The DOI matches its Crossref record; 60 of the 60 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Systemic Vulnerability and the Origins of Developmental States: Northeast and Southeast Asia in Comparative Perspective
Abstract
Scholars of development have learned a great deal about what economic institutions do, but much less about the origins of such arrangements. This article introduces and assesses a new political explanation for the origins of “developmental states”—organizational complexes in which expert and coherent bureaucratic agencies collaborate with organized private sectors to spur national economic transformation. Conventional wisdom holds that developmental states in South Korea, Taiwan, and Singapore result from “state autonomy,” especially from popular pressures. We argue that these states' impressive capacities actually emerged from the challenges of delivering side payments to restive popular sectors under conditions of extreme geopolitical insecurity and severe resource constraints. Such an interactive condition of “systemic vulnerability” never confronted ruling elites in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, or Thailand—allowing them to uphold political coalitions, and hence to retain power, with much less ambitious state-building efforts.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Mauro, P. (1995) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.2307/2946696 · Cited by 8,820
Varieties of Capitalism: The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage
Porter, P. K., Hall, P., & Soskice, D. (2003) · The Academy of Management Review · doi:10.2307/30040740 · Cited by 7,510
Governing the Market: Economic Theory and the Role of Government in East Asian Industrialization
Wade, R. (1990) · doi:10.1515/9780691187181 · Cited by 4,835
Natural Resource Abundance and Economic Growth
Sachs, J., & Warner, A. (1995) · doi:10.3386/w5398 · Cited by 4,461
The Logic of Political Survival
Bueno de Mesquita, B., Smith, A., Siverson, R. M., & Morrow, J. D. (2003) · doi:10.7551/mitpress/4292.001.0001 · Cited by 4,217
Asia's Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialization
Diebold, W., & Amsden, A. H. (1990) · Foreign Affairs · doi:10.2307/20044328 · Cited by 3,883
Embedded autonomy: states and industrial transformation
(1995) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.33-1763 · Cited by 3,612
(2014) · African Studies Companion Online · doi:10.1163/_afco_asc_2253 · Cited by 3,292
Institutions and Social Conflict
Knight, J. (1992) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511528170 · Cited by 2,445
Sazanami, Y. (1995) · The Journal of Asian Studies · doi:10.2307/2058969 · Cited by 2,413
Research works printed but not linked: 51
- Emmerson, Donald K. 1978.The Bureaucracy in Political Context: Weakness in Strength.InPolitical Power and Communications in Indonesia, edited by Karl Jackson and Lucian Pye ,82–136.Berkeley:University of California Press. · doi:10.1525/9780520311039-007
- Kerkvliet, Benedict J. 1979.Land Reform: Emancipation or Counterinsurgency? InMarcos and Martial Law in the Philippines, edited by David A. Rosenberg ,113–44.Ithaca, N.Y.:Cornell University Press.
- Chen, Been-Lon , Tain-Jy Chen , and Yun-Peng Chu .2001.The Role of Textiles and Man-Made Fibre in the Process ofIndustrialization: The Case of Taiwan. InIndustrial Policy, Innovation and Economic Growth: The Experience ofJapan and the Asian NIEs, edited by Poh Kam Wong and Chee-Yuen Ng ,283–322.Singapore:Singapore University Press.
- Amsden, Alice .1989.Asia's Next Giant: South Korea and LateIndustrialization.New York:Oxford University Press.
- Nordhaug, Kristen .1998.Development Through Want of Security: The Case of Taiwan.Forum for Development Studies 1:129–61. · doi:10.1080/08039410.1998.9666078
- Shiau, Chyuan-Jeng .1984.The Political Economy of Rice Policies in Taiwan,1945–1980.Ph.D. dissertation,University of Pennsylvania.
- Auty, Richard M. 1994.Sustaining Development in Mineral Economies: The Resource CurseThesis.London:Routledge.
- Emmerson, Donald K. 1983.Understanding the New Order: Bureaucratic Pluralism inIndonesia.Asian Survey 23 (11):1220–41. · doi:10.2307/2644374
- Rasiah, Rajah .2003.Manufacturing Export Growth in Indonesia, Malaysia andThailand. InSoutheast Asian Paper Tigers? From Miracle to Debacle andBeyond, edited by K. S. Jomo ,19–80.London:Routledge Curzon.
- Grindle, Merilee .2001.In Quest of the Political: The Political Economy of DevelopmentPolicymaking. InFrontiers of Development Economics, edited by Gerald Meier and Joseph Stiglitz ,344–75.New York:Oxford University Press.
- Woo-Cumings, Meredith Jung-en .1998.National Security and the Rise of the Developmental State in SouthKorea and Taiwan. InBehind East Asian Growth, edited by Henry Rowen ,319–40.New York:Routledge.
- Root, Hilton .1998.Distinctive Institutions in the Rise of Industrial Asia. InBehind East Asian Growth: The Political and Social Foundations ofProsperity, edited by Henry Rowen ,60–77.New York:Routledge.
