Neutral additive genetic variance in a metapopulation
Open accessAbstract
For neutral, additive quantitative characters, the amount of additive genetic variance within and among populations is predictable from Wright's FST, the effective population size and the mutational variance. The structure of quantitative genetic variance in a subdivided metapopulation can be predicted from results from coalescent theory, thereby allowing single-locus results to predict quantitative genetic processes. The expected total amount of additive genetic variance in a metapopulation of diploid individual is given by 2 Ne σ 2m (1 + FST), where FST is Wright's among-population fixation index, Ne is the eigenvalue effective size of the metapopulation, and σ 2m is the mutational variance. The expected additive genetic variance within populations is given by 2 Ne σ 2e(1 − FST), and the variance among demes is given by 4 FSTNe σ 2m. These results are general with respect to the types of population structure involved. Furthermore, the dimensionless measure of the quantitative genetic variance among populations, QST, is shown to be generally equal to FST for the neutral additive model. Thus, for all population structures, a value of QST greater than FST for neutral loci is evidence for spatially divergent evolution by natural selection.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
When traits evolve neutrally, QST is expected to be equal to FST at putatively neutral sites.
“When traits evolve neutrally, QST is expected to be equal to FST at putatively neutral sites, which measures the genetic variation among populations (27).”
From Heritability within groups is uninformative about differences among groups: Cases from behavioral, evolutionary, and statistical genetics (2024) · cites this paper as [27]
Section 4 states that QST is expected to equal FST for neutral additive quantitative traits and neutral marker loci in the low-mutation limit. The citing sentence omits those conditions: the Conclusions (section 9) explain that dominance can make QST greater or less than FST even for neutral traits. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
No references could be resolved yet.
Research works printed but not linked: 10
- Barton, N. H. & Wilson, I. (1995). Genealogies and geography. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London, Series B 349, 49-59.
- Cockerham, C. C. & Tachida, H. (1988). Permanency of response to selection for quantitative characters in finite populations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 85, 1563-1565.
- Ewens, W. J. (1989). The effective population size in the presence of catastrophes. In Mathematical E olutionary Theory (ed. M. Feldman), pp. 9, 25. Princeton : Princeton University Press.
- Goodnight, C. (1999). Quantitative trait loci and gene interaction : the quantitative genetics of metapopulations. Heredity, in press.
- Hedrick, P. W. & Gilpin, M. E. (1997). Genetic effective size of a metapopulation. In Metapopulation Biology : Ecology, Genetics, and E olution (ed. I. A. Hanski & M. E. Gilpin), pp. 166-182. San Diego : Academic Press.
- Lynch, M. (1994). Neutral models of phenotypic evolution. In Ecological Genetics (ed. L. A. Real), pp. 86-108. Princeton : Princeton University Press.
- Nagylaki, T. (1980). The strong-migration limit in geo- graphically structured populations. Journal of Math- ematical Biology 9, 101-114.
- Nei, N. & Takahata, N. (1993). Effective population size, genetic diversity and coalescence time in subdivided populations. Journal of Molecular E olution 37, 240-244.
- Wilkinson-Herbots, H. M. (1998). Genealogy and sub- population differentiation under various models of popu- lation structure. Journal of Mathematical Biology 37, 535-585.
- Wright, S. (1969). E olution and the Genetics of Populations. II. The Theory of Gene Frequencies. Chicago : University of Chicago Press.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Uncovering cryptic genetic variation
Gibson, G., & Dworkin, I. (2004) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg1426 · Cited by 546 · see citing works
Roseman, C. C. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0402637101 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
The polymorphic prelude to Bateson–Dobzhansky–Muller incompatibilities
Cutter, A. D. (2012) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2011.11.004 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
BARTON, N. H. (1999) · Genetical Research · doi:10.1017/s001667239900422x · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Testing for Spatially Divergent Selection: Comparing <i>Q</i>ST to <i>F</i>ST
Whitlock, M. C., & Guillaume, F. (2009) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.108.099812 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Self-citationEdge, & Rosenberg (2015) · Human Biology · doi:10.13110/humanbiology.87.4.0313 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Schraiber, J. G., & Edge, M. D. (2024) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2319496121 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
- Authors
- WHITLOCK, M. C.
- Affiliations
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- Corresponding author
- WHITLOCK, MICHAEL C.
- ORCID
- WHITLOCK, MICHAEL C.
- Venue
- Genetical Research
- Publisher
- Hindawi Limited
- Published
- 1999-12
- Volume
- 74
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 215-221
- ISSN
- 0016-6723 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-5073
- OpenAlex
- W2103420003
- Cited by
- 180
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 0.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Genetics Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic diversity and population structure
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Evolution and Genetic Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and phenotypic traits in livestock
- Keywords
- additive genetic variance, metapopulation, FST, quantitative sensory testing, mutational variance, effective population size, coalescent theory, population structure, neutral loci, quantitative genetics
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Epistasis, Genetic, Genetics, Population, Models, Genetic, Mutation, Genetic Variation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
