No Influence of Supplemental Dietary Calcium Intake on the Bioavailability of Spinach Carotenoids in Humans
Open accessAbstract
Dietary carotenoid intake, especially from fruits and vegetables, has been associated with a reduced incidence of several chronic diseases. However, its bioavailability can vary, depending on the food matrix and host factors. Recently, it has been suggested that divalent minerals negatively impinge on carotenoid bioavailability by reducing bile-salt and non-esterified fatty-acid levels in the gut, which normally aid in emulsifying carotenoids. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether supplemental Ca would negatively influence carotenoid absorption in humans. A total of twenty-five healthy, non-obese men (age: 20-46 years, BMI<30 kg/m2) were recruited for this postprandial, randomised, crossover, double-blinded trial. Following a randomised block design, each participant received (after 2-week washout periods), on three occasions separated by 1 week, 270 g of spinach-based meals (8·61 (sd 1·08) mg carotenoids/100 g fresh weight), supplemented with 0, 500 or 1000 mg of Ca (as calcium carbonate), with each participant acting as his or her own control. Blood samples were collected at regular postprandial intervals for up to 10 h following test meal intake, and standardised lunches were served. TAG-rich lipoprotein fractions were separated and carotenoid concentrations determined. AUC for meals without supplemented Ca were 22·72 (sem 2·78) nmol×h/l (lutein), 0·19 (sem 3·90) nmol×h/l (β-carotene) and 2·80 (sem 1·75) nmol×h/l (β-cryptoxanthin). No significant influence of supplementation with either 500 or 1000 mg of supplemental Ca was found. In conclusion, Ca - the most abundant divalent mineral in the diet - given at high but physiological concentrations, does not appear to have repercussions on the bioavailability of carotenoids from a spinach-based meal.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Consumption of spinach is not associated with adverse effects.
“Furthermore, the consumption of spinach is not associated with adverse effects [162,171,172,173,174,175,176,177,178].”
From Ecdysterone and Turkesterone—Compounds with Prominent Potential in Sport and Healthy Nutrition (2024) · cites this paper as [177]
The Drop-out rate and arbitrary effects section reports no observed adverse effects when participants consumed the three spinach test meals and supplement pills. That supports the claim for this short trial, but not the broader assertion that spinach consumption is generally unassociated with adverse effects; the Participants section limits the study to healthy, non-obese men. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Carotenoid actions and their relation to health and disease
Krinsky, N. I., & Johnson, E. J. (2005) · Molecular Aspects of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.mam.2005.10.001 · Cited by 1,422 · see citing works
Lycopene is more bioavailable from tomato paste than from fresh tomatoes
Gärtner, C., Stahl, W., & Sies, H. (1997) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/66.1.116 · Cited by 694 · see citing works
Kaulmann, A., & Bohn, T. (2014) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2014.07.010 · Cited by 675 · see citing works
Self-citationSoukoulis, C., & Bohn, T. (2015) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2014.971353 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Self-citationUnlu, N. Z., Bohn, T., Clinton, S. K., & Schwartz, S. J. (2005) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/135.3.431 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Self-citationLutein Bioavailability Is Higher from Lutein-Enriched Eggs than from Supplements and Spinach in Men
Chung, H.-Y., Rasmussen, H., & Johnson, E. J. (2004) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/134.8.1887 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Castenmiller, J. J. M., West, C. E., Linssen, J. P. H., Hof, K. H. V. H., & Voragen, A. G. J. (1999) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/129.2.349 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Mechanisms of intestinal calcium absorption
Bronner, F. (2003) · Journal of Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1002/jcb.10330 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Christensen, R., Lorenzen, J. K., Svith, C. R., Bartels, E. M., Melanson, E. L., Saris, W. H., Tremblay, A., & Astrup, A. (2009) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1467-789x.2009.00599.x · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Hofmann, A. F., & Mysels, K. J. (1992) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)41426-9 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Bioavailability of β-Carotene Is Lower in Raw than in Processed Carrots and Spinach in Women
Rock, C. L., Lovalvo, J. L., Emenhiser, C., Ruffin, M. T., Flatt, S. W., & Schwartz, S. J. (1998) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/128.5.913 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Bohn, T., McDougall, G. J., Alegrı́a, A., Alminger, M., Arrigoni, E., Aura, A., Brito, C., Cilla, A., El, S. N., Karakaya, S., et al. (2015) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.201400745 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Self-citationBohn, T., Desmarchelier, C., Dragsted, L. O., Nielsen, C. S., Stahl, W., Rühl, R., Keijer, J., & Borel, P. (2017) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.201600685 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Self-citationHamer, M., & Chida, Y. (2007) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0b013e3282efc214 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Borel, P. (2003) · Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) · doi:10.1515/cclm.2003.151 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Dietary carotenoids and risk of coronary artery disease in women
Osganian, S. K., Stampfer, M. J., Rimm, E. B., Spiegelman, D. L., Manson, J. E., & Willett, W. C. (2003) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/77.6.1390 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for calcium
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, N. A. A. (. (2015) · EFSA Journal · doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4101 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
The contribution of β‐carotene to vitamin A supply of humans
Weber, D., & Grune, T. (2011) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.201100230 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Genetic variations involved in interindividual variability in carotenoid status
Borel, P. (2011) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.201100322 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Bioavailability of Non-Provitamin A Carotenoids
Bohn, T. (2008) · Current Nutrition & Food Science · doi:10.2174/157340108786263685 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Self-citationTang, G., Qin, J., Dolnikowski, G. G., Russell, R. M., & Grusak, M. A. (2005) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/82.4.821 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Liu, R., Wang, T., Zhang, B., Li, Q., Wu, C., Li, Q., & Ma, L. (2014) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.14-15553 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Jeffery, J., Holzenburg, A., & King, S. R. (2012) · Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture · doi:10.1002/jsfa.5767 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Carotenoids, retinol, tocopherols, and prostate cancer risk: pooled analysis of 15 studies
Key, T. J., Appleby, P. N., Travis, R. C., Albanes, D., Alberg, A. J., Barricarte, A., Black, A., Boeing, H., Bueno-de-Mesquita, H. B., Chan, J. M., et al. (2015) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.115.114306 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Human Gastrointestinal Juices Intended for Use in In Vitro Digestion Models
Ulleberg, E. K., Comi, I., Holm, H., Herud, E. B., Jacobsen, M., & Vegarud, G. E. (2011) · Food Digestion · doi:10.1007/s13228-011-0015-4 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Buijsse, B., Feskens, E. J. M., Schlettwein-Gsell, D., Ferry, M., Kok, F. J., Kromhout, D., & de Groot, C. P. G. M. (2005) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/82.4.879 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Significance of Ca-soap formation for calcium absorption in the rat.