- Moon, Chung-in , and Rashemi Prasad .1998.Networks, Politics and Institutions. InBeyond the Developmental State: East Asia's Political EconomiesReconsidered, edited by Steve Chan , Cal Clark , and Danny Lam ,9–24.New York:St. Martin's Press.
- Geddes, Barbara .1994.Politicians' Dilemma: Building State Capacity in LatinAmerica.Berkeley:University of California Press. · DOI · Paper page
- Lau, Albert .2003.A Moment of Anguish: Singapore in Malaysia and the Politics ofDisengagement.Singapore:Eastern Universities Press.
- McNamara, Dennis L. 1999.“From Patron to Partner: Korean State Role in the TextileTransition.” InCorporatism and Korean Capitalism, edited by Dennis McNamara ,95–109.New York:Routledge.
- Tilly, Charles .1975.Reflections on the History of European State-Making. InThe Formation of National States in Western Europe, edited by Charles Tilly ,3–83.Princeton, N.J.:Princeton University Press.
- Jeong, Insook , and J. Michael Armer .1994.State, Class, and Expansion of Education in South Korea: A GeneralModel.Comparative Education Review 38 (4):531–45. · doi:10.1086/447274
- Siamwalla, Ammar , and Andrew MacIntyre .2001.The Political Economy of Foodgrain and FertilizerDistribution. InThe Evolving Roles of State, Private, and Local Actors in RuralAsia, edited by Amma Siamwalla and Alex Brillantes ,213–70.Hong Kong:Oxford University Press.
- Pempel, T. J. 1999.The Developmental Regime in a Changing World Economy. InThe Developmental State, edited by Meredith Woo-Cumings ,137–81.Ithaca, N.Y.:Cornell University Press. · doi:10.7591/9781501720383-007
- World Bank .1993.The East Asian Miracle: Economic Growth and Public Policy.New York:Oxford University Press.
- Root, Hilton .1996.Small Countries, Big Lessons: Governance and the Rise of EastAsia.New York:Oxford University Press.
- Gerring, John .2001 Social Science Methodology: A Critical Framework.New York:Cambridge University Press. · DOI · Paper page
- Brown, Ian .1988.The Elite and the Economy in Siam c. 1890–1920.Singapore:Oxford University Press.
- Wong, Poh-kam .2001.The Role of the State in Singapore's IndustrialDevelopment. InIndustrial Policy, Innovation and Economic Growth, edited by Poh-kam Wong and Chee-Yuen Ng ,503–69.Singapore:Singapore University Press.
- Barnett, Michael N. 1992.Confronting the Costs of War: Military Power, State, and Society inEgypt and Israel.Princeton, N.J.:Princeton University Press. · DOI
- Deyo, Frederic .1989.Beneath the Miracle: Labor Subordination in the New AsianIndustrialism.Berkeley:University of California Press.
- Keller, William , and Richard Samuels .2003.Crisis and Innovation in Asian Technology.New York:Cambridge University Press. · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511610059
- Welsh, Bridget .2002.Lessons from Southeast Asia: Growth, Equity andVulnerability. InModels of Capitalism: Lessons for Latin America, edited by Evelyne Huber ,237–76.University Park:Penn State University Press.
- Wong, Poh-kam , and Chee-Yuen Ng .2001.Rethinking the Development Paradigm: Lessons from Japan and theFour Asian NIEs. InIndustrial Policy, Innovation and Economic Growth, edited by Poh-kam Wong and Chee-Yuen Ng ,1–55.Singapore:Singapore University Press.
- Kohli, Atul .1999.Where Do High-Growth Political Economies Come From? The JapaneseLineage of South Korea's Developmental State. InThe Developmental State, edited by Meredith Woo-Cumings ,93–136.Ithaca, N.Y.:Cornell University Press. · doi:10.7591/9781501720383-006
- Rodan, Gary .1989.The Political Economy of Singapore's Industrialization:National, State, and International Capital.New York:St. Martin's. · doi:10.1007/978-1-349-19923-5
- Anek, Laothamatas .1991.Business Associations and the New Political Economy ofThailand.Boulder, Colo.:Westview Press.
- Rodrik, Dani .2003.Introduction. InIn Search of Prosperity: Analytic Narratives on EconomicGrowth, edited by Dani Rodrik ,1–22.Princeton, N.J.:Princeton University Press. · DOI · Paper page
- Gereffi, Gary .Forthcoming.The Global Economy: Organization, Governance andDevelopment.Handbook of Economic Sociology. 2d ed. Edited by Neil J. Smelser and Richard Swedberg ,160–82.Princeton, N.J.:Princeton University Press.
- Schneider, Ben Ross , and Sylvia Maxfield .1997.Business, the State, and Economic Performance in DevelopingCountries. InBusiness and the State in Developing Countries, edited by Maxfield and Schneider ,3–35.Ithaca, N.Y.:Cornell University Press.
