Plants of the genus Spinacia: From Bioactive Molecules to Food and Phytopharmacological Applications
Abstract
Spinacia plants, including the most recognized species of the genus Spinacia oleacea L. (spinach), have high nutritional value and high content in phytochemicals, such as flavonoids, polyphenols, carotenoids, and ascorbic acid. However, the amount of these phytochemicals depends on several factors, such as genotype, climatic conditions, and agronomic practices, harvesting, storage temperature and time.This review focus on the therapeutic role of Spinacia genus as well as its contribution as food in industry. A special emphasis is also given to its biological activities including antioxidant and antimicrobial effects. Finally, the clinical efficacy of Spinacia plants, the respective roles, and mechanisms of bioactive compounds on human health are covered.Spinacia plants are rich in nitrate, thylakoids, glycoglycerolipids and their natural antioxidant mixture (NAO) shows renowned antioxidant, antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer and cardioprotective effects. Thus, the nutritional value and phytochemical composition of Spinacia plants make them an excellent matrix to be used in traditional medicine as also as a natural preservative ingredient in food.
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Spinacia oleracea has a wide variety of potential functionalities, mainly antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-obesity, hypoglycemic, and hypolipidemic.
“Due to the wide variety of bioactive and phytochemical compounds, S. oleracea has a wide variety of potential functionalities, mainly antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-obesity, hypoglycemic, and hypolipidemic [146,149,151].”
From Ecdysterone and Turkesterone—Compounds with Prominent Potential in Sport and Healthy Nutrition (2024) · cites this paper as [151]
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Jaiswal, S. G., Patel, M., Saxena, D. K., & Naik, S. N. (2017) · Journal of Horticultural Research · doi:10.1515/johr-2017-0023 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Study of Antioxidant Activity of Spinacia oleracea L.
Hatamjafari, F., & Tazarv, M. (2013) · Oriental Journal Of Chemistry · doi:10.13005/ojc/290207 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
In-vitro and In-vivo Hypolipidemic Activity of Spinach Roots and Flowers.
Hetta, M. H., Moawad, A. S., Hamed, M. A. A., & Sabri, A. I. (2017) · PubMed Central · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Alborzi, S., Bastarrachea, L. J., Ding, Q., & Tikekar, R. V. (2018) · Journal of Food Science · doi:10.1111/1750-3841.14077 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Iijima, H., Musumi, K., Hada, T., Maeda, N., Yonezawa, Y., Yoshida, H., & Mizushina, Y. (2006) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf051950c · Cited by 8 · see citing works
(Saitama, R.-2. C. W. O. F. J., (MEM), J. A. M. U. T. C. C. R. B. T. C. B. E. M. E. M., (BSA), B. S. A., IgE, M. A.-D. (.-D. M., (DNP-HSA), D.-C. H. S. A., A23187, C. I., oxatomide, arabic, G., 3.2.1.32, E. B. D. A. Β.-G. (., from, T. H.-2., et al. (2015) · Integrative Molecular Medicine · doi:10.15761/imm.1000119 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Food allergy to spinach in an infant
Ferrer, M., Redón, B., Bartolomé, B., et al. (2011) · Allergologia et Immunopathologia · doi:10.1016/j.aller.2010.10.001 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Evaluation of Antibacterial Potential of Spinacia oleracea l. against Urinary Tract Pathogens
Das, M. P., & Chatterjee, S. (2013) · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Arfan, M., Gul, S., Usman, R., et al. (2013) · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Caramia, G., & Belardinelli, R. (2016) · Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease · doi:10.4081/monaldi.2006.519 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
INVITRO ANTICANCER ACTIVITY OF SPINACIA OLERACEA AGAINST VARIOUS MAMMALIAN CELL LINES
Umamaheswari, G. (2017) · World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research · doi:10.20959/wjpr20177-8910 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Mondal, M. M., Sinha, S., Maity, S., et al. (2015) · Medical Science · doi:10.29387/ms.2015.3.3.265-273 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Spinacia oleracea retards the development of Amygdala kindled epilepsy in rats
Das, S., Guha, D., & Pradhan, S. N. (2011) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Muhammad, A. M., Faria, N., Muhammad, A. C., et al. (2017) · African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology · doi:10.5897/ajpp2016.4654 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Njoki, L. M., Okoth, S., & Wachira, P. (2017) · University of Nairobi Research Archive (University of Nairobi) · doi:10.60692/5y1hw-jxg32 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Antimicrobial And Antioxidant Activity Of Spinach, Onion And Radish Leaves
Mishra, R. R. A. C. E. H. N. (2017) · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.1004692 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Sepúlveda-Cadavid, C., Romero, J. H., Torres, M., Becerra-Agudelo, E., & López, J. E. (2021) · Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s42729-021-00583-0 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Ecdysterone and Turkesterone—Compounds with Prominent Potential in Sport and Healthy Nutrition
Todorova, V., Ivanova, S., Chakarov, D., Kraev, K., & Ivanov, K. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16091382 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Spinach leaves are utilized for their, emollient, wholesome, antipyretic, diuretic, laxative, and anthelmintic substances, as well as their anti-inflammatory effects and joint pain relief (Figure 3) [151].”
BackgroundSaid, F. M., Gan, J. Y., & Sulaiman, J. (2020) · Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal · doi:10.1016/j.jestch.2019.12.005 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Todorova, V., Ivanova, S., Yotov, V., Zaytseva, E., Ardasheva, R., Turiyski, V., Prissadova, N., & Ivanov, K. (2024) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules29215145 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
- Authors
- Salehi, B., Tumer, T. B., Ozleyen, A., Peron, G., Dall’Acqua, S., Rajkovic, J., Naz, R., Nosheen, A., Mudau, F. N., Labanca, F., Milella, L., de Tommasi, N., Coutinho, H. D., Sharifi-Rad, J., Verma, D. R., Martorell, M., & Martins, N.
- Affiliations
- Bam University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi (TR)
- University of Padua (IT)
- COMSATS University Islamabad (PK)
- University of South Africa (ZA)
- University of Basilicata (IT)
- Universidade Regional do Cariri (BR)
- University of Concepción (CL)
- Universidade do Porto (PT)
- Corresponding author
- Martorell, Miquel
- Martins, Natália
- ORCID
- Venue
- Trends in Food Science & Technology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-06
- Volume
- 88
- Pages
- 260-273
- ISSN
- 0924-2244 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2927733189
- Cited by
- 44
- References
- 113
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 2
- FWCI
- 3.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Trends in Food Science & Technology (publishedVersion)
- Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University AVESIS (submittedVersion)
- CINECA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (University of Basilicata) (submittedVersion)
- Institutional Research Information System (Università degli Studi di Brescia) (submittedVersion)
- Padua Research Archive (University of Padova) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- CONICYT PIA/APOYO CCTE (AFB170007)
- Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (UID/BIM/04293/2013)
- NORTE2020—Programa Operacional Regional do Norte (NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000012)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Seed and Plant Biochemistry
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Food Science and Nutritional Studies
- Keywords
- Spinacia, spinach, phytochemicals, flavonoids, polyphenols, carotenoids, vitamin C, antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity, nitrate, thylakoids, glycoglycerolipids, anticancer effects, cardioprotection, anti-inflammatory activity, antiproliferative activity, traditional medicine, natural food preservatives, food industry applications
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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