Cited by 404Nutrition and Health in AgingBody Composition Measurement TechniquesMuscle Physiology and Disorders

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Muscle loss and obesity: the health implications of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity

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Wannamethee, S. Goya, Atkins, Janice L.·2015·Proceedings of the Nutrition Society

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Abstract

This paper reviews the health implications of obesity, sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity on CVD and mortality in older adults and discusses the obesity paradox seen in patients with CVD. Obesity is a major public health problem with increasing prevalence worldwide. It is an established risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in adult populations. However, there is controversy surrounding the effects of obesity as measured by BMI in older people, and overweight and obesity (BMI ⩾ 25 kg/m 2 ) are apparently associated with increased survival in those with CVD (obesity paradox). Ageing is associated with an increase in visceral fat and a progressive loss of muscle mass which have opposing effects on mortality. Thus BMI is not a good indicator of obesity in older adults. Sarcopenia, the age-associated loss of skeletal muscle mass, is a major concern in ageing populations and has been associated with metabolic impairment, CVD risk factors, physical disability and mortality. Sarcopenia often coexists with obesity. Sarcopenic obesity is a new category of obesity in older adults who have high adiposity coupled with low muscle mass. To fully understand the effect of obesity on mortality in the elderly it is important to take muscle mass into account. The evidence suggests that sarcopenia with obesity may be associated with higher levels of metabolic disorders and an increased risk of mortality than obesity or sarcopenia alone. Efforts to promote healthy ageing should focus on both preventing obesity and maintaining or increasing muscle mass.

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Authors: Wannamethee, S. G., & Atkins, J. L.
Affiliations: University College London (GB)
Corresponding author: Wannamethee, S. Goya
ORCID: Wannamethee, S. Goya
Atkins, Janice L.
Venue: Proceedings of the Nutrition Society
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published: 2015-04-27
Volume: 74
Issue: 4
Pages: 405-412
ISSN: 0029-6651 (ISSN-L)
1475-2719
DOI: 10.1017/s002966511500169x
OpenAlex: W2104069717
Cited by: 404
References: 71
Citations by year: 2026: 22 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 54 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 49 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 8
FWCI: 3.07
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified)
Locations: Proceedings of The Nutrition Society (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institute for Health and Care Research (SPCR-031)
British Heart Foundation (RG/08/013/25942, RG/13/16/30528)
National Institutes of Health
NIHR School for Primary Care Research
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Nutrition and Health in Aging
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
Keywords: sarcopenia, sarcopenic obesity, obesity, older adults, cardiovascular disease, mortality, obesity paradox, body mass index, visceral fat, muscle mass, aging, healthy aging, metabolic disorders
MeSH terms: Aging, Body Composition, Humans, Obesity, Body Mass Index, Muscle, Skeletal, Abdominal Fat, Sarcopenia

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Muscle loss and obesity: the health implications of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity

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