- Unger, Danny .2003.Principals of the Thai State. InReinventing Leviathan: The Politics of Administrative Reform in theDeveloping World, edited by Blanca Heredia and Ben Ross Schneider ,181–210.Coral Gables, Fla.:North-South Center Press.
- Centeno, Miguel Angel .1997.Blood and Debt: War and Taxation in Nineteenth-Century LatinAmerica.American Journal of Sociology 102 (6):1565–605. · doi:10.1086/231127
- D'Costa, Anthony P. 1999.The Global Restructuring of the Steel Industry: Innovations,Institutions and Industrial Change.New York:Routledge.
- Stenson, Michael R. 1970.Industrial Conflict in Malaya: Prelude to the Communist Revolt of1948.New York:Oxford University Press.
- Ashton, David , Francis Green , Donna James , and Johnny Sung .1999.Education and Training for Development in East Asia: The PoliticalEconomy of Skill Formation in East Asian Newly IndustrializedEconomies.London:Routledge.
- Nordhaug, Kristen .1997.State and U.S. Hegemony in Taiwan's EconomicTransformation.Ph.D. dissertation,University of Oslo.
- Fields, Karl .1997.Strong States and Business Organization in Korea and Taiwan.InBusiness and the State in Developing Countries, edited by Ben Schneider and Sylvia Maxfield ,122–51.Ithaca, N.Y.:Cornell University Press.
- Schein, Edgar .1996.Strategic Pragmatism: The Culture of Singapore's EconomicDevelopment Board.Cambridge, Mass.:MIT Press.
- Chang, Ha-Joon .2002.The East Asian Model of Economic Policy. InModels of Capitalism: Lessons for Latin America, edited by Evelyne Huber ,197–236.University Park:Pennsylvania State University Press.
- Amsden, Alice .1994.Why Isn't the Whole World Experimenting with the East AsianModel to Develop? World Development 22 (4):627–33. · doi:10.1016/0305-750x(94)90117-1
- Johnson, Chalmers .1982.MITI and the Japanese Miracle: The Growth of Industrial Policy1925–75.Stanford, Calif.:Stanford University Press. · DOI · Paper page
- Kuo, Cheng-Tian .1995.Global Competitiveness and Industrial Growth in Taiwan and thePhilippines.Pittsburgh, Penn.:University of Pittsburgh Press.
- Cheng, Lu-lin .2001.Sources of Success in Uncertain Markets: The Taiwanese FootwearIndustry. InEconomic Governance and the Challenge of Flexibility in EastAsia, edited by Frederic Deyo , Richard F. Doner , and Eric Hershberg ,33–52.Lanham, Md.:Rowman and Littlefield. · doi:10.5771/9780585379364-33
- Ingram, James C. 1971.Economic Change in Thailand, 1850–1970.Stanford, Calif.:Stanford University Press.
- Feeny, David .1998.Thailand vs. Japan: Why Was Japan First? InThe Institutional Foundations of East Asian EconomicDevelopment, edited by Yujiro Hayami and Masahiko Aoki ,413–32.New York:St. Martin's Press. · doi:10.1007/978-1-349-26928-0_13
Cited by
Ordering Power: Contentious Politics and Authoritarian Leviathans in Southeast Asia.
Slater, D. (2013) · ASEAN ECONOMIC BULLETIN · doi:10.1355/ae30-2h · Cited by 585
Self-citationPublic-Private Institutions as Catalysts of Upgrading in Emerging Market Societies
McDermott, G. A., Corredoira, R. A., & Kruse, G. (2009) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2009.47084929 · Cited by 197
Pipkin, S., & Fuentes, A. (2017) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.05.009 · Cited by 193
Sallai, D., & Schnyder, G. (2021) · Business & Society · doi:10.1177/0007650319898475 · Cited by 97
Economic Origins of Democratic Breakdown? The Redistributive Model and the Postcolonial State
Slater, D., Smith, B., & Nair, G. (2014) · Perspectives on Politics · doi:10.1017/s1537592714000875 · Cited by 88
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Doner, R. F., Ritchie, B. K., & Slater, D.
- Venue
- International Organization
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2005-04
- Volume
- 59
- Issue
- 02
- Pages
- 327-361
- ISSN
- 0020-8183 (ISSN-L)
- 1531-5088
- OpenAlex
- W2132317630
- Cited by
- 709
- References
- 60
- FWCI
- 65.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Systemic Vulnerability and the Origins of Developmental States: Northeast and Southeast Asia in Comparative Perspective. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1017/s0020818305050113
- The paper
- Doner, R. F., Ritchie, B. K., & Slater, D. (2005). Systemic Vulnerability and the Origins of Developmental States: Northeast and Southeast Asia in Comparative Perspective. International Organization. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020818305050113
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.