2017).

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Gentile, C. L., & Weir, T. L.
Affiliations
Colorado State University (US)
Corresponding author
Weir, Tiffany L.
ORCID
Venue
Science
Publisher
American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Published
2018-11-16
Volume
362
Issue
6416
Pages
776-780
ISSN
  • 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
  • 1095-9203
DOI
10.1126/science.aau5812
PMC
PMC13264711
OpenAlex
W2900697674
Cited by
1,049
References
89
Citations by year
2026: 67 · 2025: 101 · 2024: 145 · 2023: 136 · 2022: 175 · 2021: 224 · 2020: 130 · 2019: 69 · 2018: 1
FWCI
10.54
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Science (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
Funders
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL144611)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Nutrition, Genetics, and Disease
Keywords
gut microbiota, diet, human health, obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, host-microbe interactions, dietary nutrients, chronic metabolic diseases
MeSH terms
Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Diet, Dietary Carbohydrates, Dietary Fats, Dietary Proteins, Food Additives, Health, Humans, Diet, Vegetarian, Diet, Mediterranean, Diet, Ketogenic, Diet, Paleolithic

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-07.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-07.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

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