Gacs, G., & BARLTROP, D. (1977) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gut.18.1.64 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Biehler, E., Kaulmann, A., Hoffmann, L., et al. (2010) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.09.110 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Self-citationUnlu, N. Z., Bohn, T., Francis, D. M., Clinton, S. K., & Schwartz, S. J. (2007) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf062337b · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Self-citationBiehler, E., Hoffmann, L., Krause, E., & Bohn, T. (2011) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.111.143388 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Self-citationCorte‐Real, J., Iddir, M., Soukoulis, C., et al. (2015) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.10.075 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationMethods for Assessing Aspects of Carotenoid Bioavailability
Biehler, E., & Bohn, T. (2010) · Current Nutrition & Food Science · doi:10.2174/157340110790909545 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationBohn, T., Blackwood, M., Francis, D. M., Tian, Q., Schwartz, S. J., & Clinton, S. K. (2011) · Nutrition and Cancer · doi:10.1080/01635581.2011.630156 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationDietary calcium impairs tomato lycopene bioavailability in healthy humans
Borel, P., Desmarchelier, C., Dumont, U., et al. (2016) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114516004335 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Chai, W., Cooney, R. V., Franke, A. A., & Bostick, R. M. (2013) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2013.07.003 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Corte‐Real, J., Bertucci, M., Soukoulis, C., et al. (2017) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/c6fo01708h · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationLi, X., & Xu, J. (2014) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep04885 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Faber, M., & Laubscher, R. (2007) · International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/09637480701664852 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Wang, X., Jiang, C., Zhang, Y., Gong, Y. Q., Chen, X., & Zhang, M.-N. (2014) · Ophthalmic Research · doi:10.1159/000363327 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Bioactivity of Carotenoids - Chasms of Knowledge
Bohn, T. (2017) · International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research · doi:10.1024/0300-9831/a000400 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Institute of Medicine (2005) Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D and Fluoride. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
- Souci SW, Fachmann W & Kraut H (2000) Food Compoisition and Nutrition Tables, Vol. 6. Stuttgart: CRC press.
- Eriksen JN (2016) Metabolism and potential health effects of carotenoids following digestion of green leafy vegetables -an interdisciplinary approach. PhD thesis, University of Copenhagen.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Moran, N. E., Mohn, E. S., Hason, N., Erdman, J. W., & Johnson, E. J. (2018) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmy025 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Plants of the genus Spinacia: From Bioactive Molecules to Food and Phytopharmacological Applications
Salehi, B., Tumer, T. B., Ozleyen, A., Peron, G., Dall’Acqua, S., Rajkovic, J., Naz, R., Nosheen, A., Mudau, F. N., Labanca, F., et al. (2019) · Trends in Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2019.03.028 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Ecdysterone and Turkesterone—Compounds with Prominent Potential in Sport and Healthy Nutrition
Todorova, V., Ivanova, S., Chakarov, D., Kraev, K., & Ivanov, K. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16091382 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“[177] Table 6.”
- Authors
- Corte-Real, J., Guignard, C., Gantenbein, M., Weber, B., Burgard, K., Hoffmann, L., Richling, E., & Bohn, T.
- Affiliations
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LU)
- Luxembourg Institute of Health (LU)
- University of Kaiserslautern (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Bohn, Torsten
- Venue
- British Journal Of Nutrition
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2017-06-14
- Volume
- 117
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1560-1569
- ISSN
- 0007-1145 (ISSN-L)
- 1475-2662
- OpenAlex
- W2726479305
- Cited by
- 24
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 2.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- British Journal Of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- International Council for Canadian Studies
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Proteins in Food Systems
- Keywords
- carotenoid bioavailability, dietary calcium supplementation, spinach, lutein, beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, bile salts, free fatty acids, carotenoid absorption, postprandial lipemia
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Antioxidants, Biological Availability, Calcium, Calcium, Dietary, Carotenoids, Humans, Intestinal Absorption, Male, Middle Aged, Plant Extracts, Vegetables, Spinacia oleracea, Area Under Curve, Dietary Supplements, Young Adult, Meals
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
